Interaction forces among two-dimensional bright solitons and many-soliton molecules

Soliton molecules and their scattering by a localized P T-symmetric potential in atomic gases

We propose a physical scheme to study the formation of optical soliton molecules (SMs), consisting of two solitons bound together with a π-phase difference, and the scattering of SMs by a localized parity-time (P T)-symmetric potential. In order to stabilize SMs, we apply an additional space-dependent magnetic field to introduce a harmonic trapping potential for the two solitons and balance the repulse interaction induced by the π-phase difference between them. On the other hand, a localized complex optical potential obeying P T symmetry can be created through an incoherent pumping and spatial modulation of the control laser field. We investigate the scattering of optical SMs by the localized P T-symmetric potential, which exhibits evident asymmetric behavior and can be actively controlled by changing the incident velocity of SMs. Moreover, the P T symmetry of the localized potential, together with the interaction between two solitons of the SM, can also have a significant effect on the SM scattering behavior. The results presented here may be useful for understanding the unique properties of SMs and have potential applications in optical information processing and transmission.