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Izadi E, Bezuijen A. Simulating direct shear tests with the Bullet physics library: A validation study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195073. [PMID: 29672557 PMCID: PMC5908395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the possible uses of physics engines, and more specifically the Bullet physics library, to simulate granular systems. Physics engines are employed extensively in the video gaming, animation and movie industries to create physically plausible scenes. They are designed to deliver a fast, stable, and optimal simulation of certain systems such as rigid bodies, soft bodies and fluids. This study focuses exclusively on simulating granular media in the context of rigid body dynamics with the Bullet physics library. The first step was to validate the results of the simulations of direct shear testing on uniform-sized metal beads on the basis of laboratory experiments. The difference in the average angle of mobilized frictions was found to be only 1.0°. In addition, a very close match was found between dilatancy in the laboratory samples and in the simulations. A comprehensive study was then conducted to determine the failure and post-failure mechanism. We conclude with the presentation of a simulation of a direct shear test on real soil which demonstrated that Bullet has all the capabilities needed to be used as software for simulating granular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Izadi
- Laboratory of Geotechnics, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Bezuijen
- Laboratory of Geotechnics, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
- Deltares, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands
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Jing L, Kwok CY, Leung YF, Sobral YD. Characterization of base roughness for granular chute flows. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:052901. [PMID: 27967119 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.052901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Base roughness plays an important role in the dynamics of granular flows but is still poorly understood due to the difficulty of its quantification. For a bumpy base made of spheres, at least two factors should be considered in order to characterize its geometric roughness, namely, the size ratio of flow to base particles and the packing arrangement of base particles. In this paper, we propose an alternative definition of base roughness, R_{a}, as a function of both the size ratio and the distribution of base particles. This definition is generalized for random and regular packings of multilayered spheres. The range of possible values of R_{a} is presented, and optimal arrangements for maximizing base roughness are studied. Our definition is applied to granular chute flows in both two- and three-dimensional configurations, and is shown to successfully predict whether slip occurs at the base. A transition is observed from slip to nonslip conditions as R_{a} increases. Critical values of R_{a} are identified for the construction of a nonslip base at various angles of inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jing
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Haking Wong Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - C Y Kwok
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Haking Wong Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Y F Leung
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Y D Sobral
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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3
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Experimental investigation of ZnO powder flow and feeding characterization for a solar thermochemical reactor. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Naik S, Malla R, Shaw M, Chaudhuri B. Investigation of comminution in a Wiley Mill: Experiments and DEM Simulations. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shojaaee Z, Brendel L, Török J, Wolf DE. Shear flow of dense granular materials near smooth walls. II. Block formation and suppression of slip by rolling friction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:011302. [PMID: 23005406 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.011302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of rotational degrees of freedom and of microscopic contact properties at smooth walls in two dimensional planar shear has been investigated by contact dynamics simulations of round hard frictional particles. Our default system setup consists of smooth frictional walls, giving rise to slip. We show that there exists a critical microscopic friction coefficient at the walls, above which they are able to shear the granular medium. We observe distinctive features at this critical point, which to our knowledge have not been reported before. Activating rolling friction at smooth walls reduces slip, leading to similar shear behavior as for rough walls (with particles glued on their surface). Our simulations with rough walls are in agreement with previous results, provided the roughness is strong enough. In the limit of small roughness amplitude, however, the distinctive features of shearing with smooth walls are confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shojaaee
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany.
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Understanding granular mixing to enhance coating performance in a pan coater: Experiments and simulations. POWDER TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E. Wolf
- a Theoretische Physik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg , D-47048 , Duisburg , Germany
| | - Farhang Radjai
- a Theoretische Physik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg , D-47048 , Duisburg , Germany
| | - Sabine Dippel
- a Theoretische Physik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg , D-47048 , Duisburg , Germany
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11
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De Blasio FV, Saeter MB. Rolling friction on a granular medium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:022301. [PMID: 19391789 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.022301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results for the rolling of spheres on a granular bed. We use two sets of glass and steel spheres with varying diameters and a high-speed camera to follow the motion of the spheres. Despite the complex phenomena occurring during the rolling, the results show a friction coefficient nearly independent of the velocity (0.45-0.5 for glass and 0.6-0.65 for steel). It is found that for a given sphere density, the large spheres reach a longer distance, a result that may also help explain the rock sorting along natural stone accumulations at the foot of mountain slopes.
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Mehrotra A, Chaudhuri B, Faqih A, Tomassone M, Muzzio F. A modeling approach for understanding effects of powder flow properties on tablet weight variability. POWDER TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Costantini G, Cecconi F, Marini-Bettolo-Marconi U. Transport of a heated granular gas in a washboard potential. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:204711. [PMID: 17144727 DOI: 10.1063/1.2378873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We study numerically the motion of a one dimensional array of Brownian particles in a washboard potential, driven by an external stochastic force and interacting via short range repulsive forces. In particular, we investigate the role of instantaneous elastic and inelastic collisions on the system dynamics and transport. The system displays a locked regime, where particles may move only via activated processes and a running regime where particles drift along the direction of the applied field. By tuning the value of the friction parameter controlling the Brownian motion we explore both the overdamped dynamics and the underdamped dynamics. In the two regimes we considered the mobility and the diffusivity of the system as functions of the tilt and other relevant control parameters such as coefficient of restitution, particle size, and total number of particles. We find that while in the overdamped regime the results for the interacting systems present similarities with the known noninteracting case, in the underdamped regime the inelastic collisions determine a rich variety of behaviors among which is an unexpected enhancement of the inelastic diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Costantini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 68032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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14
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Chaudhuri B, Muzzio FJ, Tomassone MS. Modeling of heat transfer in granular flow in rotating vessels. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chaudhuri B, Mehrotra A, Muzzio FJ, Tomassone MS. Cohesive effects in powder mixing in a tumbling blender. POWDER TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mitarai N, Nakanishi H. Hard-sphere limit of soft-sphere model for granular materials: stiffness dependence of steady granular flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:021301. [PMID: 12636665 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.021301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical behavior of steady granular flow is investigated numerically in the inelastic hard-sphere limit of the soft-sphere model. We find distinctively different limiting behaviors for the two flow regimes, i.e., the collisional flow and the frictional flow. In the collisional flow, the hard-sphere limit is straightforward; the number of collisions per particle per unit time converges to a finite value and the total contact time fraction with other particles goes to zero. For the frictional flow, however, we demonstrate that the collision rate diverges as the power of the particle stiffness so that the time fraction of the multiple contacts remains finite even in the hard-sphere limit, although the contact time fraction for the binary collisions tends to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namiko Mitarai
- Department of Physics, Kyushu University 33, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Ancey C, Bigillon F, Frey P, Ducret R. Rolling motion of a bead in a rapid water stream. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:011303. [PMID: 12636494 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.011303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the two-dimensional rolling motion of a single large particle in a shallow water stream down a steep rough bed from both an experimental and a theoretical point of view. The experiment is prototypal of sediment transport on sloping beds. Two theoretical models are presented. The first model uses the mean kinetic energy balance to deduce the average particle velocity and the bounds of the flow-rate range within which a rolling regime occurs. This range is found to be narrow, which means that the fully rolling regime is a marginal mode of transport between repose and saltation. In the second model, the particle state (resting, rolling, saltating) is considered as a random variable, whose evolution constitutes a jump Markov chain. This makes it possible to deduce the mean particle velocity as a function of the flow conditions without explicit mention of its state. The theoretical results are finally compared to the experimental data. The second model provides correct estimates of the particle velocity and the probability of finding the particle in a given state for various flow conditions (bead material, slope, and roughness).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Ancey
- Cemagref, Division ETNA, Domaine Universitaire, Boîte Postale 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France
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Bantang J, Lim M, Monterola C, Saloma C. Gravity-assisted segregation of granular materials of equal mass and size. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:041306. [PMID: 12443198 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.041306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution segregation is demonstrated for elastic granular materials of the same mass and size. Each grain starts at a randomly selected position in the entrance facet of a cylinder, accelerates downwards due to gravity, and then bounces against a massive obstacle with a collision cross section that is proportional to the facet size. Bounce dynamics of the falling grain is a function of its relative elasticity with the obstacle. Subsequent collisions of the grain with the wall are assumed to be perfectly elastic. In the absence of interparticle collisions, grain focusing occurs at points along the cylinder axis. In the absence of rotation, focusing occurs regardless of the initial locations and (downward) velocities of the grains at the entrance facet. The focus location depends only on the coefficient of restitution of the falling particle and the obstacle size. Grains arrive at the focus in temporally localized bursts even if released simultaneously from the facet. Efficient segregation is, therefore, achieved without additional mechanical work (e.g., shaking, spinning) on the system configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnrob Bantang
- National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines, Diliman 1101, Quezon City, Philippines
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Ancey C, Bigillon F, Frey P, Lanier J, Ducret R. Saltating motion of a bead in a rapid water stream. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:036306. [PMID: 12366252 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.036306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper experimentally and numerically investigates the two-dimensional saltating motion of a single large particle in a shallow water stream down a steep rough bed. The experiment is prototypical of sediment transport on sloping beds. Similar to the earlier experimental results on fine particles entrained by a turbulent stream, we found that most features of the particle motion were controlled by a dimensionless shear stress (also called the Shields number) N(Sh) defined as the ratio of the bottom shear stress exerted by the water flow to the buoyant weight of the particle (scaled by its cross-sectional area to obtain a stress). We did not observe a clear transition from rest to motion, but on the contrary there was a fairly wide range of N(Sh) (typically 0.001-0.005 for gentle slopes) for which the particle could be set in motion or come to rest. When the particle was set in motion, it systematically began to roll. The rolling regime was marginal in that it occurred for a narrow range of N(Sh) (typically 0.005-0.01 for gentle slopes). For sufficiently high Shields numbers (N(Sh)>0.3), the particle was in saltation. The mean particle velocity was found to vary linearly with the square root of the bottom shear stress and here, surprisingly enough, was a decreasing function of the channel slope. We also performed numerical simulations based on Lagrangian equations of motion. A qualitative agreement was found between the experimental data and numerical simulations but, from a quantitative point of view, the relative deviation was sometimes substantial (as high as 50%). An explanation for the partial agreement is the significant modification in the water flow near the particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Ancey
- Cemagref, Division ETNA, Domaine Universitaire Boîte Postale 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France
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Quartier L, Andreotti B, Douady S, Daerr A. Dynamics of a grain on a sandpile model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:8299-8307. [PMID: 11138128 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of a macroscopic grain rolling on an inclined plane composed of fixed identical grains is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. As real sand, the system exhibits an hysteretic transition between static and dynamical states: for angles smaller than straight phi(d), the roller always stops, for angles larger than straight phi(s), it spontaneously starts rolling down. But for angles between straight phi(d) and straight phi(s), it can be either at rest or in motion with a constant velocity. It is shown that the limit velocity is given by the equilibrium between gravity driving and dissipation by the shocks. Moreover, the rough plane acts as a periodic potential trap whose width and depth decrease when the angle is increased: the static angle straight phi(s) corresponds to the angle for which the trap disappears; the dynamical angle straight phi(d) to that for which the limit velocity is sufficient to escape from the trap. Finally, a continuous description of the force globally acting on the grain is proposed, which preserves this hysteretic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Quartier
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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21
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Moakher M, Shinbrot T, Muzzio FJ. Experimentally validated computations of flow, mixing and segregation of non-cohesive grains in 3D tumbling blenders. POWDER TECHNOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-5910(99)00227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kondic L. Dynamics of spherical particles on a surface: collision-induced sliding and other effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:751-70. [PMID: 11969817 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/1998] [Revised: 02/17/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a model for the motion of hard spherical particles on a two-dimensional surface. The model includes both the interaction between the particles via collisions and the interaction of the particles with the substrate. We analyze in detail the effects of sliding and rolling friction, which are usually overlooked. It is found that the properties of this particulate system are influenced significantly by the substrate-particle interactions. In particular, sliding of the particles relative to the substrate after a collision leads to considerable energy loss for common experimental conditions. The presented results provide a basis that can be used to realistically model the dynamical properties of the system, and provide further insight into density fluctuations and related phenomena of clustering and structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kondic
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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23
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Vasconcelos GL, Veerman JJ. Geometrical model for a particle on a rough inclined surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 59:5641-6. [PMID: 11969547 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.59.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1998] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple geometrical model is presented for the gravity-driven motion of a single particle on a rough inclined surface. Adopting a simple restitution law for the collisions between the particle and the surface, we arrive at a model in which the dynamics is described by a one-dimensional map. This map is studied in detail and it is shown to exhibit several dynamical regimes (steady state, chaotic behavior, and accelerated motion) as the model parameters vary. A phase diagram showing the corresponding domain of existence for these regimes is presented. The model is also found to be in good qualitative agreement with recent experiments on a ball moving on a rough inclined line.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Brazil
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