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Tremblay G, Roy G. Study of polarization memory's impact on detection range in natural water fogs. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1885-1895. [PMID: 32225705 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the initial polarization state of a source on the detection range of a system probing through natural dense water fog is analyzed. Information about the source is conveyed by ballistic, snake, and highly scattered photons. During propagation, the polarization state of ballistic and snake photons is not altered. It is shown that though circular polarization is not altered by simple direction changes during scattering, and has thus a tendency to be preserved longer in the highly scattered photons, it does not necessarily convey more useful information about the source than linear polarization or even an unpolarized beam. It is also shown that in any forward propagating system that can be described by the small-angle approximation the impact of polarization memory can be neglected.
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Chang CM, Lo YL, Tran NK, Chang YJ. Optical characterization of porcine articular cartilage using a polarimetry technique with differential Mueller matrix formulism. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:2121-2127. [PMID: 29604002 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed for characterizing the optical properties of articular cartilage sliced from a pig's thighbone using a Stokes-Mueller polarimetry technique. The principal axis angle, phase retardance, optical rotation angle, circular diattenuation, diattenuation axis angle, linear diattenuation, and depolarization index properties of the cartilage sample are all decoupled in the proposed analytical model. Consequently, the accuracy and robustness of the extracted results are improved. The glucose concentration, collagen distribution, and scattering properties of samples from various depths of the articular cartilage are systematically explored via an inspection of the related parameters. The results show that the glucose concentration and scattering effect are both enhanced in the superficial region of the cartilage. By contrast, the collagen density increases with an increasing sample depth.
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Ghatrehsamani S, Town G. Propagation of polarized waves through bounded composite materials. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:952-957. [PMID: 28158099 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a numerical model, based on a Monte Carlo algorithm, to calculate the propagation of polarized waves through highly scattering microstructured materials, and to properly account for the effect of both loss and boundaries. As an example, we investigate the impact of a strongly scattering object of air-polymer composite material on a broadband collimated source. We also calculate the depolarization of linearly polarized and circularly polarized waves escaping from the sample boundaries, especially at large scattering angles, and we show how boundaries can modify the distribution and the polarization of the scattered waves propagating out of the sample.
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Qi J, Elson DS. A high definition Mueller polarimetric endoscope for tissue characterisation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25953. [PMID: 27173145 PMCID: PMC4865982 DOI: 10.1038/srep25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The contrast mechanism of medical endoscopy is mainly based on metrics of optical intensity and wavelength. As another fundamental property of light, polarization can not only reveal tissue scattering and absorption information from a different perspective, but can also provide insight into directional tissue birefringence properties to monitor pathological changes in collagen and elastin. Here we demonstrate a low cost wide field high definition Mueller polarimetric endoscope with minimal alterations to a rigid endoscope. We show that this novel endoscopic imaging modality is able to provide a number of image contrast mechanisms besides traditional unpolarized radiation intensity, including linear depolarization, circular depolarization, cross-polarization, directional birefringence and dichroism. This enhances tissue features of interest, and additionally reveals tissue micro-structure and composition, which is of central importance for tissue diagnosis and image guidance for surgery. The potential applications of the Mueller polarimetric endoscope include wide field early epithelial cancer diagnosis, surgical margin detection and energy-based tissue fusion monitoring, and could further benefit a wide range of endoscopic investigations through intra-operative guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel S Elson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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5
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Martin D, Gonzálvez AG, Buesing F, González Ureña Á. Linear Polarized Transmission Resonance Raman Studies in Fruits: Experimental Versus Model Calculations. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:802-809. [PMID: 26037146 DOI: 10.1366/14-07832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A linear polarized transmission resonance Raman spectroscopic technique was developed to measure the depolarization ratio of different β-carotene Raman bands in carrot roots and mangos. Basically, this optical property was measured as a function of the vegetal tissue thickness and fruit postharvest lifetime. In general, the depolarization ratio increases as the sample optical thickness does and decreases as the fruit postharvest lifetime increases. In addition, a previous theoretical model was extended by considering the light state of polarization to obtain the depolarization ratio as a function of the sample absorption and scattering coefficient. It was shown how the reported theoretical model is able to satisfactorily describe the fruit optical parameter dependence on both the sample thickness and its postharvest time. Finally, the advantages and limitations of the present technique and theoretical mode are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin
- Unidad de Láseres y Haces Moleculares, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Juan XXIII-1°, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Gorodnichev EE, Kuzovlev AI, Rogozkin DB. Depolarization coefficients of light in multiply scattering media. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:043205. [PMID: 25375616 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.043205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The depolarization coefficients are calculated for multiply scattered linearly and circularly polarized light. For a number of media (aqueous suspension of polystyrene particles, water droplets in air), the calculations are carried out both numerically, with solving the vector radiative transfer equation and analytically, within the polarization mode approximation. In the latter case the depolarization coefficients are expressed explicitly in terms of the scattering and absorption coefficients, and the scattering matrix elements of the medium. The range of applicability of the polarization mode approximation is established. For most practically important cases, this method is shown to provide a satisfactory degree of accuracy. We also find the fundamental values of the depolarization coefficients for a Rayleigh medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Gorodnichev
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe Shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Kuzovlev
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe Shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - D B Rogozkin
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe Shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Knitter S, Kues M, Haidl M, Fallnich C. Linearly polarized emission from random lasers with anisotropically amplifying media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:31591-31603. [PMID: 24514732 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.031591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simulations on three-dimensional random lasers were performed by finite-difference time-domain integration of Maxwell's equations combined with rate-equations providing gain. We investigated the frequency-dependent emission polarization of random lasers in the far-field of the sample and characterized the influence of anisotropic pumping in orthogonal polarizations. Under weak scattering, the polarization states of random lasing modes were random for isotropic pumping and linear under anisotropic pumping. These findings are in accordance with recent experimental observations. A crossover was observed towards very strong scattering, in which the scattering destroys the pump-induced polarization-anisotropy of the random lasing modes and randomizes (scrambles) the mode-polarization.
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Layden D, Ghosh N, Vitkin A. Quantitative Polarimetry for Tissue Characterization and Diagnosis. ADVANCED BIOPHOTONICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b15256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Alali S, Ahmad M, Kim A, Vurgun N, Wood MFG, Vitkin IA. Quantitative correlation between light depolarization and transport albedo of various porcine tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:045004. [PMID: 22559678 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.045004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantitative study of depolarization in biological tissues and correlate it with measured optical properties (reduced scattering and absorption coefficients). Polarized light imaging was used to examine optically thick samples of both isotropic (liver, kidney cortex, and brain) and anisotropic (cardiac muscle, loin muscle, and tendon) pig tissues in transmission and reflection geometries. Depolarization (total, linear, and circular), as derived from polar decomposition of the measured tissue Mueller matrix, was shown to be related to the measured optical properties. We observed that depolarization increases with the transport albedo for isotropic and anisotropic tissues, independent of measurement geometry. For anisotropic tissues, depolarization was higher compared to isotropic tissues of similar transport albedo, indicating birefringence-caused depolarization effects. For tissues with large transport albedos (greater than ~0.97), backscattering geometry was preferred over transmission due to its greater retention of light polarization; this was not the case for tissues with lower transport albedo. Preferential preservation of linearly polarized light over circularly polarized light was seen in all tissue types and all measurement geometries, implying the dominance of Rayleigh-like scattering. The tabulated polarization properties of different tissue types and their links to bulk optical properties should prove useful in future polarimetric tissue characterization and imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Alali
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Ahmad M, Alali S, Kim A, Wood MFG, Ikram M, Vitkin IA. Do different turbid media with matched bulk optical properties also exhibit similar polarization properties? BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:3248-58. [PMID: 22162815 PMCID: PMC3233244 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We here investigate polarimetric behavior of thick samples of porcine liver, Intralipid, and microsphere-based tissue phantoms whose absorption and scattering properties are matched. Using polarized light we measured reflection mode Mueller matrices and derived linear/circular/total depolarization rates, based on polar decomposition. According to our results, phantoms exhibit greater depolarization rates in the backscattering geometry than the liver sample. The enhanced tissue polarization preservation differs from previous reports of polarimetric transmission studies, with the likely cause of this difference being the angular dependence of the single-scattering phase function. Also, Intralipid approximated polarimetric liver behavior well, whereas the polystyrene phantoms did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Sanaz Alali
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anthony Kim
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Michael F. G. Wood
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Masroor Ikram
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - I. Alex Vitkin
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Ghosh N, Vitkin IA. Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:110801. [PMID: 22112102 DOI: 10.1117/1.3652896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polarimetry has a long and successful history in various forms of clear media. Driven by their biomedical potential, the use of the polarimetric approaches for biological tissue assessment has also recently received considerable attention. Specifically, polarization can be used as an effective tool to discriminate against multiply scattered light (acting as a gating mechanism) in order to enhance contrast and to improve tissue imaging resolution. Moreover, the intrinsic tissue polarimetry characteristics contain a wealth of morphological and functional information of potential biomedical importance. However, in a complex random medium-like tissue, numerous complexities due to multiple scattering and simultaneous occurrences of many scattering and polarization events present formidable challenges both in terms of accurate measurements and in terms of analysis of the tissue polarimetry signal. In order to realize the potential of the polarimetric approaches for tissue imaging and characterization/diagnosis, a number of researchers are thus pursuing innovative solutions to these challenges. In this review paper, we summarize these and other issues pertinent to the polarized light methodologies in tissues. Specifically, we discuss polarized light basics, Stokes-Muller formalism, methods of polarization measurements, polarized light modeling in turbid media, applications to tissue imaging, inverse analysis for polarimetric results quantification, applications to quantitative tissue assessment, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Department of Physical Sciences, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India.
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Swami MK, Manhas S, Patel H, Gupta PK. Mueller matrix measurements on absorbing turbid medium. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:3458-64. [PMID: 20563197 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.003458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization parameters of diffuse backscattered light from a turbid sample are sensitive to its structural properties and can, therefore, be used to probe morphological features of tissue and, thus, monitor changes that arise due to a disease. Extraction of morphological information from measured polarization parameters, however, requires a careful understanding of the dependence of these on factors such as size, size distribution, shape, and dielectric constant of the scatterers, which are often quite involved. In particular, the presence of absorption complicates the dependence of polarization parameters on tissue morphological features. We have found that, while for medium comprising small size scatterers (Rayleigh scatterers), the depolarization shows the expected decrease with an increase in the absorption of the scattering medium, a counterintuitive behavior was observed for larger size (>lambda) scatterers. Further analysis of the results suggests that the observed behavior might arise due to the relative contribution of two depolarizing processes, one resulting from a series of out-of-plane scattering and the other due to the angular variation of the state of polarization in a single scattering event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Swami
- Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
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Guo X, Wood MFG, Ghosh N, Vitkin IA. Depolarization of light in turbid media: a scattering event resolved Monte Carlo study. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:153-62. [PMID: 20062501 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Details of light depolarization in turbid media were investigated using polarization-sensitive Monte Carlo simulations. The surviving linear and circular polarization fractions of photons undergoing a particular number of scattering events were studied for different optical properties of the turbid media. It was found that the threshold number of photon scattering interactions that fully randomize the incident polarization (defined here as <1% surviving polarization fraction) is not a constant, but varies with the photon detection angle. Larger detection angles, close to backscattering direction, show lower full depolarization threshold number for a given set of sample's optical properties. The Monte Carlo simulations also confirm that depolarization is not only controlled by the number of scattering events and detection geometry, but is also strongly influenced by other factors such as anisotropy g, medium linear birefringence, and the polarization state of the incident light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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15
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Shukla P, Pradhan A. Polarization-gated imaging in tissue phantoms: effect of size distribution. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:6099-6104. [PMID: 19904305 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.006099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of size distribution of aqueous solutions of monodisperse and a mixture of polydisperse scatterers of two different sizes on the image quality using linear and circularly polarized light. The contrast and resolution are affected by the size distribution present in the mixture of a polydisperse medium, while they are affected by the refractive index in a monodisperse medium. Circularly polarized light improves image quality of polydisperse scatterers. Images in the polydisperse medium are retrieved for values of optical thickness less than those of the large-sized monodisperse medium. We offer plausible explanations for all the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- Department of Physics and Center for Laser Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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Shukla P, Sumathi R, Gupta S, Pradhan A. Influence of size parameter and refractive index of the scatterer on polarization-gated optical imaging through turbid media. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2007; 24:1704-13. [PMID: 17491639 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.24.001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of incident polarized light, refractive index, and size parameter of the scatterer on achievable resolution and contrast (image quality) of polarization-gated transillumination imaging in turbid media is reported here. Differential polarization detection led to significant improvement of image quality of an object embedded in a medium of small-sized scatterers (diameter D<<lambda, isotropic scattering medium, anisotropy parameter g<or=0.2), especially using circular polarization. In contrast, for anisotropic scattering media composed of larger-sized scatterers (D>or=lambda,g>or=0.7), the improvement in image quality was less pronounced using either linear or circular polarization gating when the refractive index of the scatterer was high (ns=1.59), but for a lower value of refractive index (ns=1.37), image quality improved with the differential circular polarization gating. We offer a plausible explanation for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Shukla
- Department of Physics and Center for Laser Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
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Brodsky AM, Mitchell GT, Ziegler SL, Burgess LW. Coherence loss in light backscattering by random media with nanoscale nonuniformities. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:046605. [PMID: 17501005 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.046605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An experimental technique for measuring time-resolved coherence loss and destruction of backscattered wave packets in random media is described. The results of such measurements, performed with a modified Michelson interferometer, contain rich information about the characteristics of media nonuniformities. Experimental data for model nanosuspensions are compared with theoretical expressions developed in the paper which include the effects of Mie-type resonant scattering. We attribute one such observed effect to enhanced ineleastic optical transitions near the surface of nonmetallic nanoparticles. The inverse problem of characterization of multiscattering random media by backscattering is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol M Brodsky
- Center for Process Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Xu M, Alfano RR. Random walk of polarized light in turbid media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:213901. [PMID: 16384140 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the propagation of polarized light in turbid media as a random walk of vector photons. Both propagation and polarization directions of light are found to isotropize, following a power law of the number of scattering events. The characteristic length scale governing light isotropization and linear depolarization, the isotropization length , is derived using the exact Mie scattering for spherical particles. A simple relation is obtained for Rayleigh-Gans scatterers where is the transport mean free path and is the mean cosine of scattering angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Xu
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, New York State Center of Advanced Technology for Ultrafast Photonics, The City College and Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA.
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