1
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Jones-Salkey O, Nicusan AL, Windows-Yule CRK, Ingram A, Werner D, Clifford S, Reynolds GK. Application of Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) for the evaluation of powder behaviour in an incline linear blender for Continuous Direct Compression (CDC). Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123361. [PMID: 37673280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) is a non-invasive measurement technique which offers the ability to track the motion of individual particles with high temporal and spatial resolution, and thus build up an understanding of the bulk behaviour of a system from its microscopic (particle level) dynamics. Using this measurement technique, we have developed a series of novel metrics to better understand the behaviours of powders during the steady-state operation of a continuous blender system. Results are presented concerning the response of particle motion to processing parameters (mixing blade configuration and RPM), quantifying the motion in terms of predicted mixing performance. It was found that both increasing rpm and increasing hold-up mass (by selecting fewer transport blades and more mixing blades) provided improved mixing conditions. Interestingly, under specific conditions, there is evidence of convection-like mixing occurring at the interface of the transport and mixing region. This suggests the existence of a potential 'folding region' whereby powder is transported up the barrel (and away from the powder bulk bed) before being reconstituted back into the bulk mass. The results also provide valuable experimental data for the development, calibration and validation of future Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jones-Salkey
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK.
| | - A L Nicusan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Ingram
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Werner
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Clifford
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - G K Reynolds
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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2
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Werner D, Davison H, Robinson E, Sykes J, Seville J, Wellings A, Bhattacharya S, Sanchez Monsalve D, Kokalova Wheldon T, Windows-Yule C. Effect of system composition on mixing in binary fluidised beds. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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3
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Al-Shemmeri M, Windows-Yule K, Lopez-Quiroga E, Fryer PJ. Coffee bean particle motion in a rotating drum measured using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT). Food Res Int 2023; 163:112253. [PMID: 36596163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical transformation of coffee during roasting depends on the applied time-temperature profile (i.e., rate of heat transfer), with heat transfer phenomena governed by particle dynamics. Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT), a non-invasive imaging technique, was used here to characterise the granular flow of coffee in a real, pilot-scale rotating drum roaster. The experimental study established the impact of drum speed, batch size and bean density (i.e., roast degree) on the system's particle dynamics. Particle motion data revealed two distinct regions: (i) a disperse (low occupancy, high velocity) region of in-flight particles and (ii) a dense (high occupancy, low velocity) bean bed. Implications of these results for heat transfer suggest that controlling drum speed for different density coffees will provide roaster operators with a tool to modulate conductive heat transfer from the heated drum to the bean bed. These comprehensive data thus inform roasting best practices and support the development of physics-driven models coupling heat and mass transfer to particle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Al-Shemmeri
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Jacobs Douwe Egberts, R&D Offices, OX16 2QU, UK
| | - Kit Windows-Yule
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Peter J Fryer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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4
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Richter M, Mainza A, Govender I, Mangadoddy N, Sivakumar R, Sreedhar G, van Heerden M. Features of near gravitational material tracers in a dense medium cyclone from PEPT. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Herald M, Sykes J, Werner D, Seville J, Windows-Yule C. DEM2GATE: Combining discrete element method simulation with virtual positron emission particle tracking experiments. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Nijssen TMJ, Dijk MAH, Kuipers HAM, Stel J, Adema AT, Buist KA. Experiments on floating bed rotating drums using magnetic particle tracking. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim M. J. Nijssen
- Multiphase Reactors Group, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. H. Dijk
- Multiphase Reactors Group, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Hans A. M. Kuipers
- Multiphase Reactors Group, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stel
- Research and Development Tata Steel Europe IJmuiden The Netherlands
| | - Allert T. Adema
- Research and Development Tata Steel Europe IJmuiden The Netherlands
| | - Kay A. Buist
- Multiphase Reactors Group, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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7
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Windows-Yule CRK, Herald MT, Nicuşan AL, Wiggins CS, Pratx G, Manger S, Odo AE, Leadbeater T, Pellico J, de Rosales RTM, Renaud A, Govender I, Carasik LB, Ruggles AE, Kokalova-Wheldon T, Seville JPK, Parker DJ. Recent advances in positron emission particle tracking: a comparative review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:016101. [PMID: 34814127 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac3c4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) is a technique which allows the high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of particulate and multiphase systems, including systems which are large, dense, and/or optically opaque, and thus difficult to study using other methodologies. In this work, we bring together researchers from the world's foremost PEPT facilities not only to give a balanced and detailed overview and review of the technique but, for the first time, provide a rigorous, direct, quantitative assessment of the relative strengths and weaknesses of all contemporary PEPT methodologies. We provide detailed explanations of the methodologies explored, including also interactive code examples allowing the reader to actively explore, edit and apply the algorithms discussed. The suite of benchmarking tests performed and described within the document is made available in an open-source repository for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - M T Herald
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A L Nicuşan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - C S Wiggins
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1408 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - G Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - S Manger
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A E Odo
- Department of Physics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - T Leadbeater
- Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - J Pellico
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - R T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - A Renaud
- School of Mathematics, The University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | - I Govender
- Mintek, P/Bag X3015, Ranburg, Gauteng 2121, South Africa
- Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, P/Bag Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu Natal, Glenwood 4041, South Africa
| | - L B Carasik
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Box 843015, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States of America
| | - A E Ruggles
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1412 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Tz Kokalova-Wheldon
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - J P K Seville
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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8
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Al-Shemmeri M, Windows-Yule K, Lopez-Quiroga E, Fryer PJ. Coffee bean particle motion in a spouted bed measured using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT). J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Windows-Yule CRK, Hart-Villamil R, Ridout T, Kokalova T, Nogueira-Filho JC. Positron Emission Particle Tracking for Liquid‐Solid Mixing in Stirred Tanks. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Hart-Villamil
- University of Birmingham School of Chemical Engineering, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ridout
- University of Birmingham School of Chemical Engineering, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Tzany Kokalova
- University of Birmingham School of Physics and Astronomy, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Jose C. Nogueira-Filho
- University of Birmingham School of Civil Engineering, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham United Kingdom
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10
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Windows-Yule C, Gibson S, Werner D, Parker D, Kokalova T, Seville J. Effect of distributor design on particle distribution in a binary fluidised bed. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Windows-Yule C, Moore A, Wellard C, Werner D, Parker D, Seville J. Particle distributions in binary gas-fluidised beds: Shape matters – But not much. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Windows-Yule CRK, Seville JPK, Ingram A, Parker DJ. Positron Emission Particle Tracking of Granular Flows. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:367-396. [PMID: 32228041 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-011620-120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) is a noninvasive technique capable of imaging the three-dimensional dynamics of a wide variety of powders, particles, grains, and/or fluids. The PEPT technique can track the motion of particles with high temporal and spatial resolution and can be used to study various phenomena in systems spanning a broad range of scales, geometries, and physical states. We provide an introduction to the PEPT technique, an overview of its fundamental principles and operation, and a brief review of its application to a diverse range of scientific and industrial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - J P K Seville
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - A Ingram
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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13
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14
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Geometric features of tumbling mill flows: A positron emission particle tracking investigation. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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New Insight into Pseudo-Thermal Convection in Vibrofluidised Granular Systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12859. [PMID: 30150629 PMCID: PMC6110765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilising a combination of experimental results obtained via positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) and numerical simulations, we study the influence of a system’s geometric and elastic properties on the convective behaviours of a dilute, vibrofluidised granular assembly. Through the use of a novel, ‘modular’ system geometry, we demonstrate the existence of several previously undocumented convection-inducing mechanisms and compare their relative strengths across a broad, multi-dimensional parameter space, providing criteria through which the dominant mechanism within a given system – and hence its expected dynamics – may be predicted. We demonstrate a range of manners through which the manipulation of a system’s geometry, material properties and imposed motion may be exploited in order to induce, suppress, strengthen, weaken or even invert granular convection. The sum of our results demonstrates that boundary-layer effects due to wall (in)elasticity or directional impulses due to ‘rough’ boundaries exert only a secondary influence on the system’s behaviour. Rather, the direction and strength of convective motion is predominantly determined by the energy flux in the vicinity of the system’s lateral boundaries, demonstrating unequivocally that pseudo-thermal granular convection is decidedly a collective phenomenon.
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16
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Penn A, Tsuji T, Brunner DO, Boyce CM, Pruessmann KP, Müller CR. Real-time probing of granular dynamics with magnetic resonance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701879. [PMID: 28929140 PMCID: PMC5600527 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Granular dynamics govern earthquakes, avalanches, and landslides and are of fundamental importance in a variety of industries ranging from energy to pharmaceuticals to agriculture. Nonetheless, our understanding of the underlying physics is poor because we lack spatially and temporally resolved experimental measurements of internal grain motion. We introduce a magnetic resonance imaging methodology that provides internal granular velocity measurements that are four orders of magnitude faster compared to previous work. The technique is based on a concerted interplay of scan acceleration and materials engineering. Real-time probing of granular dynamics is explored in single- and two-phase systems, providing fresh insight into bubble dynamics and the propagation of shock waves upon impact of an intruder. We anticipate that the methodology outlined here will enable advances in understanding the propagation of seismic activity, the jamming transition, or the rheology and dynamics of dense suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Penn
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 27, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Takuya Tsuji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - David O. Brunner
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M. Boyce
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 27, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas P. Pruessmann
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph R. Müller
- Laboratory of Energy Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 27, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Guillard F, Marks B, Einav I. Dynamic X-ray radiography reveals particle size and shape orientation fields during granular flow. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8155. [PMID: 28811568 PMCID: PMC5557931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When granular materials flow, the constituent particles segregate by size and align by shape. The impacts of these changes in fabric on the flow itself are not well understood, and thus novel non-invasive means are needed to observe the interior of the material. Here, we propose a new experimental technique using dynamic X-ray radiography to make such measurements possible. The technique is based on Fourier transformation to extract spatiotemporal fields of internal particle size and shape orientation distributions during flow, in addition to complementary measurements of velocity fields through image correlation. We show X-ray radiography captures the bulk flow properties, in contrast to optical methods which typically measure flow within boundary layers, as these are adjacent to any walls. Our results reveal the rich dynamic alignment of particles with respect to streamlines in the bulk during silo discharge, the understanding of which is critical to preventing destructive instabilities and undesirable clogging. The ideas developed in this paper are directly applicable to many other open questions in granular and soft matter systems, such as the evolution of size and shape distributions in foams and biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Guillard
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Benjy Marks
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Itai Einav
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia. .,Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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18
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Salazar JM, Simon JM, Ruiz-Suárez JC, Peñuñuri F, Carvente O. Dynamic Self-assembly of Non-Brownian Spheres. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201714004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Morrison A, Govender I, Mainza A, Parker D. The shape and behaviour of a granular bed in a rotating drum using Eulerian flow fields obtained from PEPT. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Govender I, Richter MC, Mainza AN, De Klerk DN. A positron emission particle tracking investigation of the scaling law governing free surface flows in tumbling mills. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indresan Govender
- School of Engineering; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Glenwood 4041 South Africa
| | - Max C. Richter
- Centre for Minerals Research; University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
| | - Aubrey N. Mainza
- Centre for Minerals Research; University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
| | - David N. De Klerk
- Centre for Minerals Research; University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
- Dept. of Physics; University of Cape Town, P/Bag Rondebosch; Cape Town 7701 South Africa
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21
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Windows-Yule CRK, Scheper BJ, den Otter WK, Parker DJ, Thornton AR. Modifying self-assembly and species separation in three-dimensional systems of shape-anisotropic particles. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:020901. [PMID: 26986277 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The behaviors of large, dynamic assemblies of macroscopic particles are of direct relevance to geophysical and industrial processes and may also be used as easily studied analogs to micro- or nano-scale systems, or model systems for microbiological, zoological, and even anthropological phenomena. We study vibrated mixtures of elongated particles, demonstrating that the inclusion of differing particle "species" may profoundly alter a system's dynamics and physical structure in various diverse manners. The phase behavior observed suggests that our system, despite its athermal nature, obeys a minimum free energy principle analogous to that observed for thermodynamic systems. We demonstrate that systems of exclusively spherical objects, which form the basis of numerous theoretical frameworks in many scientific disciplines, represent only a narrow region of a wide, multidimensional phase space. Thus, our results raise significant questions as to whether such models can accurately describe the behaviors of systems outside this highly specialized case.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- Multiscale Mechanics (MSM), CTW and MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - B J Scheper
- Multiscale Mechanics (MSM), CTW and MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - W K den Otter
- Multiscale Mechanics (MSM), CTW and MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.,Computational Biophysics, TNW and MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A R Thornton
- Multiscale Mechanics (MSM), CTW and MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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22
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Carvente O, Salazar-Cruz M, Peñuñuri F, Ruiz-Suárez JC. Dynamic self-assembly of non-Brownian spheres studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:020902. [PMID: 26986278 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.020902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Granular self-assembly of confined non-Brownian spheres under gravity is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Starting from a disordered phase, dry or cohesive spheres organize, by vibrational annealing, into body-centered-tetragonal or face-centered-cubic structures, respectively. During the self-assembling process, isothermal and isodense points are observed. The existence of such points indicates that both granular temperature and packing fraction undergo an inversion process that may be in the core of crystal nucleation. Around the isothermal point, a sudden growth of granular clusters having the maximum coordination number takes place, indicating the outcome of a first-order phase transition. We propose a heuristic equation that successfully describes the dynamic evolution of the local packing fraction in terms of the local granular temperature, along the entire crystallization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Carvente
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M Salazar-Cruz
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR No. 6603, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Aveneu Alain Savary, BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - F Peñuñuri
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J C Ruiz-Suárez
- CINVESTAV Monterrey, Autopista Nueva al Aeropuerto km 9.5, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66600, México
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23
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Tupper GB, Govender I, De Klerk DN, Richter MC, Mainza AN. Testing of a new dynamic Ergun equation for transport with positron emission particle tracking. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary B. Tupper
- Dept. of Physics; Applied Physics Group, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
- Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
- Associate Member, National Institute for Theoretical Physics; South Africa
| | - Indresan Govender
- Dept. of Physics; Applied Physics Group, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
- Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
| | - David N. De Klerk
- Dept. of Physics; Applied Physics Group, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
- Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
| | - Max C. Richter
- Dept. of Physics; Applied Physics Group, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
- Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
| | - Aubrey N. Mainza
- Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town; P/Bag Rondebosch 7701
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González S, Windows-Yule CRK, Luding S, Parker DJ, Thornton AR. Forced axial segregation in axially inhomogeneous rotating systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:022202. [PMID: 26382389 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlling segregation is both a practical and a theoretical challenge. Using a novel drum design comprising concave and convex geometry, we explore, through the application of both discrete particle simulations and positron emission particle tracking, a means by which radial size segregation may be used to drive axial segregation, resulting in an order of magnitude increase in the rate of separation. The inhomogeneous drum geometry explored also allows the direction of axial segregation within a binary granular bed to be controlled, with a stable, two-band segregation pattern being reliably and reproducibly imposed on the bed for a variety of differing system parameters. This strong banding is observed to persist even in systems that are highly constrained in the axial direction, where such segregation would not normally occur. These findings, and the explanations provided of their underlying mechanisms, could lead to radical new designs for a broad range of particle processing applications but also may potentially prove useful for medical and microflow applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S González
- Multi-Scale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - S Luding
- Multi-Scale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - A R Thornton
- Multi-Scale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Mathematics of Computational Science, Department of Applied Mathematics, MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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25
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Buist KA, van Erdewijk TW, Deen NG, Kuipers JAM. Determination and comparison of rotational velocity in a pseudo 2-D fluidized bed using magnetic particle tracking and discrete particle modeling. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Buist
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Multiphase Reactors Group, Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - T. W. van Erdewijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Multiphase Reactors Group, Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - N. G. Deen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Multiphase Reactors Group, Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - J. A. M. Kuipers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry; Multiphase Reactors Group, Eindhoven University of Technology; 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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26
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Windows-Yule CRK, Rosato AD, Parker DJ, Thornton AR. Maximizing energy transfer in vibrofluidized granular systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:052203. [PMID: 26066169 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.052203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using discrete particle simulations validated by experimental data acquired using the positron emission particle tracking technique, we study the efficiency of energy transfer from a vibrating wall to a system of discrete, macroscopic particles. We demonstrate that even for a fixed input energy from the wall, energy conveyed to the granular system under excitation may vary significantly dependent on the frequency and amplitude of the driving oscillations. We investigate the manner in which the efficiency with which energy is transferred to the system depends on the system variables and determine the key control parameters governing the optimization of this energy transfer. A mechanism capable of explaining our results is proposed, and the implications of our findings in the research field of granular dynamics as well as their possible utilization in industrial applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A D Rosato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A R Thornton
- Multiscale Mechanics (MSM) and Mathematics of Computational Science (MaCS), (MESA+), CTW, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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27
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Windows-Yule CRK, Douglas GJM, Parker DJ. Competition between geometrically induced and density-driven segregation mechanisms in vibrofluidized granular systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:032205. [PMID: 25871101 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.032205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The behaviors of granular systems are sensitive to a wide variety of particle properties, including size, density, elasticity, and shape. Differences in any of these properties between particles in a granular mixture may lead to segregation, or "demixing," a process of great industrial relevance. Despite the known influence of particle geometry in granular systems, a considerable fraction of research into these systems concerns only uniformly spherical particles. We address, for the case of vertically vibrated granular systems, the important question of whether the introduction of differing particle geometries entirely invalidates our existing knowledge based on purely spherical granulates, or whether current models may simply be adapted to account for the effects of particle shape. We demonstrate that while shape effects can indeed influence the dynamical and segregative behaviors of a granular system, the segregative mechanisms associated with particle geometry are decidedly secondary to those related to particle density. The relevant control parameters determining the extent of geometrically induced segregation are established. Finally, a manner in which shape effects may be accounted for in simulations utilizing purely spherical particles is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - G J M Douglas
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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28
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Asencio K, Bramer-Escamilla W, Gutiérrez G, Sánchez I. Electrical capacitance sensor array to measure density profiles of a vibrated granular bed. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Windows-Yule CRK, Rivas N, Parker DJ, Thornton AR. Low-frequency oscillations and convective phenomena in a density-inverted vibrofluidized granular system. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:062205. [PMID: 25615083 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.062205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) are thought to play an important role in the transition between the Leidenfrost and convective states of a vibrated granular bed. This work details the experimental observation of LFOs, which are found to be consistently present for a range of driving frequencies and amplitudes, with particles of varying material and using containers of differing material properties. The experimentally acquired results show a close qualitative and quantitative agreement with both theory and simulations across the range of parameters tested. Strong agreement between experimental and simulation results was also observed when investigating the influence of sidewall dissipation on LFOs and vertical density profiles. This paper additionally provides evidence of two phenomena present in the Leidenfrost state: a circulatory motion over extended time periods in near-crystalline configurations, and a Leidenfrost-like state in which the dense upper region displays an unusual inverse thermal convection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - N Rivas
- Multi-Scale Mechanics (MSM), MESA+, CTW, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A R Thornton
- Multi-Scale Mechanics (MSM) and Mathematics of Computational Science (MaCS), MESA+, CTW, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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30
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Windows-Yule C, Parker D. Self-diffusion, local clustering and global segregation in binary granular systems: The role of system geometry. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Buist KA, van der Gaag AC, Deen NG, Kuipers JAM. Improved magnetic particle tracking technique in dense gas fluidized beds. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay A. Buist
- Multiphase Reactors Group; Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Alex C. van der Gaag
- Multiphase Reactors Group; Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Niels G. Deen
- Multiphase Reactors Group; Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A. M. Kuipers
- Multiphase Reactors Group; Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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32
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Windows-Yule CRK, Parker DJ. Center of mass scaling in three-dimensional binary granular systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:062206. [PMID: 25019769 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.062206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of experimental results acquired through positron emission particle tracking and simulational results obtained via the discrete particle method, we determine a scaling relationship for the center of mass height of a vibrofluidized three-dimensional, bidisperse granular system. We find the scaling to be dependent on the characteristic velocity with which the system is driven, the depth of the granular bed, and the elasticities of the particles involved, as well as the degree of segregation exhibited by the system and the ratio of masses between particle species. The scaling is observed to be robust over a significant range of system parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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33
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Néel B, Rondini I, Turzillo A, Mujica N, Soto R. Dynamics of a first-order transition to an absorbing state. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:042206. [PMID: 24827240 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.042206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A granular system confined in a quasi-two-dimensional box that is vertically vibrated can transit to an absorbing state in which all particles bounce vertically in phase with the box, with no horizontal motion. In principle, this state can be reached for any density lower than the one corresponding to one complete monolayer, which is then the critical density. Below this critical value, the transition to the absorbing state is of first order, with long metastable periods, followed by rapid transitions driven by homogeneous nucleation. Molecular dynamics simulations and experiments show that there is a dramatic increase on the metastable times far below the critical density; in practice, it is impossible to observe spontaneous transitions close to the critical density. This peculiar feature is a consequence of the nonequilibrium nature of this first-order transition to the absorbing state. A Ginzburg-Landau model, with multiplicative noise, describes qualitatively the observed phenomena and explains the macroscopic size of the critical nuclei. The nuclei become of small size only close to a second critical point where the active phase becomes unstable via a saddle node bifurcation. It is only close to this second critical point that experiments and simulations can evidence spontaneous transitions to the absorbing state while the metastable times grow dramatically moving away from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Néel
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Rondini
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Turzillo
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Mujica
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Soto
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
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Windows-Yule CRK, Weinhart T, Parker DJ, Thornton AR. Effects of packing density on the segregative behaviors of granular systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:098001. [PMID: 24655279 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.098001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present results concerning the important role of system packing in the processes of density- and inelasticity-induced segregation in vibrofluidized binary granular beds. Data are acquired through a combination of experimental results acquired from positron emission particle tracking and simulations performed using the discrete particle method. It is found that segregation due to inelasticity differences between particle species is most pronounced in moderately dense systems, yet still exerts a significant effect in all but the highest density systems. Results concerning segregation due to disparities in particles' material densities show that the maximal degree to which a system can achieve segregation is directly related to the density of the system, while the rate at which segregation occurs shows an inverse relation. Based on this observation, a method of minimizing the time and energy requirements associated with producing a fully segregated system is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - T Weinhart
- Multiscale Mechanics (MSM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A R Thornton
- Multiscale Mechanics (MSM) and Mathematics of Computational Science (MaCS), (MESA+), CTW, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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35
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Windows-Yule CRK, Parker DJ. Energy non-equipartition in strongly convective granular systems. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2014; 37:17. [PMID: 24658969 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2014-14017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using positron emission particle tracking, the effects of convective motion and the resulting segregative behaviour on the partition of kinetic energy between the components of a bidisperse granular system are, for the first time, systematically investigated. It is found that the distribution of energy between the two system components, which are equal in size but differ in their material properties, is strongly dependent on the degree of segregation observed in the granular bed. The results obtained demonstrate that the difference in energy obtained by dissimilar particle species is not an innate property of the materials in question, but can in fact be altered through variation of the relevant system parameters. The existence of a relationship between the convective and segregative properties of a granular system and the degree of energy equipartition within the system implies the possibility of extending existing theory into the convective regime. Thus, our findings represent an incremental step towards the definition of a granular analogy to temperature that can be applied to more generalised systems and, through this, an improved understanding of inhomogeneous granular systems in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK,
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36
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Windows-Yule CRK, Weinhart T, Parker DJ, Thornton AR. Influence of thermal convection on density segregation in a vibrated binary granular system. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:022202. [PMID: 25353462 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.022202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of experimental results and discrete particle method simulations, the role of buoyancy-driven convection in the segregative behavior of a three-dimensional, binary granular system is investigated. A relationship between convective motion and segregation intensity is presented, and a qualitative explanation for this behavior is proposed. This study also provides an insight into the role of diffusive behavior in the segregation of a granular bed in the convective regime. The results of this work strongly imply the possibility that, for an adequately fluidized granular bed, the degree of segregation may be indirectly controlled through the adjustment of the system's driving parameters, or the dissipative properties of the system's side-boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - T Weinhart
- Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D J Parker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A R Thornton
- Multiscale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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37
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Habib M, Miles NJ, Mohabuth NB, Hall P, Fan X, Parker DJ. PEPT Investigation of Particle Separation in a Novel Vertically Vibrated Particle Separator. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2013.791361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Windows-Yule CRK, Rivas N, Parker DJ. Thermal convection and temperature inhomogeneity in a vibrofluidized granular bed: the influence of sidewall dissipation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:038001. [PMID: 23909362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.038001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a vertically vibrated, fully three-dimensional granular system, we investigate the impact of dissipative interactions between the particles in the system and the vertical sidewalls bounding it. We find that sidewall dissipation influences various properties of the bed including, but not limited to, the spatial distribution of granular temperatures, the functional form of velocity distributions, and the strength of convection. Simple, monotonic relationships are observed for all the aforementioned properties, including a striking linear relationship between convection strength and wall dissipation. We conclude that sidewall effects are not limited to the vicinity of the walls themselves, but extend into the bulk of the system and hence must be considered even in relatively wide, three-dimensional systems. We also propose the possibility of using the alteration of sidewall material as a method of "tuning" certain system parameters in situations where changing the bulk properties or driving parameters of a granular system may be undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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39
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Govender I, Cleary P, Mainza A. Comparisons of PEPT derived charge features in wet milling environments with a friction-adjusted DEM model. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Windows-Yule CRK, Parker DJ. Boltzmann statistics in a three-dimensional vibrofluidized granular bed: idealizing the experimental system. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:022211. [PMID: 23496509 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.022211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the method of energy injection into a vertically vibrated granular bed was investigated using positron emission particle tracking. A comparison was made between two experimental systems. The first was driven by a flat base, the second by a base comprising a monolayer of spheres, each free to move in three dimensions but constrained to the bottom of the system, effectively randomizing energy transfer into the bed. The latter system exhibited more Gaussian velocity distributions, a more isotropic temperature, and a better approximation of molecular chaos than the former, behavior more akin to the idealized situation of white noise forcing than is generally observed in an experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R K Windows-Yule
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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41
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42
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Idler V, Sánchez I, Paredes R, Gutiérrez G, Reyes LI, Botet R. Three-dimensional simulations of a vertically vibrated granular bed including interstitial air. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:051301. [PMID: 19518443 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical study of the effect of interstitial air on a vertically vibrated granular bed within one period of oscillation. We use a three-dimensional molecular-dynamics simulation including air phenomenologically. The simulations are validated with experiments made with spherical glass beads in a rectangular container. After validation, results are reported for a granular column of 9000 grains and approximately 50 layers deep (at rest), agitated with a sinusoidal excitation with maximal acceleration 4.7g at 11.7 Hz. We report the evolution of density, granular temperature, and coordination number within a vibration cycle, and the effect of interstitial air on those parameters. In three-dimensional computer simulations we found that the presence of interstitial air can promote the collective motion of the granular material as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Idler
- Centro de Física, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado Postal 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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43
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Particle dynamics in a dense vibrated fluidized bed as revealed by diffusing wave spectroscopy. POWDER TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Kuo H, Chen Y. Determination of State Transition of Granular Materials in a Vibrating Bed Using a Novel Optical Signal Analyzing Method. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1163/156855208x291738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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MRI investigations of particle motion within a three-dimensional vibro-fluidized granular bed. POWDER TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Huntley J, Martin T, Mantle M, Shattuck M, Sederman A, Wildman R, Gladden L, Halliwell N. NMR measurements and hydrodynamic simulations of phase-resolved velocity distributions within a three-dimensional vibrofluidized granular bed. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2007.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the results of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging experiments on vertically vibrated granular beds of mustard grains. A novel spin-echo velocity profiling technique was developed that allows granular temperature, mean velocity and packing fraction distributions within the three-dimensional cell to be measured as a function of both vertical position and vibration phase. Bimodal velocity distributions were observed at certain portions of the vibration cycle, and in general the ability to acquire time-resolved data demonstrated the significant distortions to the velocity distributions and the systematic errors in calculated temperature distributions that may arise with time-averaged measurements. The experimental behaviour was compared with predictions from a time-varying one-dimensional hydrodynamic model using the experimental parameters as input to the code. In both cases, damping of longitudinal sound waves was linked to significant volume heating effects, which contrasts with the usual heat transport mechanism (i.e. diffusion from the boundaries) currently assumed in most steady-state models. This leads to a new explanation for the counterintuitive upturn in granular temperature in vibrofluidized granular beds, based on amplification and damping of sound waves in the high-altitude region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M Huntley
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - T.W Martin
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - M.D Mantle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of CambridgePembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - M.D Shattuck
- Levich Institute, City College, City University of New YorkNew York, NY 10031, USA
| | - A.J Sederman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of CambridgePembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - R.D Wildman
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - L.F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of CambridgePembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - N.A Halliwell
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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47
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Götzendorfer A, Tai CH, Kruelle CA, Rehberg I, Hsiau SS. Fluidization of a vertically vibrated two-dimensional hard sphere packing: a granular meltdown. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:011304. [PMID: 16907086 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of the fluidization process in vertically vibrated two-dimensional granular packings. An initially close packed granular bed is exposed to sinusoidal container oscillations with gradually increasing amplitude. At first the particles close to the free surface become mobile. When a critical value of the forcing strength is reached the remaining crystal suddenly breaks up and the bed fluidizes completely. This transition leads to discontinuous changes in the density distribution and in the root mean square displacement of the individual particles. Likewise the vertical center of mass coordinate increases by leaps and bounds at the transition. It turns out that the maximum container velocity v0 is the crucial driving parameter determining the state of a fully fluidized system. For particles of various sizes the transition to full fluidization occurs at the same value of v 2 0/gd, where d is the particle diameter and g is the gravitational acceleration. A discontinuous fluidization transition is only observed when the particles are highly elastic.
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48
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Huang K, Miao G, Zhang P, Yun Y, Wei R. Shock wave propagation in vibrofluidized granular materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 73:041302. [PMID: 16711788 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.041302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Shock wave formation and propagation in vertically vibrated quasi-two-dimensional granular materials are studied by digital high speed photography. Steep density and temperature wave fronts form at the bottom of the granular layer when the layer collides with vibrating plate. Then the fronts propagate upwards through the layer. The temperature front is always in the transition region between the upward and downward granular flows. The effects of driving parameters and particle number on the shock are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China.
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Wildman RD, Martin TW, Krouskop PE, Talbot J, Huntley JM, Parker DJ. Convection in vibrated annular granular beds. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 71:061301. [PMID: 16089729 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The response to vibration of a granular bed, consisting of a standard cylindrical geometry but with the addition of a dissipative cylindrical inner wall, has been investigated both experimentally (using positron emission particle tracking) and numerically (using hard sphere molecular dynamics simulation). The packing fraction profiles and granular temperature distributions (in both vertical and horizontal directions) were determined as a function of height and distance from the axis. The two sets of results were in reasonable agreement. The molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the behavior of the granular bed in the inner wall-outer wall coefficient of restitution phase space. It was observed that one could control the direction of the toroidal convection rolls by manipulating the relative dissipation at the inner and outer walls via the coefficients of restitution, and with several layers of grains it was seen that double convection rolls could also be formed, a result that was subsequently confirmed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Wildman
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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50
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Moon SJ, Goldman DI, Swift JB, Swinney HL. Kink-induced transport and segregation in oscillated granular layers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:134301. [PMID: 14525310 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.134301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We use experiments and molecular dynamics simulations of vertically oscillated granular layers to study horizontal particle segregation induced by a kink (a boundary between domains oscillating out of phase). Counterrotating convection rolls carry the larger particles in a bidisperse layer along the granular surface to a kink, where they become trapped. The convection originates from avalanches that occur inside the layer, along the interface between solidified and fluidized grains. The position of a kink can be controlled by modulation of the container frequency, making possible systematic harvesting of the larger particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Joon Moon
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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