Renormalization group study of the dynamics of active membranes: Universality classes and scaling laws

Universal properties of active membranes

We put forward a general field theory for nearly flat fluid membranes with embedded activators and analyze their critical properties using renormalization group techniques. Depending on the membrane-activator coupling, we find a crossover between acoustic and diffusive scaling regimes, with mean-field dynamical critical exponents z=1 and 2, respectively. We argue that the acoustic scaling, which is exact in all spatial dimensions, leads to an early-time behavior, which is representative of the spatiotemporal patterns observed at the leading edge of motile cells, such as oscillations superposed on the growth of the membrane width. In the case of mean-field diffusive scaling, one-loop corrections to the mean-field exponents reveal universal behavior distinct from the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang scaling of passive interfaces and signs of strong-coupling behavior.