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Peng K, Tian S, Zhang Y, Li J, Qu W, Li C. The violent collapse of vapor bubbles in cryogenic liquids. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 104:106845. [PMID: 38490059 PMCID: PMC10955664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Vapor bubbles in cryogenic fluids may collapse violently under subcooled and pressurized conditions. Despite important implications for engineering applications such as cavitation erosion in liquid propellant rocket engines, these intense phenomena are still largely unexplored. In this paper, we systematically investigate the ambient conditions leading to the occurrence of violent collapses in liquid nitrogen and analyze their thermodynamic characteristics. Using Brenner's time ratio χ, the regime of violent collapse is identified in the ambient pressure-temperature parameter space. Complete numerical simulations further refine the prediction and illustrate two classes of collapses. At 1 < χ < 10, the collapse is impacted by significant thermal effects and attains only moderate wall velocity. Only when χ > 10 does the collapse show more inertial features. A mechanism analysis pinpoints a critical time when the surrounding liquid enters supercritical state. The ultimate collapse intensity is shown to be closely associated with the dynamics at this moment. Our study provides a fresh perspective to the treatment of cavitation in cryogenic fluids. The findings can be instrumental in engineering design to mitigate adverse effects arising from intense cavitational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewen Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Shouceng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jingbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Wanjun Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Chao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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Li J, Zhou M, Luo J, Xu W, Zhai Y, Qu T, Zou L. Collapsing behavior of spark-induced cavitation bubble in rigid tube. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 103:106791. [PMID: 38325060 PMCID: PMC10859283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The phenomenon of cavitation within tubes is a common scenario in the fields of medicine and industry. This paper focuses on the effects of rigid circular tube length, diameter and the distance of bubble - tube port on the behavior of bubble in tube. The low-voltage discharge technique was utilized to induce a cavitation bubble in deionized water. The effects of rigid tube lengths, diameters, and bubble-tube port distances on the morphology of bubbles are observed using high-speed camera. It has been found that as the length of the rigid tube increases, so does the period, and this effect is more pronounced in tubes with smaller diameters. Conversely, the cavitation bubble period decreased and then stabilized as the tube diameter increased, the ratio of tube radius and the bubble radius exceeds 4.8, the period of bubble in tube is similar to that of bubble in free field. Further analysis of the influence of tube characteristics on microjets reveals that a pair of oppositely microjets were formed along the tube axis by the bubble near the midpoint of the tube axis. Moreover, when the non-dimensional tube length η < 3.5, the increase tube diameter results in a decrease microjet velocity. It has also been observed that as the bubble gradually approaches the interior of the tube, the velocity of microjets directed inward decreases. Additionally, the smaller the diameter of the tube, the greater the bubble-tube port distance required for the microjets to reach the same level of velocity as bubble near the center of the tube axis. These findings hold theoretical implications for improvement of targeted drug delivery efficiency in medicine and enhance the operational efficiency of inertial micropumps in industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Maolin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanwei Zhai
- Science and Technology Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 101199, China; National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Tong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lingtao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Wen H, Yao Z, Zhong Q, Tian Y, Sun Y, Wang F. Energy partitioning in laser-induced millimeter-sized spherical cavitation up to the fourth oscillation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106391. [PMID: 37003210 PMCID: PMC10457593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the energy partitioning up to the fourth oscillation of a millimeter-scale spherical cavitation bubble induced by laser, we used nanosecond laser pulses to generate highly spherical cavitation bubbles and shadowgraphs to measure the radius-time curve. Using the extended Gilmore model and considering the continuous condensation of the vapor in the bubble, the time evolution of the bubble radius, bubble wall velocity, and pressure in the bubble is calculated till the 4th oscillation. Using Kirkwood-Bethe hypothesis, the evolution of velocity and pressure of shock wave at the optical breakdown, the first and second collapses are calculated. The shock wave energy at the breakdown and bubble collapse is directly calculated by numerical method. We found the simulated radius-time curve fits well with experimental data for the first four oscillations. The energy partition at the breakdown is the same as that in previous studies, the ratio of shock wave energy to bubble energy is about 2:1. In the first collapse and the second collapse, the ratio of shock wave energy to bubble energy is 14.54:1 and 2.81:1 respectively. In the third and fourth collapses, the ratio is less, namely than 1.5:1 and 0.42:1 respectively. The formation mechanism of the shock wave at the collapse is analyzed. The breakdown shock wave is mainly driven by the expansion of the supercritical liquid resulting from the thermalization of the energy of the free electrons in the plasma, and the collapse shock wave is mainly driven by the compressed liquid around the bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Wen
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhifeng Yao
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Safety and Energy Saving Technology for Water Supply Network System, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Zhong
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Safety and Energy Saving Technology for Water Supply Network System, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yurong Sun
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fujun Wang
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Safety and Energy Saving Technology for Water Supply Network System, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Godínez FA, Guzmán JEV, Salinas-Vázquez M, Valdés R, Palacios C, Chávez O. Hydrodynamic cavitation through a bio-inspired fast-closing plunger mechanism: experiments and simulations. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:045001. [PMID: 35447617 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac6920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and numerical results are reported for the internal and external flow fields evolving in a bio-inspired snapping plunger. The experimental evidence underlines the nature of the dynamic-coupling between the processes taking place inside and outside the device. Two main structures dictate the properties of the external flow field: a strong jet which is followed by a vortex ring. Internally, complex patterns of cavitating structures are simultaneously produced in the chamber and the venturi-like conduit. We find the cavitation cycle to be suitably described by the Rayleigh-Plesset model and, thus, proceed to characterize the coupling of both fields in terms of the fluctuations of the velocity. All main parameters, as well as the energy released to the fluid during the collapse, are found to be within the same order-of-magnitude of previously known experimental results for isolated bubbles of comparable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Godínez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Polo Universitario de Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - J E V Guzmán
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - M Salinas-Vázquez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - R Valdés
- Departamento de Estudios en Ingeniería para la Innovación, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C Palacios
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - O Chávez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Observation of the Formation of Multiple Shock Waves at the Collapse of Cavitation Bubbles for Improvement of Energy Convergence. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The collapse of a cavitation bubble is always associated with the radiation of intense shock waves, which are highly relevant in a variety of applications. To radiate a strong shock wave, it is necessary to converge energy at the collapse, and understanding generation processes of multiple shock waves at the collapse is a key issue. In the present study, we investigated the formation of multiple shock waves generated by the collapse of a laser-induced bubble. We used a high-speed imaging system with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We developed a triggering procedure of high precision and reproducibility based on the deflection of a laser beam by the shockwave passage. The high-speed videos clearly show that: (A) a first shockwave is emitted as the micro-jet hits the bottom of the bubble interface, followed by a second shock wave due to the collapse of the remaining toroidal bubble; (B) a sequential collapse of elongated bubbles, where the top part of the bubble collapses slightly before the bottom of the bubble; and (C) the formation of compression shock waves from multiple sites on a toroidal bubble.
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Wu P, Bai L, Lin W. On the definition of cavitation intensity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 67:105141. [PMID: 32464502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation intensity has already been used to character the activity or strength of cavitation, and several methods are developed to measure the cavitation intensity. However, the previous definitions of cavitation intensity are often either vague or biased. In this paper, from the point of view of energy, the authors proposed a generalized definition of cavitation intensity, derived an approximate formula to calculate the cavitation intensity and discussed its measure method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sea Deep Drilling and Exploration, Beijing 100190, China
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Nalesso S, Bussemaker MJ, Sear RP, Hodnett M, Lee J. A review on possible mechanisms of sonocrystallisation in solution. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 57:125-138. [PMID: 31208608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sonocrystallisation is the application of ultrasound to the crystallisation process. The benefits obtained by sonication have been widely studied since the beginning of the 20th century and so far it is clear that ultrasound can be a very useful tool for enhancing crystallisation and controlling the properties of the final product. Crystal size, polymorphs, purity, process repeatability and lower induction time are only some of the advantages of sonocrystallisation. Even though the effects of sonication on crystallisation are quite clear, the physical explanation of the phenomena involved is still lacking. Is the presence of cavitation necessary for the process? Or is only the bubbles surface responsible for enhancing crystallisation? Are the strong local increases in pressure and temperature induced by cavitation the main cause of all the observed effects? Or is it the strong turbulence induced in the system instead? Many questions still remain and can only be appreciated with an understanding of the complexity behind the individual processes of crystallisation and acoustic cavitation. Therefore, this review will first summarise the theories behind crystallisation and acoustic cavitation, followed by a description of all the current proposed sonocrystallisation mechanisms, and conclude with an overview on future prospects of sonocrystallisation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nalesso
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Madeleine J Bussemaker
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Sear
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hodnett
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Lee
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Tang X, Staack D. Bioinspired mechanical device generates plasma in water via cavitation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7765. [PMID: 30899783 PMCID: PMC6420313 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nature can generate plasma in liquids more efficiently than human-designed devices using electricity, acoustics, or light. In the animal world, snapping shrimp can induce cavitation that collapses to produce high pressures and temperatures, leading to efficient plasma formation with photon and shock wave emission via energy focusing. Here, we report a bioinspired mechanical device that mimics the plasma generation technique of the snapping shrimp. This device was manufactured using additive manufacturing based on micro-x-ray computed tomography of a snapping shrimp claw molt. A spring fixture was designed to reliably actuate the claw with appropriate force and velocity to produce a high-speed water jet that matches the cavitation number and Reynolds number of the shrimp. Light emission and shocks were imaged, which indicate that our device reproduces the shrimp's plasma generation technique and is more efficient than other plasma generation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Supponen O, Obreschkow D, Kobel P, Farhat M. Luminescence from cavitation bubbles deformed in uniform pressure gradients. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:033114. [PMID: 29347011 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.033114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Presented here are observations that demonstrate how the deformation of millimetric cavitation bubbles by a uniform pressure gradient quenches single-collapse luminescence. Our innovative measurement system captures a broad luminescence spectrum (wavelength range, 300-900 nm) from the individual collapses of laser-induced bubbles in water. By varying the bubble size, driving pressure, and perceived gravity level aboard parabolic flights, we probed the limit from aspherical to highly spherical bubble collapses. Luminescence was detected for bubbles of maximum radii within the previously uncovered range, R_{0}=1.5-6 mm, for laser-induced bubbles. The relative luminescence energy was found to rapidly decrease as a function of the bubble asymmetry quantified by the anisotropy parameter ζ, which is the dimensionless equivalent of the Kelvin impulse. As established previously, ζ also dictates the characteristic parameters of bubble-driven microjets. The threshold of ζ beyond which no luminescence is observed in our experiment closely coincides with the threshold where the microjets visibly pierce the bubble and drive a vapor jet during the rebound. The individual fitted blackbody temperatures range between T_{lum}=7000 and T_{lum}=11500 K but do not show any clear trend as a function of ζ. Time-resolved measurements using a high-speed photodetector disclose multiple luminescence events at each bubble collapse. The averaged full width at half-maximum of the pulse is found to scale with R_{0} and to range between 10 and 20 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Supponen
- Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Avenue de Cour 33 Bis, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Danail Obreschkow
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, M468 7 Fairway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Philippe Kobel
- Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Avenue de Cour 33 Bis, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Farhat
- Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Avenue de Cour 33 Bis, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Amadei CA, Stein IY, Silverberg GJ, Wardle BL, Vecitis CD. Fabrication and morphology tuning of graphene oxide nanoscrolls. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6783-6791. [PMID: 26956067 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07983g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of graphene oxide nanoscrolls (GONS) with tunable dimensions via low and high frequency ultrasound solution processing techniques. GONS can be visualized as a graphene oxide (GO) sheet rolled into a spiral-wound structure and represent an alternative to traditional carbon nano-morphologies. The scrolling process is initiated by the ultrasound treatment which provides the scrolling activation energy for the formation of GONS. The GO and GONS dimensions are observed to be a function of ultrasound frequency, power density, and irradiation time. Ultrasonication increases GO and GONS C-C bonding likely due to in situ thermal reduction at the cavitating bubble-water interface. The GO area and GONS length are governed by two mechanisms; rapid oxygen defect site cleavage and slow cavitation mediated scission. Structural characterization indicates that GONS with tube and cone geometries can be formed with both narrow and wide dimensions in an industrial-scale time window. This work paves the way for GONS implementation for a variety of applications such as adsorptive and capacitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo A Amadei
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Itai Y Stein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gregory J Silverberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Brian L Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chad D Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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