Cross-diffusion-induced subharmonic spatial resonances in a predator-prey system

Spatiotemporal patterns in coupled reaction-diffusion systems with nonidentical kinetics

Understanding of the effect of coupling interaction is at the heart of nonlinear science since some nonequilibrium systems are composed of different layers or units. In this paper, we demonstrate various spatio-temporal patterns in a nonlinearly coupled two-layer Turing system with nonidentical reaction kinetics. Both the type of Turing mode and coupling form play an important role in the pattern formation and pattern selection. Two kinds of Turing mode interactions, namely supercritical-subcritical and supercritical-supercritical Turing mode interaction, have been investigated. Stationary resonant superlattice patterns arise spontaneously in both cases, while dynamic patterns can also be formed in the latter case. The destabilization of spike solutions induced by spatial heterogeneity may be responsible for these dynamic patterns. In contrast to linear coupling, the nonlinear coupling not only increases the complexity of spatio-temporal patterns, but also reduces the requirements of spatial resonance conditions. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental observations in dielectric barrier discharge systems.

Solitary pulses and periodic wave trains in a bistable FitzHugh-Nagumo model with cross diffusion and cross advection

We describe analytically, and simulate numerically, traveling waves with oscillatory tails in a bistable, piecewise-linear reaction-diffusion-advection system of the FitzHugh-Nagumo type with linear cross-diffusion and cross-advection terms of opposite signs. We explore the dynamics of two wave types, namely, solitary pulses and their infinite sequences, i.e., periodic wave trains. The effects of cross diffusion and cross advection on wave profiles and speed of propagation are analyzed. For pulses, in the speed diagram splitting of a curve into several branches occurs, corresponding to different waves (wave branching). For wave trains, in the dispersion relation diagram there are oscillatory curves and the discontinuous curve of an isola with two branches. The corresponding wave trains have symmetric or asymmetric profiles. Numerical simulations show that for large values of the period there exist two wave trains, which come closer and closer together and are subject to fusion into one when the value of the period is decreasing. Other types of waves are also briefly discussed.

Nonlinear waves in a quintic FitzHugh-Nagumo model with cross diffusion: Fronts, pulses, and wave trains

We study a tristable piecewise-linear reaction-diffusion system, which approximates a quintic FitzHugh-Nagumo model, with linear cross-diffusion terms of opposite signs. Basic nonlinear waves with oscillatory tails, namely, fronts, pulses, and wave trains, are described. The analytical construction of these waves is based on the results for the bistable case [Zemskov et al., Phys. Rev. E 77, 036219 (2008) and Phys. Rev. E 95, 012203 (2017) for fronts and for pulses and wave trains, respectively]. In addition, these constructions allow us to describe novel waves that are specific to the tristable system. Most interesting is the pulse solution with a zigzag-shaped profile, the bright-dark pulse, in analogy with optical solitons of similar shapes. Numerical simulations indicate that this wave can be stable in the system with asymmetric thresholds; there are no stable bright-dark pulses when the thresholds are symmetric. In the latter case, the pulse splits up into a tristable front and a bistable one that propagate with different speeds. This phenomenon is related to a specific feature of the wave behavior in the tristable system, the multiwave regime of propagation, i.e., the coexistence of several waves with different profile shapes and propagation speeds at the same values of the model parameters.

Oscillatory multipulsons: Dissipative soliton trains in bistable reaction-diffusion systems with cross diffusion of attractive-repulsive type

One-dimensional localized sequences of bound (coupled) traveling pulses, wave trains with a finite number of pulses, are described in a piecewise-linear reaction-diffusion system of the FitzHugh-Nagumo type with linear cross-diffusion terms of opposite signs. The simplest case of two bound pulses, the paired-pulse waves (pulse pairs), is solved analytically. The solutions contain oscillatory tails in the wave profiles so that the pulse pairs consist of a double-peak core and wavy edges. Several pulse pairs with different profile shapes and propagation speeds can appear for the same parameter values of the model when the cross diffusion is dominant. The more general case of many bound pulses, multipulse waves, is studied numerically. It is shown that, dependent on the values of the cross-diffusion coefficients, the multipulse waves upon collision can pass through one another with unchanged size and shape, exhibiting soliton behavior. Moreover, multipulse collisions with the system boundaries can generate a rich variety of wave transformations: the transition from the multipulse waves to pulse-front waves and further to simple fronts or to annihilation as well the transition to solitary pulses or to multipulse waves with lower numbers of pulses. Analytical and numerical results for the pulse pairs agree well with each other.

Multifront regime of a piecewise-linear FitzHugh-Nagumo model with cross diffusion

Oscillatory reaction-diffusion fronts are described analytically in a piecewise-linear approximation of the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations with linear cross-diffusion terms, which correspond to a pursuit-evasion situation. Fundamental dynamical regimes of front propagation into a stable and into an unstable state are studied, and the shape of the waves for both regimes is explored in detail. We find that oscillations in the wave profile may either be negligible due to rapid attenuation or noticeable if the damping is slow or vanishes. In the first case, we find fronts that display a monotonic profile of the kink type, whereas in the second case the oscillations give rise to fronts with wavy tails. Further, the oscillations may be damped with exponential decay or undamped so that a saw-shaped pattern forms. Finally, we observe an unexpected feature in the behavior of both types of the oscillatory waves: the coexistence of several fronts with different profile shapes and propagation speeds for the same parameter values of the model, i.e., a multifront regime of wave propagation.

Theoretical analysis of spatial nonhomogeneous patterns of entomopathogenic fungi growth on insect pest

This paper presents the study of the dynamics of intrahost (insect pests)-pathogen [entomopathogenic fungi (EPF)] interactions. The interaction between the resources from the insect pest and the mycelia of EPF is represented by the Holling and Powell type II functional responses. Because the EPF's growth is related to the instability of the steady state solution of our system, particular attention is given to the stability analysis of this steady state. Initially, the stability of the steady state is investigated without taking into account diffusion and by considering the behavior of the system around its equilibrium states. In addition, considering small perturbation of the stable singular point due to nonlinear diffusion, the conditions for Turing instability occurrence are deduced. It is observed that the absence of the regeneration feature of insect resources prevents the occurrence of such phenomena. The long time evolution of our system enables us to observe both spot and stripe patterns. Moreover, when the diffusion of mycelia is slightly modulated by a weak periodic perturbation, the Floquet theory and numerical simulations allow us to derive the conditions in which diffusion driven instabilities can occur. The relevance of the obtained results is further discussed in the perspective of biological insect pest control.

Oscillatory pulse-front waves in a reaction-diffusion system with cross diffusion

We explore traveling waves with oscillatory tails in a bistable piecewise linear reaction-diffusion system of the FitzHugh-Nagumo type with linear cross diffusion. These waves differ fundamentally from the standard simple fronts of the kink type. In contrast to kinks, the waves studied here have a complex shape profile with a front-back-front (a pulse-front) pattern. The characteristic feature of such pulse-front waves is a hybrid type of the speed diagram, which on the one hand reflects the typical dynamical behavior of the fronts in the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, related to the nonequilibrium Ising-Bloch bifurcation, and on the other hand exhibits also the solitary pulse scenario where several waves appear simultaneously with different speeds of propagation. We describe analytically the wave profiles and heteroclinic trajectories in the phase plane and discuss their morphology and transformation. The phenomena of wave formation and propagation are also studied by numerical simulations of the model partial differential equations. These simulations support the view that the pulse-front waves are constructed of fronts and pulses.