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Melendrez C, Lopez-Rosas JA, Stokes CX, Cheung TC, Lee SJ, Titus CJ, Valenzuela J, Jeanpierre G, Muhammad H, Tran P, Sandoval PJ, Supreme T, Altoe V, Vavra J, Raabova H, Vanek V, Sainio S, Doriese WB, O'Neil GC, Swetz DS, Ullom JN, Irwin K, Nordlund D, Cigler P, Wolcott A. Metastable Brominated Nanodiamond Surface Enables Room Temperature and Catalysis-Free Amine Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1147-1158. [PMID: 35084184 PMCID: PMC10655229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromination of high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) nanodiamond (ND) surfaces has not been explored and can open new avenues for increased chemical reactivity and diamond lattice covalent bond formation. The large bond dissociation energy of the diamond lattice-oxygen bond is a challenge that prevents new bonds from forming, and most researchers simply use oxygen-terminated NDs (alcohols and acids) as reactive species. In this work, we transformed a tertiary-alcohol-rich ND surface to an amine surface with ∼50% surface coverage and was limited by the initial rate of bromination. We observed that alkyl bromide moieties are highly labile on HPHT NDs and are metastable as previously found using density functional theory. The strong leaving group properties of the alkyl bromide intermediate were found to form diamond-nitrogen bonds at room temperature and without catalysts. This robust pathway to activate a chemically inert ND surface broadens the modalities for surface termination, and the unique surface properties of brominated and aminated NDs are impactful to researchers for chemically tuning diamond for quantum sensing or biolabeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Melendrez
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Jorge A Lopez-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Camron X Stokes
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Tsz Ching Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Charles James Titus
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94025, United States
| | - Jocelyn Valenzuela
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Grace Jeanpierre
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Halim Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Polo Tran
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Perla Jasmine Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Tyanna Supreme
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Virginia Altoe
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jan Vavra
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Raabova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vanek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sami Sainio
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland 90014
| | - William B Doriese
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Galen C O'Neil
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Daniel S Swetz
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Joel N Ullom
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Kent Irwin
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Wolcott
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
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The Anh L, Catalan FCI, Kim Y, Einaga Y, Tateyama Y. Boron position-dependent surface reconstruction and electronic states of boron-doped diamond(111) surfaces: an ab initio study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15628-15634. [PMID: 34264252 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) has attracted much attention in semi-/superconductor physics and electrochemistry, where the surface structures and electronic states play crucial roles. Herein, we systematically examine the structural and electronic properties of the unterminated and H-terminated diamond(111) surfaces by using density functional theory calculations, and the effect of the boron position on them. The surface energy increases compared to that of the undoped case when the boron is located at a deeper position in the diamond bulk, which indicates that boron near the surface can facilitate the surface stability of the BDD in addition to the H-termination. Moreover, the surface energy and projected density of state analyses suggest that the boron can enhance the graphitization of the pristine (ideal) unterminated (111) surface thanks to the alternative sp2-sp3 arrangement on that surface. Finally, we found that surface electronic states depend on the boron's position, i.e., the Fermi energy (EF) is located around the mid-gap position when the boron lies near the surface, instead of showing a p-type semiconductor behavior where the EF lies closer to the valence band maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le The Anh
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | | | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Horosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Zeng H, Yu X, Fonseka HA, Boras G, Jurczak P, Wang T, Sanchez AM, Liu H. Preferred growth direction of III-V nanowires on differently oriented Si substrates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:475708. [PMID: 32885789 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abafd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the nanowire (NW) characteristics is its preferred elongation direction. Here, we investigated the impact of Si substrate crystal orientation on the growth direction of GaAs NWs. We first studied the self-catalyzed GaAs NW growth on Si (111) and Si (001) substrates. SEM observations show GaAs NWs on Si (001) are grown along four <111> directions without preference on one or some of them. This non-preferential NW growth on Si (001) is morphologically in contrast to the extensively reported vertical <111> preferred GaAs NW growth on Si (111) substrates. We propose a model based on the initial condition of an ideal Ga droplet formation on Si substrates and the surface free energy calculation which takes into account the dangling bond surface density for different facets. This model provides further understanding of the different preferences in the growth of GaAs NWs along selected <111> directions depending on the Si substrate orientation. To verify the prevalence of the model, NWs were grown on Si (311) substrates. The results are in good agreement with the three-dimensional mapping of surface free energy by our model. This general model can also be applied to predictions of NW preferred growth directions by the vapor-liquid-solid growth mode on other group IV and III-V substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Zeng
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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Feldbauer G, Wolloch M, Bedolla PO, Redinger J, Vernes A, Mohn P. Suppression of material transfer at contacting surfaces: the effect of adsorbates on Al/TiN and Cu/diamond interfaces from first-principles calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:105001. [PMID: 29451868 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaac91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of monolayers of oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) on the possibility of material transfer at aluminium/titanium nitride (Al/TiN) and copper/diamond (Cu/Cdia) interfaces, respectively, were investigated within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). To this end the approach, contact, and subsequent separation of two atomically flat surfaces consisting of the aforementioned pairs of materials were simulated. These calculations were performed for the clean as well as oxygenated and hydrogenated Al and Cdia surfaces, respectively. Various contact configurations were considered by studying several lateral arrangements of the involved surfaces at the interface. Material transfer is typically possible at interfaces between the investigated clean surfaces; however, the addition of O to the Al and H to the Cdia surfaces was found to hinder material transfer. This passivation occurs because of a significant reduction of the adhesion energy at the examined interfaces, which can be explained by the distinct bonding situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Feldbauer
- Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany. Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/134, 1040 Vienna, Austria. Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology, AC2T research GmbH, Viktor-Kaplan-Straße 2/C, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Stampfl C, Derry TE, Makau NW. Interaction of diamond (111)-(1 × 1) and (2 × 1) surfaces with OH: a first principles study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:475005. [PMID: 21386624 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/47/475005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The properties of hydroxyl groups on C(111)-(1 × 1) and reconstructed (2 × 1) surfaces at different sites and for various coverages are investigated using density functional theory. Out of the adsorption sites considered, i.e. face centred cubic, hexagonal close packed, on-top and bridge sites, the on-top site is the most stable for OH on the C(111)-(1 × 1) surface for all coverages. On the reconstructed (2 × 1) surface the on-top site is the preferred configuration. Adsorption of OH was not stable however at any site on the reconstructed C(111)-(2 × 1) relative to the (1 × 1) surface; thus adsorption of OH leads to the de-reconstruction of the former surface. Both the 0.5 and 1 monolayer (ML) coverages were able to lift the (2 × 1) surface reconstruction. Repulsion between the OH adsorbates on the (1 × 1) surface sets in for coverages greater than 0.5 ML. A general decrease in the work function with increasing OH coverage was observed on both the (1 × 1) and (2 × 1) surfaces relative to the values of their respective clean surfaces. Regarding the electronic structure, O 2p states on the reconstructed (2 × 1) surface are observed at around - 21, - 8.75 , - 5 and - 2.5 eV, while O 2s states are present at - 22.5 eV. On the (1 × 1) surface (for 0.33 ML in the on-top site), O 2p states occurred between - 8 and - 9 eV, - 5 and - 4 eV and at around - 2.5 eV. O 2s states are established between - 22.5 and - 21 eV. The valence band width is 21 eV, and a hybrid 2s/2p state that is characteristic of diamond is located at about 12.5 eV below the valence band minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stampfl
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Sydney, Australia.
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Bechstedt F, Stekolnikov AA, Furthmüller J, Käckell P. Origin of the different reconstructions of diamond, Si, and Ge(111) surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:016103. [PMID: 11461479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio calculations of the 2x1, c(2x8), and 7x7 reconstructions of the diamond, Si, and Ge(111) surfaces are reported. The pi-bonded chain, adatom, and dimer-adatom-stacking fault models are studied to understand the driving forces for a certain reconstruction. The resulting energetics, geometries, and band structures are compared for the elemental semiconductors with different atomic sizes, and chemical trends are derived. We show why the lowest-energy reconstructions are different for the group-IV materials considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bechstedt
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie und Theoretische Optik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07743 Jena, Germany
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