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He Q, Zhu W, Fu X, Zhang L, Wu G, Huang X. Simultaneous Enhancement of Mechanical and Magnetic Properties in Extremely-Fine Nanograined Ni-P Alloys. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8100792. [PMID: 30301175 PMCID: PMC6215277 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exploring structural effects that influence both the mechanics and magnetism in nanocrystalline materials, particularly extremely-fine nanograined ones with grain sizes down to several nanometers, is of high interest for developing multifunctional materials combining superior mechanical and magnetic performances. We found in this work that electrodeposited extremely-fine nanograined Ni-P alloys exhibit a significant enhancement of magnetization, simultaneously along with an increase in hardness, after low-temperature annealing. The relaxation of non-equilibrium structures, precipitation of the second phase and the segregation of P atoms to grain boundaries (GBs) during annealing have then been sequentially evidenced. By systematically comparing the variations in macroscopic and microstructural investigation results among several Ni-P alloys with different P contents, we suggest that the second phase has little effect on magnetization enhancement, and essentially both the structural relaxation and GB segregation can play important roles in hardening by governing GB stability, and in the improvement of magnetization by enhancing Ni–Ni atom exchange interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyao He
- Joint International Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Wanquan Zhu
- Joint International Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Fu
- Joint International Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Joint International Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Guilin Wu
- Joint International Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Huang
- Joint International Laboratory for Light Alloys (Ministry of Education), College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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Vetterick GA, Gruber J, Suri PK, Baldwin JK, Kirk MA, Baldo P, Wang YQ, Misra A, Tucker GJ, Taheri ML. Achieving Radiation Tolerance through Non-Equilibrium Grain Boundary Structures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12275. [PMID: 28947751 PMCID: PMC5612956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many methods used to produce nanocrystalline (NC) materials leave behind non-equilibrium grain boundaries (GBs) containing excess free volume and higher energy than their equilibrium counterparts with identical 5 degrees of freedom. Since non-equilibrium GBs have increased amounts of both strain and free volume, these boundaries may act as more efficient sinks for the excess interstitials and vacancies produced in a material under irradiation as compared to equilibrium GBs. The relative sink strengths of equilibrium and non-equilibrium GBs were explored by comparing the behavior of annealed (equilibrium) and as-deposited (non-equilibrium) NC iron films on irradiation. These results were coupled with atomistic simulations to better reveal the underlying processes occurring on timescales too short to capture using in situ TEM. After irradiation, NC iron with non-equilibrium GBs contains both a smaller number density of defect clusters and a smaller average defect cluster size. Simulations showed that excess free volume contribute to a decreased survival rate of point defects in cascades occurring adjacent to the GB and that these boundaries undergo less dramatic changes in structure upon irradiation. These results suggest that non-equilibrium GBs act as more efficient sinks for defects and could be utilized to create more radiation tolerant materials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Vetterick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- TerraPower, LLC, Bellevue, WA, 98005, USA
| | - Jacob Gruber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pranav K Suri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jon K Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Marquis A Kirk
- IVEM-Tandem Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Pete Baldo
- IVEM-Tandem Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yong Q Wang
- Ion Beam Materials Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Amit Misra
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Garritt J Tucker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Battocchio C, Fratoddi I, Fontana L, Bodo E, Porcaro F, Meneghini C, Pis I, Nappini S, Mobilio S, Russo MV, Polzonetti G. Silver nanoparticles linked by a Pt-containing organometallic dithiol bridge: study of local structure and interface by XAFS and SR-XPS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11719-28. [PMID: 24811056 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01264j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) functionalized with an organometallic bifunctional thiol containing Pt(ii) centers, generated in situ from trans-trans-[thioacetyl-bistributylphosphine-diethynylbiphenyl-diplatinum(ii)], were synthesized with different sulphur/metal molar ratios (i.e. AgNPs-1 and AgNPs-2) with the aim to obtain nanosystems of different mean size and self-organization behaviour. AgNPs spontaneously self-assemble, giving rise to 2D networks, as previously assessed. In this work a deeper insight into the chemico-physical properties of these AgNPs is proposed by means of synchrotron radiation induced X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-XPS) and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) techniques. The results are discussed in order to probe the interaction at the interface between a noble metal and a thiol ligand at the atomic level and the aim of this study is to shed light on the chemical structure and self-organization details of nanosystems. The nature of the chemical interaction between the dithiol ligand and the Ag atoms on the nanoparticle surface was investigated by combining SR-XPS (S2p, Ag3d core levels) and XAS (S and Ag K-edges) analysis. UV-visible absorption and emission measurements were also carried out on all samples and compared with TD-DFT calculations so as to get a better understanding of their optical behavior and establish the nature of the excitation and emission processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Battocchio
- Roma Tre University, Department of Sciences and CISDiC, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 - Rome, Italy.
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Petkov V, Wanjala BN, Loukrakpam R, Luo J, Yang L, Zhong CJ, Shastri S. Pt-Au alloying at the nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:4289-4299. [PMID: 22784003 DOI: 10.1021/nl302329n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nanosized alloys between a pair of elements, which are largely immiscible in bulk, is examined in the archetypical case of Pt and Au. Element specific resonant high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments coupled to atomic pair distribution functions analysis and computer simulations prove the formation of Pt-Au alloys in particles less than 10 nm in size. In the alloys, Au-Au and Pt-Pt bond lengths differing in 0.1 Å are present leading to extra structural distortions as compared to pure Pt and Au particles. The alloys are found to be stable over a wide range of Pt-Au compositions and temperatures contrary to what current theory predicts. The alloy-type structure of Pt-Au nanoparticles comes along with a high catalytic activity for electrooxidation of methanol making an excellent example of the synergistic effect of alloying at the nanoscale on functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Petkov
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA.
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Fang JX, Vainio U, Puff W, Würschum R, Wang XL, Wang D, Ghafari M, Jiang F, Sun J, Hahn H, Gleiter H. Atomic structure and structural stability of Sc75Fe25 nanoglasses. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:458-63. [PMID: 22122554 DOI: 10.1021/nl2038216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoglasses are solids consisting of nanometer-sized glassy regions connected by interfaces having a reduced density. We studied the structure of Sc(75)Fe(25) nanoglasses by electron microscopy, positron annihilation spectroscopy, and small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering. The positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements showed that the as-prepared nanoglasses consisted of 65 vol% glassy and 35 vol% interfacial regions. By applying temperature annealing to the nanoglasses and measuring in situ small-angle X-ray scattering, we observed that the width of the interfacial regions increased exponentially as a function of the annealing temperature. A quantitative fit to the small-angle X-ray scattering data using a Debye-Bueche random phase model gave a correlation length that is related to the sizes of the interfacial regions in the nanoglass. The correlation length was found to increase exponentially from 1.3 to 1.7 nm when the sample temperature was increased from 25 to 230 °C. Using simple approximations, we correlate this to an increase in the width of interfacial regions from 0.8 to 1.2 nm, while the volume fraction of interfacial regions increased from 31 to 44%. Using micro-compression measurements, we investigated the deformation behavior of ribbon glass and the corresponding nanoglass. While the nanoglass exhibited a remarkable plasticity even in the annealed state owing to the glass-glass interfaces, the corresponding ribbon glass was brittle. As this difference seems not limited to Sc(75)Fe(25) glasses, the reported result suggest that nanoglasses open the way to glasses with high ductility resulting from the nanometer sized microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Fang
- Institute for Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
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Natter H, Schmelzer M, Janßen S, Hempelmann R. Nanocrystalline materials: Nanocrystalline metals and oxides I: Pulsed electrodeposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Palosz B, Grzanka E, Gierlotka S, Stel´makh S, Pielaszek R, Bismayer U, Neuefeind J, Weber HP, Proffen T, Von Dreele R, Palosz W. Analysis of short and long range atomic order in nanocrystalline diamonds with application of powder diffractometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.217.10.497.20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fundamental limitations, with respect to nanocrystalline materials, of the traditional elaboration of powder diffraction data like the Rietveld method are discussed. A tentative method of the analysis of powder diffraction patterns of nanocrystals based on the examination of the variation of lattice parameters calculated from individual Bragg lines (named the “apparent lattice parameter”, alp) is introduced. We examine the application of our methodology using theoretical diffraction patterns computed for models of nanocrystals with a perfect crystal lattice and for grains with a two-phase, core-shell structure. We use the method for the analysis of X-ray and neutron experimental diffraction data of nanocrystalline diamond powders of 4, 6 and 12 nm in diameter. The effects of an internal pressure and strain at the grain surface are discussed. The results are based on the dependence of the alp values on the diffraction vector Q and on the PDF analysis. It is shown, that the experimental results lend a strong support to the concept of a two-phase structure of nanocrystalline diamond.
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Palosz B, Stelmakh S, Grzanka E, Gierlotka S, Palosz W. Application of the apparent lattice parameter to determination of the core-shell structure of nanocrystals. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2007.222.11.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review work we discuss applicability of Bragg scattering to examination of nanocrystals. We approximate the structure of nanograins by a commonly accepted core-shell model. We show that, for principal reasons, the Bragg equation is not applicable directly to nanocrystals. We use the Bragg relation through application of the apparent lattice parameter (alp) concept which we use to evaluate quantitatively the core-shell model. We also introduce a new parameter of the structure, Equivalent Cubic Lattice Parameter (EClp), which quantifies deviation of the real (trigonal) lattice from its parent fcc structure due to the lattice deformation (e.g. by the stacking faults). We show examples of an analysis of experimental X-ray and neutron diffraction data based on the alp methodology and on the theoretical patterns calculated for various core-shell models.
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Frase HN, Fultz B, Roberts JL, Spooner S. Structural relaxation within the grain boundaries of nanocrystalline Ni3Fe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13642810008208583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Frase
- a Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Mail 138-78 , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California , 91125 , USA
| | - B. Fultz
- a Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Mail 138-78 , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California , 91125 , USA
| | - J. L. Roberts
- b Solid State Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee , 37831 , USA
| | - S. Spooner
- b Solid State Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee , 37831 , USA
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Wsuurschum R, Reimann K, Grub S, Ksuubler A, Scharwaechter P, Frank W, Kruse O, Carstanjen HD, Schaefer HE. Structure and diffusional properties of nanocrystalline Pd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01418639708241104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Wsuurschum
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - K. Reimann
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - S. Grub
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - A. Ksuubler
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - P. Scharwaechter
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - W. Frank
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
- b Max-Planck-Institut fur Metallforschung, Institut fur Physik , Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 , Stuggart , Germany
| | - O. Kruse
- b Max-Planck-Institut fur Metallforschung, Institut fur Physik , Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 , Stuggart , Germany
| | - H. D. Carstanjen
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
- b Max-Planck-Institut fur Metallforschung, Institut fur Physik , Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 , Stuggart , Germany
| | - H.-E. Schaefer
- a Universität Stuttgart, Institut fSuUr Theoretische and Angewandte Physik , Pfaffenwaldring 57, DD-70550 , Stuttgart , Germany
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Li JCM. Mechanical grain growth in nanocrystalline copper. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:215506. [PMID: 16803250 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.215506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanograined materials have some unusual properties. To maintain the small size of the grains, grain growth should be avoided. But recently grain growth has been observed under an indenter at liquid-nitrogen temperatures. Such grain growth has never been reported before. How can this happen and how can it be prevented? These questions are answered here using a simple tilt boundary. It is found that high purity and nonequilibrium structure are necessary conditions for mechanical grain growth. The material must be pure enough so that free dislocations are available to move out of the boundary. But the boundary should not be in the lowest-energy state so that extra dislocations are available to be emitted by stress. Based on these conditions, methods can be devised to avoid low temperature grain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C M Li
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Leslie-Pelecky DL, Kirkpatrick E, Schalek R. Room-temperature ageing effects on the magnetic properties of mechanically milled SmCo5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0965-9773(99)00259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rawers J, Cook D, kim T. X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer characterization of attrition-milled nanostructured iron and iron-nitrogen powders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619808239968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bonetti E, Del Bianco L, Pasquini L, Sampaolesi E. Anelastic and structural behavior of ball milled nanostructured iron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0965-9773(98)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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