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Zhu D, Shang J, Ye X, Shen J. Aggregation and Gelation of Aromatic Polyamides with Parallel and Anti-parallel Alignment of Molecular Dipole Along the Backbone. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39124. [PMID: 27958362 PMCID: PMC5153643 DOI: 10.1038/srep39124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of macromolecular structures and interactions is important but difficult, due to the facts that a macromolecules are of versatile conformations and aggregate states, which vary with environmental conditions and histories. In this work two polyamides with parallel or anti-parallel dipoles along the linear backbone, named as ABAB (parallel) and AABB (anti-parallel) have been studied. By using a combination of methods, the phase behaviors of the polymers during the aggregate and gelation, i.e., the forming or dissociation processes of nuclei and fibril, cluster of fibrils, and cluster-cluster aggregation have been revealed. Such abundant phase behaviors are dominated by the inter-chain interactions, including dispersion, polarity and hydrogen bonding, and correlatd with the solubility parameters of solvents, the temperature, and the polymer concentration. The results of X-ray diffraction and fast-mode dielectric relaxation indicate that AABB possesses more rigid conformation than ABAB, and because of that AABB aggregates are of long fibers while ABAB is of hairy fibril clusters, the gelation concentration in toluene is 1 w/v% for AABB, lower than the 3 w/v% for ABAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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2
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Operating organic light-emitting diodes imaged by super-resolution spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11691. [PMID: 27325212 PMCID: PMC5512612 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is adapted here for materials characterization that would not otherwise be possible. With the example of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), spectral imaging with pixel-by-pixel wavelength discrimination allows us to resolve local-chain environment encoded in the spectral response of the semiconducting polymer, and correlate chain packing with local electroluminescence by using externally applied current as the excitation source. We observe nanoscopic defects that would be unresolvable by traditional microscopy. They are revealed in electroluminescence maps in operating OLEDs with 50 nm spatial resolution. We find that brightest emission comes from regions with more densely packed chains. Conventional microscopy of an operating OLED would lack the resolution needed to discriminate these features, while traditional methods to resolve nanoscale features generally cannot be performed when the device is operating. This points the way towards real-time analysis of materials design principles in devices as they actually operate. There is a need to characterize devices during operation in real-time and at nanoscopic length scales. Here, King et al. perform electroluminescence-STED imaging with a polymer based light-emitting diode, revealing nanoscopic defects that would be unresolvable with traditional optical microscopy.
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Gutiérrez A, Vázquez R, Moggio I, Arias E, Coreño O, Maldonado J, Ramos-Ortíz G, Rodríguez O, Jiménez-Barrera R. Mechanosynthesis of a phenylenedivinylidenebisquinoline. Optical, morphological and electroluminescence properties. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Gai W, Yang Q, Xiang J, Sun H, Shang Q, Li Q, Jiang W, Guan A, Zhang H, Tang Y, Xu G. Roles of flanking sequences in the binding between unimolecular parallel-stranded G-quadruplexes and ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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AlSalhi MS, Alam J, Dass LA, Raja M. Recent advances in conjugated polymers for light emitting devices. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2036-54. [PMID: 21673938 PMCID: PMC3111649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12032036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent advance in the field of light emitting polymers has been the discovery of electroluminescent conjugated polymers, that is, kind of fluorescent polymers that emit light when excited by the flow of an electric current. These new generation fluorescent materials may now challenge the domination by inorganic semiconductor materials of the commercial market in light-emitting devices such as light-emitting diodes (LED) and polymer laser devices. This review provides information on unique properties of conjugated polymers and how they have been optimized to generate these properties. The review is organized in three sections focusing on the major advances in light emitting materials, recent literature survey and understanding the desirable properties as well as modern solid state lighting and displays. Recently, developed conjugated polymers are also functioning as roll-up displays for computers and mobile phones, flexible solar panels for power portable equipment as well as organic light emitting diodes in displays, in which television screens, luminous traffic, information signs, and light-emitting wallpaper in homes are also expected to broaden the use of conjugated polymers as light emitting polymers. The purpose of this review paper is to examine conjugated polymers in light emitting diodes (LEDs) in addition to organic solid state laser. Furthermore, since conjugated polymers have been approved as light-emitting organic materials similar to inorganic semiconductors, it is clear to motivate these organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and organic lasers for modern lighting in terms of energy saving ability. In addition, future aspects of conjugated polymers in LEDs were also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saleh AlSalhi
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (L.A.D.); (M.R.)
- Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, P.O. Box. 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Alam
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (L.A.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Lawrence Arockiasamy Dass
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (L.A.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Mohan Raja
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (M.S.A.); (L.A.D.); (M.R.)
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6
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Jakubiak R, Yan M, Wan WC, Hsieh BR, Rothberg LJ. Description and importance of interchain excited states in conjugated polymer photophysics. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1560/g4ue-elxc-5ldy-brx8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Semenikhin OA. Mesoscopic inhomogeneity of conducting and semiconducting polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b811058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Tozoni JR, Guimarães FEG, Atvars TDZ, Nowacki B, Akcelrud L, Bonagamba TJ. De-aggregation of polyfluorene derivative by blending with a series of poly(alkyl methacrylate)s with varying sidegroup sizes. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Baek JB, Lyons CB, Tan LS. Macromolecular dumbbells: synthesis and photophysical properties of hyperbranched poly(etherketone)-b-polybenzobisthiazole-b-hyperbranched poly(etherketone) ABA triblock copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b901483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Chen HJ, Wang L, Chiu WY. Preparation of MEH-PPV/nanosized titania hybrids via in situ
sol-gel reaction of titanium alkoxide: Optical property. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Li Z, Dong Y, Mi B, Tang Y, Häussler M, Tong H, Dong Y, Lam JWY, Ren Y, Sung HHY, Wong KS, Gao P, Williams ID, Kwok HS, Tang BZ. Structural control of the photoluminescence of silole regioisomers and their utility as sensitive regiodiscriminating chemosensors and efficient electroluminescent materials. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:10061-6. [PMID: 16852217 DOI: 10.1021/jp0503462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a group of silole regioisomers 1(x,y), whose photoluminescence varied dramatically with its regiostructure. By internally hindering the intramolecular rotation, we succeeded in creating a novel silole (1(3,4)) that is strongly luminescent in solutions and whose fluorescence quantum yield in acetone is as high as 83%. We revealed that 1(3,4) was a sensitive chemosensor capable of optically discriminating nitroaromatic regioisomers of p-, o-, and m-nitroanilines. Against general belief, crystal formation of 1(2,4) blue-shifted its emission color and boosted its emission efficiency. The light-emitting diode based on the crystal of 1(2,4) emitted a strong blue light (464 nm) in a high current efficiency (5.86 cd/A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Chen Y, Wang S, Zhuang Q, Li X, Wu P, Han Z. Spectral Modulation and Exciton Migration in Thiophene-Based Polybenzobisoxazole Random Copolymers with Donor−Acceptor Architectures. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051516b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qixin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pingping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhewen Han
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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13
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Pizzoferrato R, Ziller T, Micozzi A, Ricci A, Sterzo CL, Ustione A, Oliva C, Cricenti A. Suppression of the excimer photoluminescence in a poly(arylene–ethynylene) co-polymer. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Machado A, Da Motta Neto J, Cossiello R, Atvars T, Ding L, Karasz F, Akcelrud L. Photophysical study of a conjugated–non-conjugated PPV-type electroluminescent copolymer. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Wang S, Guo P, Wu P, Han Z. Supramolecular Regulation of Photophysical Properties and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Novel Rod−Coil Ordered Copolymers Based on Poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole). Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0498316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Peiying Guo
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pingping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhewen Han
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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16
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Richards D, Cacialli F. Near-field microscopy and lithography of light-emitting polymers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:771-786. [PMID: 15306493 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the application of scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) to the study of the photophysical and self-organization properties of thin films of blends of conjugated polymers, and also to the lateral nanoscale patterning of conjugated-polymer structures. Such thin-film plastic semiconductor nanostructures offer significant potential for use in opto-electronic devices. The implementation of SNOM we employ is the most established form in which a probe with a sub-wavelength aperture is scanned in close proximity to the sample surface. We consider the nature of the near-field optical distribution, which decays within the first ca. 100 nm of these semiconductor materials, and address the identification of topographic artefacts in near-field optical images. While the topographic information obtained simultaneously with optical data in any SNOM experiment enables an easy comparison with the higher-resolution tapping-mode atomic force microscopy, the spectroscopic contrast provided by fluorescence SNOM gives an unambiguous chemical identification of the different phases in a conjugated-polymer blend. Both fluorescence and photoconductivity SNOM indicate that intermixing of constituent polymers in a blend, or nanoscale phase separation, is responsible for the high efficiency of devices employing these materials as their active layer. We also demonstrate a scheme for nano-optical lithography with SNOM of conjugated-polymer structures, which has been employed successfully for the fabrication of poly(-phenylene vinylene) nanostructures with 160 nm feature sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Richards
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
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17
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Enhancement of color purity in blue-emitting fluorene–pyridine-based copolymers by controlling the chain rigidity and effective conjugation length. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Kwak ES, Vanden Bout DA. Fully time-resolved near-field scanning optical microscopy fluorescence imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)01005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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20
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Luo YH, Liu HW, Xi F, Li L, Jin XG, Han CC, Chan CM. Supramolecular assembly of poly(phenylene vinylene) with crown ether substituents to form nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6447-51. [PMID: 12785784 DOI: 10.1021/ja0297739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(para-phenylene vinylene) with crown ether substituents (C-PPV) could form nanoribbons through supramolecular assembly with K(+) in dilute chloroform solution. The length of the nanoribbons increased with an increase in the standing time of the C-PPV/K(+) solution. Experimental evidence to support the interaction between K(+) and crown ether substituents was provided, and the growth mechanism of C-PPV/K(+) nanorods to nanoribbons was proposed. The influence of the length of the nanoribbons on the photophysics of C-PPV was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Luo
- Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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21
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Wang S, Wu P, Han Z. Photophysical Properties of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Polybenzazoles and Evidence of Aggregate Formation for Polybenzazoles in Methanesulfonic Acid. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0300600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanfeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhewen Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ruseckas A, Namdas EB, Lee JY, Mukamel S, Wang S, Bazan GC, Sundström V. Conformations and Photophysics of a Stilbene Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027536m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvydas Ruseckas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry and Rochester Theory Center for Optical Science and Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Ebinazar B. Namdas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry and Rochester Theory Center for Optical Science and Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry and Rochester Theory Center for Optical Science and Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry and Rochester Theory Center for Optical Science and Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry and Rochester Theory Center for Optical Science and Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry and Rochester Theory Center for Optical Science and Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry and Rochester Theory Center for Optical Science and Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Schwartz BJ. Conjugated polymers as molecular materials: how chain conformation and film morphology influence energy transfer and interchain interactions. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2003; 54:141-72. [PMID: 12524429 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of conjugated polymers is of current interest because of the wide range of potential applications for such materials in optoelectronic devices. It is increasingly clear that the electronic properties of conjugated polymers depend sensitively on the physical conformation of the polymer chains and the way the chains pack together in films. This article reviews the evidence that interchain electronic species do form in conjugated polymer films, and that their number and chemical nature depend on processing conditions; the chain conformation, degree of interchain contact, and rate of energy transfer can be controlled by factors such as choice of solvent, polymer concentration, thermal annealing, presence of electrically charged side groups, and encapsulation of the polymer chains in mesoporous silica. Taken together, the results reconcile many contradictions in the literature and provide a prescription for the optimization of conjugated polymer film morphology for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
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24
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Schaller RD, Snee PT, Johnson JC, Lee LF, Wilson KR, Haber LH, Saykally RJ, Nguyen TQ, Schwartz BJ. Nanoscopic interchain aggregate domain formation in conjugated polymer films studied by third harmonic generation near-field scanning optical microscopy. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1499479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Kim J, Levitsky IA, McQuade DT, Swager TM. Structural control in thin layers of poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s: photophysical studies of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:7710-8. [PMID: 12083924 DOI: 10.1021/ja0200600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the relationship between the spatial arrangement and the photophysical properties of fluorescent polymers in thin films with controlled structures. Eight surfactant poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s were designed and studied. These detailed studies of the behavior of the polymers at the air-water interface, and of the photophysical properties of their transferred LB films, revealed key structure-property relationships. Some of the polymers displayed pi-aggregates that are characteristic of an edge-on structure at the air-water interface. Monolayer LB films of these polymers showed greatly reduced quantum yields relative to solution values. Other polymers exhibited a highly emissive face-on structure at the air-water interface, and did not form pi-aggregates. The combination of pressure-area isotherms and the surface pressure dependent in situ UV-vis spectra of the polymers at the air-water interface revealed different behavioral details. In addition, the UV-vis spectra, fluorescence spectra, and quantum yields of the LB films provide design principles for making highly emissive films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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26
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Chen SH, Su AC, Huang YF, Su CH, Peng GY, Chen SA. Supramolecular Aggregation in Bulk Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4- phenylenevinylene). Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Hou S, Chan WK. Preparation of Functionalized Polystyrene-block-polyisoprene Copolymers and Their Luminescence Properties. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijian Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Kin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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28
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Peng KY, Chen SA, Fann WS. Efficient light harvesting by sequential energy transfer across aggregates in polymers of finite conjugational segments with short aliphatic linkages. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:11388-97. [PMID: 11707115 DOI: 10.1021/ja011493q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between lumophores have a critical influence on the photophysical properties of conjugated polymers. We synthesized a new series of light-harvesting polymers (poly-DSBs, I-IV) of dialkyloxy- or dialkyl-substituted distyrylbenzene (the substituents being methoxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, and cyclohexyl) with short aliphatic linkage (methylene or ethylene) and examined the effects of interactions between lumophores and of chemical structures on the absorption, emission, and excitation spectra. The proximity between distyrylbenzene lumophores was shown to be critical to the interactions between lumophores and to the energy-transfer processes. In concentrated solutions and solid films, intermolecular aggregates exist resulting from different extents of interactions between lumophores and are found to involve at least three species: loose, compact, and the most aligned aggregates as observed by photoluminescence and excitation spectroscopies. We also found, for the first time, sequential energy transfer from individual lumophores to the most compact, aligned aggregates via the looser intermolecular aggregates, as observed directly by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Such a process mimics energy transfer in photosynthesis units and is so efficient such that the fluorescence color can be red-shifted drastically by the presence of comparatively few aggregates and that the light evolved from concentrated solutions and films of poly-DSBs I-IV is entirely or almost the aggregation emission. Although the sequential energy-transfer process in fully conjugated electro-/photoluminescent polymers due to inhomogenity other than distributed conjugation lengths has never been directly observed at room temperature, we suggest that events similar to those observed in poly-DSBs in conjugated polymers could occur but on a much shorter time scale, i.e., a few picoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan, R.O.C
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Meskers SCJ, Bender M, Hübner J, Romanovskii YV, Oestreich M, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW, Bässler H. Interchromophoric Coupling in Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)-Substituted Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimers. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0117922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C. J. Meskers
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - Jens Hübner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - Yu. V. Romanovskii
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - Michael Oestreich
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Meerweinstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Physics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany, Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk 142092, Russian Federation, Institute of Solid State Physics, University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, and Laboratory for Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology
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Herz L, Silva C, Phillips R, Setayesh S, Müllen K. Exciton migration to chain aggregates in conjugated polymers: influence of side-chain substitution. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)01080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Nguyen TQ, Yee RY, Schwartz BJ. Solution processing of conjugated polymers: the effects of polymer solubility on the morphology and electronic properties of semiconducting polymer films. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Ho PKH, Kim JS, Tessler N, Friend RH. Photoluminescence of poly(p-phenylenevinylene)–silica nanocomposites: Evidence for dual emission by Franck–Condon analysis. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1372508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Hwang J, Goldner LS, Karim A, Gettinger C. Imaging phase-separated domains in conducting polymer blend films with near-field scanning optical microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:3737-3745. [PMID: 18360407 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.003737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present high-resolution images with near-field scanning optical microscopy to study phase separation in polymer films of poly(styrene) and poly(3-octyl-thiophene). Transmission and transmitted fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscope images were taken for direct visualization of the intermediate steps of phase separation in a regime where small domain sizes prevent investigation by conventional microscopy. The interpretation of near-field data on samples with large or varying film thickness or topography are also discussed, and a method for recognizing topographically induced artifacts in a quantitative way is suggested.
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Ruseckas A, Namdas EB, Ganguly T, Theander M, Svensson M, Andersson MR, Inganäs O, Sundström V. Intra- and Interchain Luminescence in Amorphous and Semicrystalline Films of Phenyl-Substituted Polythiophene. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010511n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvydas Ruseckas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ebinazar B. Namdas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tapan Ganguly
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Theander
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats R. Andersson
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Laboratory of Applied Physics, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden, and Departments of Organic Chemistry and Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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36
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Wong KF, Skaf MS, Yang CY, Rossky PJ, Bagchi B, Hu D, Yu J, Barbara PF. Structural and Electronic Characterization of Chemical and Conformational Defects in Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim F. Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Peter J. Rossky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Dehong Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Ji Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Paul F. Barbara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
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37
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Nguyen TQ, Schwartz BJ, Schaller RD, Johnson JC, Lee LF, Haber LH, Saykally RJ. Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) Studies of the Relationship between Interchain Interactions, Morphology, Photodamage, and Energy Transport in Conjugated Polymer Films. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Yu J, Hu DH, Barbara PF. Photophysics of Conjugated Polymers Unmasked by Single Molecule Spectroscopy. SINGLE MOLECULE SPECTROSCOPY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56544-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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40
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Epstein AJ. Introduction to Electronic Polymers: Influence of Nanostructure on Electronic Phenomena. ORGANIC ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56425-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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41
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Nanoscale optical imaging on an electroluminescent polymer by conducting atomic force microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1116/1.1343099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Yu J, Hu D, Barbara PF. Unmasking electronic energy transfer of conjugated polymers by suppression of O(2) quenching. Science 2000; 289:1327-30. [PMID: 10958774 DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5483.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV) has been found to be highly dependent on the presence of O(2), which increases singlet exciton quenching dramatically. Spectroscopy on isolated single molecules of MEH-PPV in polycarbonate films that exclude O(2) reveals two distinct polymer conformations with fluorescence maxima near 555 and 580 nanometers wavelength, respectively. Time-resolved single-molecule data demonstrate that the 580-nanometer conformation exhibits a "landscape" for intramolecular electronic energy relaxation with a "funnel" that contains a 580-nanometer singlet exciton trap at the bottom. The exciton traps can be converted to exciton quenchers by reaction with O(2). Conformationally induced, directed-energy transfer is arguably a critical dynamical process that is responsible for many of the distinctive photophysical properties of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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43
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Collapse of stiff conjugated polymers with chemical defects into ordered, cylindrical conformations. Nature 2000; 405:1030-3. [PMID: 10890438 DOI: 10.1038/35016520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The optical, electronic and mechanical properties of synthetic and biological materials consisting of polymer chains depend sensitively on the conformation adopted by these chains. The range of conformations available to such systems has accordingly been of intense fundamental as well as practical interest, and distinct conformational classes have been predicted, depending on the stiffness of the polymer chains and the strength of attractive interactions between segments within a chain. For example, flexible polymers should adopt highly disordered conformations resembling either a random coil or, in the presence of strong intrachain attractions, a so-called 'molten globule'. Stiff polymers with strong intrachain interactions, in contrast, are expected to collapse into conformations with long-range order, in the shape of toroids or rod-like structures. Here we use computer simulations to show that the anisotropy distribution obtained from polarization spectroscopy measurements on individual poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyl)oxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene] polymer molecules is consistent with this prototypical stiff conjugated polymer adopting a highly ordered, collapsed conformation that cannot be correlated with ideal toroid or rod structures. We find that the presence of so-called 'tetrahedral chemical defects', where conjugated carbon-carbon links are replaced by tetrahedral links, divides the polymer chain into structurally identifiable quasi-straight segments that allow the molecule to adopt cylindrical conformations. Indeed, highly ordered, cylindrical conformations may be a critical factor in dictating the extraordinary photophysical properties of conjugated polymers, including highly efficient intramolecular energy transfer and significant local optical anisotropy in thin films.
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44
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McNeill JD, O’Connor DB, Barbara PF. Imaging organic device function with near-field scanning optical microscopy. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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45
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Mei E, Higgins DA. Nanometer-scale resolution and depth discrimination in near-field optical microscopy studies of electric-field-induced molecular reorientation dynamics. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Ruseckas A, Theander M, Andersson MR, Svensson M, Prato M, Inganäs O, Sundström V. Ultrafast photogeneration of inter-chain charge pairs in polythiophene films. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Silva C, Russell DM, Stevens MA, Mackenzie J, Setayesh S, Müllen K, Friend RH. Excited-state absorption in luminescent conjugated polymer thin films: ultrafast studies of processable polyindenofluorene derivatives. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Nguyen TQ, Martini IB, Liu J, Schwartz BJ. Controlling Interchain Interactions in Conjugated Polymers: The Effects of Chain Morphology on Exciton−Exciton Annihilation and Aggregation in MEH−PPV Films. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Ignacio B. Martini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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49
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Barbara PF, Adams DM, O'Connor DB. CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC THIN FILM MATERIALS WITH NEAR-FIELD SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPY (NSOM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. F. Barbara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; e-mail:
| | - D. M. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; e-mail:
| | - D. B. O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; e-mail:
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50
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Meng H, Chen ZK, Huang W. Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Study of a Novel Blue Electroluminescent p-n Diblock Conjugated Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Meng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
| | - Zhi-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
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