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Cho BI, Cho MS, Kim M, Chung HK, Barbrel B, Engelhorn K, Burian T, Chalupský J, Ciricosta O, Dakovski GL, Hájková V, Holmes M, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Nam CH, Rackstraw DS, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Zastrau U, Heimann PA. Observation of Reverse Saturable Absorption of an X-ray Laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:075002. [PMID: 28949680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A nonlinear absorber in which the excited state absorption is larger than the ground state can undergo a process called reverse saturable absorption. It is a well-known phenomenon in laser physics in the optical regime, but is more difficult to generate in the x-ray regime, where fast nonradiative core electron transitions typically dominate the population kinetics during light matter interactions. Here, we report the first observation of decreasing x-ray transmission in a solid target pumped by intense x-ray free electron laser pulses. The measurement has been made below the K-absorption edge of aluminum, and the x-ray intensity ranges are 10^{16} -10^{17} W/cm^{2}. It has been confirmed by collisional radiative population kinetic calculations, underscoring the fast spectral modulation of the x-ray pulses and charge states relevant to the absorption and transmission of x-ray photons. The processes shown through detailed simulations are consistent with reverse saturable absorption, which would be the first observation of this phenomena in the x-ray regime. These light matter interactions provide a unique opportunity to investigate optical transport properties in the extreme state of matters, as well as affording the potential to regulate ultrafast x-ray free-electron laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - M S Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - M Kim
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Barbrel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Holmes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chang Hee Nam
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - D S Rackstraw
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches-Elektronensynchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J J Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P A Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Cahill AD, Hoyt CL, Pikuz SA, Shelkovenko T, Hammer DA. A doubly curved elliptical crystal spectrometer for the study of localized x-ray absorption in hot plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:103114. [PMID: 25362378 DOI: 10.1063/1.4898339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the diagnosis of plasmas over a wide range of both temperature and density. However, such a measurement is often limited to probing plasmas with temperatures well below that of the x-ray source in order to avoid object plasma emission lines from obscuring important features of the absorption spectrum. This has excluded many plasmas from being investigated by this technique. We have developed an x-ray spectrometer that provides the ability to record absorption spectra from higher temperature plasmas than the usual approach allows without the risk of data contamination by line radiation emitted by the plasma under study. This is accomplished using a doubly curved mica crystal which is bent both elliptically and cylindrically. We present here the foundational work in the design and development of this spectrometer along with initial results obtained with an aluminum x-pinch as the object plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Cahill
- Cornell University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cad L Hoyt
- Cornell University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sergei A Pikuz
- Cornell University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tania Shelkovenko
- Cornell University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David A Hammer
- Cornell University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Knapp PF, Pikuz SA, Shelkovenko TA, Hammer DA, Hansen SB. High resolution absorption spectroscopy of exploding wire plasmas using an x-pinch x-ray source and spherically bent crystal. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:063501. [PMID: 21721685 DOI: 10.1063/1.3592582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present here the use of absorption spectroscopy of the continuum radiation from x-pinch-produced point x-ray sources as a diagnostic to investigate the properties of aluminum plasmas created by pulsed power machines. This technique is being developed to determine the charge state, temperature, and density as a function of time and space under conditions that are inaccessible to x-ray emission spectroscopic diagnostics. The apparatus and its characterization are described, and the spectrometer dispersion, magnification, and resolution are calculated and compared with experimental results. Spectral resolution of about 5000 and spatial resolution of about 20 μm are demonstrated. This spectral resolution is the highest available to date in an absorption experiment. The beneficial properties of the x-pinch x-ray source as the backlighter for this diagnostic are the small source size (<5 μm), smooth continuum radiation, and short pulse duration (<0.1 ns). Results from a closely spaced (1 mm) exploding wire pair are shown and the general features are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Knapp
- Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University, 439 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Zhang J, Yang J, Xu Y, Yang G, Ding Y, Yan J, Yuan J, Ding Y, Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Hu Z. Radiative heating of plastic-tamped aluminum foil by x rays from a foam-buffered hohlraum. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:016401. [PMID: 19257142 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.016401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The time dependence of the x-ray absorption of aluminum samples heated with intense radiation sources from a foam-buffered gold hohlraum has been studied in this work. Hydrodynamic simulations were used to illustrate the plasma conditions in the plastic-tamped aluminum foils contained in this type of hohlraum. Experiments were conducted to measure the K -shell x-ray absorption spectra of the aluminum sample. With densities taken from the hydrodynamic simulations, electron temperatures were then inferred by fitting the measured absorption spectra with detailed-term-accounting calculations. The inferred temperatures have a maximum of about 93eV and were found to agree within 25% with the simulated results at times after 1ns , indicating that the use of foam shields, together with a compact cavity, has created a clean and high-temperature radiation source preferable to opacity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, P. O. Box 919-986, Mianyang 621900, China
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Zastrau U, Fortmann C, Fäustlin RR, Cao LF, Döppner T, Düsterer S, Glenzer SH, Gregori G, Laarmann T, Lee HJ, Przystawik A, Radcliffe P, Reinholz H, Röpke G, Thiele R, Tiggesbäumker J, Truong NX, Toleikis S, Uschmann I, Wierling A, Tschentscher T, Förster E, Redmer R. Bremsstrahlung and line spectroscopy of warm dense aluminum plasma heated by xuv free-electron-laser radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:066406. [PMID: 19256961 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.066406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the creation of solid-density aluminum plasma using free-electron laser (FEL) radiation at 13.5nm wavelength. Ultrashort pulses were focused on a bulk Al target, yielding an intensity of 2x10;{14}Wcm;{2} . The radiation emitted from the plasma was measured using an xuv spectrometer. Bremsstrahlung and line intensity ratios yield consistent electron temperatures of about 38eV , supported by radiation hydrodynamics simulations. This shows that xuv FELs heat up plasmas volumetrically and homogeneously at warm-dense-matter conditions, which are accurately characterized by xuv spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zastrau
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Rochau GA, Bailey JE, Macfarlane JJ. Measurement and analysis of x-ray absorption in Al and MgF2 plasmas heated by Z-pinch radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:066405. [PMID: 16486068 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.066405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High-power Z pinches on Sandia National Laboratories' Z facility can be used in a variety of experiments to radiatively heat samples placed some distance away from the Z-pinch plasma. In such experiments, the heating radiation spectrum is influenced by both the Z-pinch emission and the re-emission of radiation from the high-Z surfaces that make up the Z-pinch diode. To test the understanding of the amplitude and spectral distribution of the heating radiation, thin foils containing both Al and MgF2 were heated by a 100-130 TW Z pinch. The heating of these samples was studied through the ionization distribution in each material as measured by x-ray absorption spectra. The resulting plasma conditions are inferred from a least-squares comparison between the measured spectra and calculations of the Al and Mg 1s-->2p absorption over a large range of temperatures and densities. These plasma conditions are then compared to radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of the sample dynamics and are found to agree within 1sigma to the best-fit conditions. This agreement indicates that both the driving radiation spectrum and the heating of the Al and MgF2 samples is understood within the accuracy of the spectroscopic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Patel PK, Mackinnon AJ, Key MH, Cowan TE, Foord ME, Allen M, Price DF, Ruhl H, Springer PT, Stephens R. Isochoric heating of solid-density matter with an ultrafast proton beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:125004. [PMID: 14525369 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.125004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new technique is described for the isochoric heating (i.e., heating at constant volume) of matter to high energy-density plasma states (>10(5) J/g) on a picosecond time scale (10(-12)sec). An intense, collimated, ultrashort-pulse beam of protons--generated by a high-intensity laser pulse--is used to isochorically heat a solid density material to a temperature of several eV. The duration of heating is shorter than the time scale for significant hydrodynamic expansion to occur; hence the material is heated to a solid density warm dense plasma state. Using spherically shaped laser targets, a focused proton beam is produced and used to heat a smaller volume to over 20 eV. The technique described of ultrafast proton heating provides a unique method for creating isochorically heated high-energy density plasma states.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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