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Corianò C, Melle D. The SU(3) C × SU(3) L × U(1) X (331) Model: Addressing the Fermion Families Problem within Horizontal Anomalies Cancellation. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:420. [PMID: 38785669 PMCID: PMC11119231 DOI: 10.3390/e26050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the most important and unanswered problems in particle physics is the origin of the three generations of quarks and leptons. The Standard Model does not provide any hint regarding its sequential charge assignments, which remain a fundamental mystery of Nature. One possible solution of the puzzle is to look for charge assignments, in a given gauge theory, that are inter-generational, by employing the cancellation of the gravitational and gauge anomalies horizontally. The 331 model, based on an SU(3)C×SU(3)L×U(1)X does this in an economical way and defines a possible extension of the Standard Model, where the number of families has necessarily to be three. We review the model in Pisano, Pleitez, and Frampton's formulation, which predicts the existence of bileptons. Another characteristics of the model is to unify the SU(3)C×SU(2)L×U(1)X into the 331 symmetry at a scale that is in the TeV range. Expressions of the scalar mass eigenstates and of the renormalization group equations of the model are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Corianò
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento and INFN Sezione di Lecce, National Center for HPC, Big Data and Quantum Computing, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Hue L, Hung H, Tham N, Long H, Nguyen TP. Large
(g−2)μ
and signals of decays
eb→eaγ
in a
3−3−1
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Dong P, Huong D, Loi D, Nhuan N, Ngan N. Phenomenology of the
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Cortés-Maldonado I, Hernández-Tomé G, Tavares-Velasco G. Decayt→cγin models withSUL(3)×UX(1)gauge symmetry. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.88.014011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Coutinho YA, Guimarães VS, Nepomuceno AA. Bounds onZ′from 3-3-1 model at the LHC energies. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.87.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cárcamo Hernández AE, Martínez R, Ochoa F. Radiative seesaw-type mechanism of quark masses inSU(3)C⊗SU(3)L⊗U(1)X. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.87.075009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dong PV, Long HN, Hung HT. Question of Peccei-Quinn symmetry and quark masses in the economical 3-3-1 model. Int J Clin Exp Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.86.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Montero JC, Sánchez-Vega BL. Natural Peccei-Quinn symmetry in the 3-3-1 model with a minimal scalar sector. Int J Clin Exp Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.84.055019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Promberger C, Schatt S, Schwab F, Uhlig S. Bounding the minimal 331 model through the decayB→Xsγ. Int J Clin Exp Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.77.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Martínez R, Ochoa F. Mass-matrix ansatz and constraints onBs0−B¯s0mixing in 331 models. Int J Clin Exp Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.77.065012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dias AG, de S. Pires CA, Rodrigues da Silva PS. Bounds on the simplest little Higgs model mass spectrum throughZleptonic decay. Int J Clin Exp Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.77.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Promberger C, Schatt S, Schwab F. Flavor-changing neutral current effects andCPviolation in the minimal 3-3-1 model. Int J Clin Exp Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.75.115007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ramírez-Zavaleta F, Tavares-Velasco G, Toscano JJ. Bilepton effects on theWWV*vertex in the 331 model with right-handed neutrinos via aSUL(2)×UY(1)covariant quantization scheme. Int J Clin Exp Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.75.075008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dias AG, Montero JC, Pleitez V. Closing theSU(3)L⊗U(1)Xsymmetry at the electroweak scale. Int J Clin Exp Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.73.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Montero JC, Pleitez V, Rodriguez MC. Supersymmetric 3-3-1 model with right-handed neutrinos. Int J Clin Exp Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.70.075004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Boyarkin O, Bakanova T. Solar neutrino oscillations in extensions of the standard model. Int J Clin Exp Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.62.075008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Long HN, Inami T. S, T, Uparameters in anSU(3)C×SU(3)L×U(1)model with right-handed neutrinos. Int J Clin Exp Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.61.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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