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Characterization of Carbon Nanostructures by Photoelectron Spectroscopies. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134434. [PMID: 35806559 PMCID: PMC9267296 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the scientific community experienced two revolutionary events. The first was the synthesis of single-layer graphene, which boosted research in many different areas. The second was the advent of quantum technologies with the promise to become pervasive in several aspects of everyday life. In this respect, diamonds and nanodiamonds are among the most promising materials to develop quantum devices. Graphene and nanodiamonds can be coupled with other carbon nanostructures to enhance specific properties or be properly functionalized to tune their quantum response. This contribution briefly explores photoelectron spectroscopies and, in particular, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and then turns to the present applications of this technique for characterizing carbon nanomaterials. XPS is a qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis technique. It is surface-sensitive due to its limited sampling depth, which confines the analysis only to the outer few top-layers of the material surface. This enables researchers to understand the surface composition of the sample and how the chemistry influences its interaction with the environment. Although the chemical analysis remains the main information provided by XPS, modern instruments couple this information with spatial resolution and mapping or with the possibility to analyze the material in operando conditions at nearly atmospheric pressures. Examples of the application of photoelectron spectroscopies to the characterization of carbon nanostructures will be reviewed to present the potentialities of these techniques.
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2
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Wang T, Xu Y, Yang J, Ju X, Ding W, Zhu Y. Predictable Catalysis of Electron‐Rich Palladium Catalyst toward Aldehydes Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yida Xu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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Aghdassi N, Krüger P, Linden S, Dulson D, Zacharias H. UV-induced formation of oxygen-derived dangling bonds on hydroxyl-terminated SiC. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:435002. [PMID: 30232961 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae2cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A combined theoretical and multi-technique experimental study was employed to comprehensively determine the electronic structure of 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surfaces upon hydroxyl and oxygen termination. We demonstrate the UV-induced formation of single-coordinated oxygen radicals in on-top sites above the atoms of the uppermost silicon layer of the substrate on initially hydroxyl-terminated SiC. Such a configuration of oxygen radicals represents an unprecedented adsorbate-derived system of unpaired electrons, bearing analogy to silicon and carbon dangling bonds on clean, unreconstructed SiC surfaces. We evidence the presence of adsorbate-derived surface states within the fundamental band gap for both hydroxyl- and oxygen-terminated SiC. For hydroxyl termination, a hydrogen-induced unoccupied surface state is revealed consistently by inverse photoemission spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations employing self-interaction-corrected pseudopotentials (DFT-SIC). The formation of oxygen dangling bonds is accompanied by the occurrence of an occupied surface state derived from p x - and p y -orbitals associated with the unpaired electrons as proven by both ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and DFT-SIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Aghdassi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Wang T, Dong Z, Cai W, Wang Y, Fu T, Zhao B, Peng L, Ding W, Chen Y. An efficient hydrogenation catalyst in sulfuric acid for the conversion of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol: N-doped carbon with encapsulated molybdenum carbide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10672-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of catalytic function from molybdenum carbide to N-doped carbon for catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Weimeng Cai
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Yongzheng Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Teng Fu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
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Hiraike Y, Saito M, Niwa H, Kobayashi M, Harada Y, Oshima M, Kim J, Nabae Y, Kakimoto MA. Active site formation mechanism of carbon-based oxygen reduction catalysts derived from a hyperbranched iron phthalocyanine polymer. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:179. [PMID: 25918496 PMCID: PMC4401482 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based cathode catalysts derived from a hyperbranched iron phthalocyanine polymer (HB-FePc) were characterized, and their active-site formation mechanism was studied by synchrotron-based spectroscopy. The properties of the HB-FePc catalyst are compared with those of a catalyst with high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity synthesized from a mixture of iron phthalocyanine and phenolic resin (FePc/PhRs). Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the HB-FePc catalyst does not lose its ORR activity up to 900°C, whereas that of the FePc/PhRs catalyst decreases above 700°C. Hard X-ray photoemission spectra reveal that the HB-FePc catalysts retain more nitrogen components than the FePc/PhRs catalysts between pyrolysis temperatures of 600°C and 800°C. This is because the linked structure of the HB-FePc precursor has high thermostability against nitrogen desorption. Consequently, effective doping of active nitrogen species into the sp (2) carbon network of the HB-FePc catalysts may occur up to 900°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hiraike
- />Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
- />Current address: Toray Industries, Incorporated, Nihonbashi-Muromachi 2-chome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- />Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
- />Current address: Toyota Motor Corporation, 1200, Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1107 Japan
| | - Hideharu Niwa
- />Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581 Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- />Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
- />Current address: Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- />Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581 Japan
- />Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, SPring-8, 1-1-1, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan
| | - Masaharu Oshima
- />Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, SPring-8, 1-1-1, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198 Japan
| | - Jaehong Kim
- />Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
- />Current address: OLED R&D Center, Samsung Mobile Display Co., Ltd., Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-811 Korea
| | - Yuta Nabae
- />Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
| | - Masa-aki Kakimoto
- />Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
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Wang T, Dong Z, Fu T, Zhao Y, Wang T, Wang Y, Chen Y, Han B, Ding W. Nickel embedded in N-doped porous carbon for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol in sulphuric acid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17712-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An acid-resistant catalyst composed of nickel embedded in N-doped porous carbon for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Teng Fu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Yanchao Zhao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Tian Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Yongzheng Wang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Baohang Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
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Geyer SM, Methaapanon R, Shong B, Pianetta PA, Bent SF. In Vacuo Photoemission Studies of Platinum Atomic Layer Deposition Using Synchrotron Radiation. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:176-179. [PMID: 26291229 DOI: 10.1021/jz301475z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of platinum atomic layer deposition using (methylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum and oxygen is investigated with in vacuo photoemission spectroscopy at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. With this surface-sensitive technique, the surface species following the Pt precursor half cycle and the oxygen counter-reactant half cycle can be directly measured. We observed significant amounts of carbonaceous species following the Pt precursor pulse, consistent with dehydrogenation of the precursor ligands. Significantly more carbon is observed when deposition is carried out in the thermal decomposition temperature region. The carbonaceous layer is removed during the oxygen counter reactant pulse, and the photoemission spectrum shows that a layer of adsorbed oxygen remains on the surface as previously predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Geyer
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
| | - Rungthiwa Methaapanon
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
| | - Bonggeun Shong
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
| | - Piero A Pianetta
- ‡SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stacey F Bent
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
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Masek K, Fabík S, Masková A, Tsud N, Veltruská K, Prince KC, Cháb V, Vyskocil J, Matolín V. Photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of diamond-like carbon films. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:936-40. [PMID: 16925932 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778062129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The electronic states of diamond-like hydrogenated carbon (DLC) films were studied by synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band spectra measured at different excitation energies show the gradual emergence of the p-pi band in relation to the sample annealing and ion bombardment amorphization. The p-pi band of the annealed DLC was characterized by localized p(z) states, while the formation of the amorphous carbon surface was accompanied by appearance of the delocalized p(z) states, which reduce the optical gap. A simple approach permitting the extraction of the 2p band shape from the photoelectron spectra is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masek
- Department of Electronics and Vacuum Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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