Information transmission of mean and variance coding in integrate-and-fire neurons

Nonlinear response characteristics of neural networks and single neurons undergoing optogenetic excitation

Optogenetic stimulation has become the method of choice for investigating neural computation in populations of neurons. Optogenetic experiments often aim to elicit a network response by stimulating specific groups of neurons. However, this is complicated by the fact that optogenetic stimulation is nonlinear, more light does not always equal to more spikes, and neurons that are not directly but indirectly stimulated could have a major impact on how networks respond to optogenetic stimulation. To clarify how optogenetic excitation of some neurons alters the network dynamics, we studied the temporal and spatial response of individual neurons and recurrent neural networks. In individual neurons, we find that neurons show a monotonic, saturating rate response to increasing light intensity and a nonmonotonic rate response to increasing pulse frequency. At the network level, we find that Gaussian light beams elicit spatial firing rate responses that are substantially broader than the stimulus profile. In summary, our analysis and our network simulation code allow us to predict the outcome of an optogenetic experiment and to assess whether the observed effects can be attributed to direct or indirect stimulation of neurons.

Optogenetic circuit manipulation has become a popular tool to manipulate the activity of neurons. During optogenetic stimulation, the firing rate of a neuron can rise because of direct light excitation or indirect activation via other neurons. To disentangle these influences and predict the effects of optogenetic excitation, we set up a spiking network model with controlled connectivity and studied its response to light stimulation. We find that the optogenetically evoked activity in a network can spread far beyond the light-stimulated area. We further found a nonmonotonic rate response of single neurons to increasing light intensities and frequencies. Our results help to interpret optogenetic experiments in vivo, and we provide computer code that can be customized to simulate 2D connectivity scenarios and explore their consequences.