Surface-directed spinodal decomposition: a molecular dynamics study

Kinetics of vapor-liquid and vapor-solid phase separation under gravity

We study the kinetics of vapor-liquid and vapor-solid phase separation of a hydrodynamics preserving three-dimensional one-component Lennard Jones system in the presence of an external gravitational field using extensive molecular dynamic simulation. A bicontinuous domain structure is formed when the homogeneous system near the critical density is quenched inside the coexistence region. In the absence of gravity, the domain morphology is statistically self-similar and the length scale grows as per the existing laws. However, the presence of gravity destroys the isotropy of the system and affects the scaling laws. We observe an accelerated domain growth in the direction of the field which resembles a sedimentation process. Consequently, a new length scale emerges which strongly depends on the field strength. Similar behavior is observed in the direction perpendicular to the applied field, with a different growth rate. Finally, the statistical self-similarity of the domain growth and the Porod law in such anisotropic systems is verified in terms of two-point equal time order parameter correlation function and static structure factor.

Surface-directed spinodal decomposition of fluids confined in a cylindrical pore

The surface-directed spinodal decomposition of a binary liquid confined inside a cylindrical pore is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. One component of the liquid wets the pore surface while the other remains neutral. A variety of wetting conditions are studied. For the partial wetting case, after an initial period of phase separation, the domains organize themselves into pluglike structures and the system enters into a metastable state. Therefore, a complete phase separation is never achieved. Analysis of domain growth and the structure factor suggests a one-dimensional growth dynamics for the partial wetting case. As the wetting interaction is increased beyond a critical value, a transition from the pluglike to tubelike domain formation is observed, which corresponds to the full wetting morphology. Thus, a complete phase separation is achieved as the wetting species moves towards the pore surface and forms layers enclosing the nonwetting species residing around the axis of the cylinder. The coarsening dynamics of both the species are studied separately. The wetting species is found to follow a two-dimensional domain growth dynamics with a growth exponent 1/2 in the viscous hydrodynamic regime. This was substantiated by the Porod tail of the structure factor. On the other hand, the domain grows linearly with time for the nonwetting species. This suggests that the nonwetting species behaves akin to a three-dimensional bulk system. An appropriate reasoning is presented to justify the given observations.

Universal fast mode regime in wetting kinetics

We present simulation results from a comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) study of surface-directed spinodal decomposition (SDSD) in unstable symmetric binary mixtures at wetting surfaces. We consider long-ranged and short-ranged surface fields to investigate the early stage wetting kinetics. The attractive part of the long-ranged potential is of the form V(z)∼z^{-n}, where z is the distance from the surface and n is the power-law exponent. We find that the wetting-layer thickness R_{1}(t) at very early times exhibits a power-law growth with an exponent α=1/(n+2). It then crosses over to a universal fast-mode regime with α=3/2. In contrast, for the short-ranged surface potential, a logarithmic behavior in R_{1}(t) is observed at initial times. Remarkably, similar rapid growth is seen in this case too. We provide phenomenological arguments to understand these growth laws. Our MD results firmly establish the existence of universal fast-mode kinetics and settle the related controversy.

Impact of the prequench state of binary fluid mixtures on surface-directed spinodal decomposition

Using lattice Boltzmann simulations we investigate the impact of the amplitude of concentration fluctuations in binary fluid mixtures prior to demixing when in contact with a surface that is preferentially wet by one of the components. We find a bicontinuous structure near the surface for an initial, prequench state of the mixture close to the critical point where the amplitude of concentration fluctuations is large. In contrast, if the initial state of the mixture is not near the critical point and concentration fluctuations are relatively weak, then the morphology is not bicontinuous but remains layered until the very late stages of coarsening. In both cases, it is the morphology of a depletion layer rich in the nonpreferred component that dictates the growth exponent of the thickness of the fluid layer that is in direct contact with the substrate. In the early stages of demixing, we find a growth exponent consistent with a value of 1/4 for a prequench state away from the critical point, which is different from the usual diffusive scaling exponent of 1/3 that we recover for a prequench state close to the critical point. We attribute this to the structure of a depletion layer that is penetrated by tubes of the preferred fluid, connecting the wetting layer to the bulk fluid even in the early stages if the initial state is characterized by concentration fluctuations that are large in amplitude. Furthermore, we find that in the late stages of demixing the flow through these tubes results in significant in-plane concentration variations near the substrate, leading to dropletlike structures with a concentration lower than the average concentration in the wetting layer. This causes a deceleration in the growth of the wetting layer in the very late stages of the demixing. Irrespective of the prequench state of the mixture, the late stages of the demixing process produce the same growth law for the layer thickness, with a scaling exponent of unity usually associated with the impact of hydrodynamic flow fields.

Surface-directed spinodal decomposition on morphologically patterned substrates

This paper is the second in a two-part exposition on surface-directed spinodal decomposition (SDSD), i.e., the interplay of kinetics of wetting and phase separation at a surface which is wetted by one of the components of a binary mixture. In our first paper [P. Das, P. K. Jaiswal, and S. Puri, Phys. Rev. E 102, 012803 (2020)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.102.012803], we studied SDSD on chemically heterogeneous and physically flat substrates. In this paper, we study SDSD on a chemically homogeneous but morphologically patterned substrate. Such substrates arise in a vast variety of technological applications. Our goal is to provide a theoretical understanding of SDSD in this context. We present detailed numerical results for domain growth both inside and above the grooves in the substrate. The morphological evolution can be understood in terms of the interference of SDSD waves originating from the different surfaces comprising the substrate.

Dissipative particle dynamics study of phase separation in binary fluid mixtures in periodic and confined domains

We investigate the phase separation behavior of binary mixtures in two-dimensional periodic and confined domains using dissipative particle dynamics. Two canonical problems of fluid mechanics are considered for the confined domains: square cavity with no-slip walls and lid-driven cavity with one driven wall. The dynamics is studied for both weakly and strongly separating mixtures and different area fractions. The phase separation process is analyzed using the structure factor and the total interface length. The dynamics of phase separation in the square cavity and lid-driven cavity are observed to be significantly slower when compared to the dynamics in the periodic domain. The presence of the no-slip walls and the inertial effects significantly influences the separation dynamics. Finally, we show that the growth exponent for the strongly separating case is invariant to changes in the inter-species repulsion parameter.

Analyzing spinodal decomposition of an anisotropic fluid mixture

Spinodal decomposition leads to spontaneous fluctuations of the local concentration. In the early stage, the resulting pattern provides explicit information about the material properties of the mixture. In the case of two isotropic fluids, the static structure factor shows the characteristic ring shape. If one component is a liquid crystal, the pattern is typically anisotropic and the structure factor is more complex. Using numerical methods, we investigate how structure factors can be used to extract information about material properties like the diffusion constant or the isotropic and the anisotropic contributions to the interfacial tension. The method is based on momenta taken from structure factors in the early stage of the spinodal demixing. We perform phase field calculations for an isotropic and an anisotropic spinodal decomposition. A comparison of the extracted results with analytic values is made. The calculations show that linear modes dominate in the beginning of the growth process, while non-linear modes grow monotonously in the region of the k-space for which damping is predicted by the linearized theory. As long as non-linear modes are small enough, linearized theory can be applied to extract material properties from the structure factor.

Numerical simulations of bijel morphology in thin films with complete surface wetting

Bijels are a relatively new class of soft materials that have many potential energy and environmental applications. In this work, simulation results of bijel evolution confined within thin films with preferential surface wetting are presented. The computational approach used is a hybrid Cahn-Hilliard/Brownian dynamics method. In the absence of suspended particles, we demonstrate that the model accurately captures the rich kinetics associated with diffusion-based surface-directed spinodal decomposition, as evidenced by comparison with previous theoretical and simulation-based studies. When chemically neutral particles are included in the films, the simulations capture surface-modified bijel formation, with stabilized domain structures comparable with the experimental observations of Composto and coworkers. Namely, two basic morphologies - bicontinuous or discrete - are seen to emerge, with direct dependence on the film thickness, particle volume fraction, and particle radius.

Effects of temperature on spinodal decomposition and domain growth of liquid-vapor systems with smoothed particle hydrodynamics

We present a numerical method for simulations of spinodal decomposition of liquid-vapor systems. The results are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions for all expected time regimes from the initial growth of "homophase fluctuations" up to the inertial hydrodynamics regime. The numerical approach follows a modern formulation of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method with a van der Waals equation of state and thermal conduction. The dynamics and thermal evolution of instantaneously temperature-quenched systems are investigated. Therefore, we introduce a simple scaling thermostat that allows thermal fluctuations at a constant predicted mean temperature. We find that the initial stage spinodal decomposition is strongly affected by the temperature field. The separated phases react on density changes with a change in temperature. Although, the thermal conduction acts very slowly, thermal deviations are eventually compensated. The domain growth in the late stage of demixing is found to be rather unaffected by thermal fluctuations. We observe a transition from the Lifshitz-Slyozov growth rate with 1/3 exponent to the inertial hydrodynamics regime with a rate of 2/3, only excepted from simulations near the critical point where the liquid droplets are observed to nucleate directly in a spherical shape. The transition between the growth regimes is found to occur earlier for higher initial temperatures. We explain this time dependency with the phase interfaces that become more diffuse and overlap with approaching the critical point. A prolonging behavior of the demixing process is observed and also expected to depend on temperature. It is further found that the observations can excellently explain the growth behavior for pure nonisothermal simulations that are performed without thermostat.

Influence of adsorption or desorption and surface diffusion on the formation kinetics of open half-monolayer coverage

The formation kinetics of open half-monolayer films on solid substrates is studied by the deposition of particles from a gaseous (vapor) phase to a cold substrate (room temperature) provided the lateral interaction between the particles of adsorbed layer (adlayer) is attractive. A detailed analysis of two limiting cases is presented: when the half-monolayer film formation rate is limited by the adsorption of particles from the gas phase and when the formation of the half-monolayer film surface is determined by the rate of surface diffusion of the adsorbed particles. The asymptotic analysis of the coverage dispersion evolution and the characteristic spatial scale of coverage inhomogeneities at the early and late stages of relaxation of a submonolayer film after quenching under the spinodal is carried out. It is found that separation of the adlayer occurs, so inhomogeneities of submonolayer films at the later stages of the process tend to equilibrium values of coverage in any case. However, asymptotic and numerical analysis shows that in the second case for some relationship between the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the adlayer an intermediate asymptotic relaxation process can be observed. It testifies to a kinetic slowdown of the separation process at the spinodal values of coverages. This fact manifests as the appearance of the intermediate plateau in the evolution curves for the coverage dispersion and nonmonotonic change of the characteristic spatial scale of coverage inhomogeneities. Moreover, at the early stages of the coverage evolution, the incubation period is revealed in the development of its inhomogeneities. It is shown that at the later stages of the separation of the half-monolayer film, the characteristic spatial scale of coverage inhomogeneities increases with time according to the law τ {1/2} and the width of the transition region between enriched and depleted regions of adlayer decreases as 1/τ {1/2}.

Phase separation in antisymmetric films: a molecular dynamics study

We have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study phase-separation kinetics in a binary fluid mixture (AB) confined in an antisymmetric thin film. One surface of the film (located at z = 0) attracts the A-atoms, and the other surface (located at z = D) attracts the B-atoms. We study the kinetic processes which lead to the formation of equilibrium morphologies subsequent to a deep quench below the miscibility gap. In the initial stages, one observes the formation of a layered structure, consisting of an A-rich layer followed by a B-rich layer at z = 0; and an analogous structure at z = D. This multi-layered morphology is time-dependent and propagates into the bulk, though it may break up into a laterally inhomogeneous structure at a later stage. We characterize the evolution morphologies via laterally averaged order parameter profiles; the growth laws for wetting-layer kinetics and layer-wise length scales; and the scaling properties of layer-wise correlation functions.