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Shah R, Barrett TJ, Colcelli A, Oručević F, Trombettoni A, Krüger P. Probing the Degree of Coherence through the Full 1D to 3D Crossover. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:123401. [PMID: 37027886 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study a gas of quantum degenerate ^{87}Rb atoms throughout the full dimensional crossover, from a one-dimensional (1D) system exhibiting phase fluctuations consistent with 1D theory to a three-dimensional (3D) phase-coherent system, thereby smoothly interpolating between these distinct, well-understood regimes. Using a hybrid trapping architecture combining an atom chip with a printed circuit board, we continuously adjust the system's dimensionality over a wide range while measuring the phase fluctuations through the power spectrum of density ripples in time-of-flight expansion. Our measurements confirm that the chemical potential μ controls the departure of the system from 3D and that the fluctuations are dependent on both μ and the temperature T. Through a rigorous study we quantitatively observe how inside the crossover the dependence on T gradually disappears as the system becomes 3D. Throughout the entire crossover the fluctuations are shown to be determined by the relative occupation of 1D axial collective excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shah
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - T J Barrett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Colcelli
- SISSA and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Oručević
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Trombettoni
- SISSA and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - P Krüger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Guan XW, He P. New trends in quantum integrability: recent experiments with ultracold atoms. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:114001. [PMID: 36170807 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac95a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades quantum engineering has made significant advances in our ability to create genuine quantum many-body systems using ultracold atoms. In particular, some prototypical exactly solvable Yang-Baxter systems have been successfully realized allowing us to confront elegant and sophisticated exact solutions of these systems with their experimental counterparts. The new experimental developments show a variety of fundamental one-dimensional (1D) phenomena, ranging from the generalized hydrodynamics to dynamical fermionization, Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids, collective excitations, fractional exclusion statistics, quantum holonomy, spin-charge separation, competing orders with high spin symmetry and quantum impurity problems. This article briefly reviews these developments and provides rigorous understanding of those observed phenomena based on the exact solutions while highlighting the uniqueness of 1D quantum physics. The precision of atomic physics realizations of integrable many-body problems continues to inspire significant developments in mathematics and physics while at the same time offering the prospect to contribute to future quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wen Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, APM, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
- NSFC-SPTP Peng Huanwu Center for Fundamental Theory, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
- Department of Fundamental and Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Peng He
- Bureau of Frontier Sciences and Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864,People's Republic of China
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3
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Reid GH, Lu M, Fritsch AR, Piñeiro AM, Spielman IB. Dynamically Induced Symmetry Breaking and Out-of-Equilibrium Topology in a 1D Quantum System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:123202. [PMID: 36179173 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.123202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nontrivial topology in lattices is characterized by invariants-such as the Zak phase for one-dimensional (1D) lattices-derived from wave functions covering the Brillouin zone. We realize the 1D bipartite Rice-Mele (RM) lattice using ultracold ^{87}Rb and focus on lattice configurations possessing various combinations of chiral, time-reversal, and particle-hole symmetries. We quench between configurations and use a form of quantum state tomography, enabled by diabatically tuning lattice parameters, to directly follow the time evolution of the Zak phase as well as a chiral winding number. The Zak phase evolves continuously; however, when chiral symmetry transiently appears in the out-of-equilibrium system, the chiral winding number becomes well defined and can take on any integer value. When quenching between two configurations obeying the same three symmetries, the Zak phase is time independent; we confirm the dynamically induced symmetry breaking predicted in [McGinley and Cooper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 090401 (2018)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.121.090401] that chiral symmetry is periodically restored, at which times the winding number changes by ±2, yielding values that are not present in the native RM Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Reid
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Mingwu Lu
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - A R Fritsch
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - A M Piñeiro
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - I B Spielman
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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4
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Murciano S, Calabrese P, Konik RM. Postquantum Quench Growth of Renyi Entropies in Low-Dimensional Continuum Bosonic Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:106802. [PMID: 36112442 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.106802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth of Renyi entropies after the injection of energy into a correlated system provides a window upon the dynamics of its entanglement properties. We develop here a simulation scheme by which this growth can be determined in Luttinger liquids systems with arbitrary interactions, even those introducing gaps into the liquid. We apply this scheme to an experimentally relevant quench in the sine-Gordon field theory. While for short times we provide analytic expressions for the growth of the second and third Renyi entropy, to access longer times, we combine our scheme with truncated spectrum methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Murciano
- SISSA and INFN, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Calabrese
- SISSA and INFN, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Robert M Konik
- Condensed Matter Physics & Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
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5
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Tuybens B, De Nardis J, Haegeman J, Verstraete F. Variational Optimization of Continuous Matrix Product States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:020501. [PMID: 35089726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Just as matrix product states represent ground states of one-dimensional quantum spin systems faithfully, continuous matrix product states (cMPS) provide faithful representations of the vacuum of interacting field theories in one spatial dimension. Unlike the quantum spin case, however, for which the density matrix renormalization group and related matrix product state algorithms provide robust algorithms for optimizing the variational states, the optimization of cMPS for systems with inhomogeneous external potentials has been problematic. We resolve this problem by constructing a piecewise linear parameterization of the underlying matrix-valued functions, which enables the calculation of the exact reduced density matrices everywhere in the system by high-order Taylor expansions. This turns the variational cMPS problem into a variational algorithm from which both the energy and its backwards derivative can be calculated exactly and at a cost that scales as the cube of the bond dimension. We illustrate this by finding ground states of interacting bosons in external potentials and by calculating boundary or Casimir energy corrections of continuous many-body systems with open boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Tuybens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S9, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacopo De Nardis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S9, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jutho Haegeman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S9, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Verstraete
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S9, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Bouchoule I, Dubail J. Breakdown of Tan's Relation in Lossy One-Dimensional Bose Gases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:160603. [PMID: 33961462 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.160603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In quantum gases with contact repulsion, the distribution of momenta of the atoms typically decays as ∼1/|p|^{4} at large momentum p. Tan's relation connects the amplitude of that 1/|p|^{4} tail to the adiabatic derivative of the energy with respect to the coupling constant or scattering length of the gas. Here it is shown that the relation breaks down in the one-dimensional Bose gas with contact repulsion, for a peculiar class of stationary states. These states exist thanks to the infinite number of conserved quantities in the system, and they are characterized by a rapidity distribution that itself decreases as 1/|p|^{4}. In the momentum distribution, that rapidity tail adds to the usual Tan contact term. Remarkably, atom losses, which are ubiquitous in experiments, do produce such peculiar states. The development of the tail of the rapidity distribution originates from the ghost singularity of the wave function immediately after each loss event. This phenomenon is discussed for arbitrary interaction strengths, and it is supported by exact calculations in the two asymptotic regimes of infinite and weak repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bouchoule
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - J Dubail
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France
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7
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Møller F, Li C, Mazets I, Stimming HP, Zhou T, Zhu Z, Chen X, Schmiedmayer J. Extension of the Generalized Hydrodynamics to the Dimensional Crossover Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:090602. [PMID: 33750183 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to address integrability breaking in cold gas experiments, we extend the integrable hydrodynamics of the Lieb-Liniger model with two additional components representing the population of atoms in the first and second transverse excited states, thus enabling a description of quasi-1D condensates. Collisions between different components are accounted for through the inclusion of a Boltzmann-type collision integral in the hydrodynamic equation. Contrary to standard generalized hydrodynamics, our extended model captures thermalization of the condensate at a rate consistent with experimental observations from a quantum Newton's cradle setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Møller
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chen Li
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Igor Mazets
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform MMM "Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials," c/o Fakultät für Mathematik, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Stimming
- Research Platform MMM "Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials," c/o Fakultät für Mathematik, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tianwei Zhou
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- INO-CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del CNR, Sezione di Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Zijie Zhu
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xuzong Chen
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jörg Schmiedmayer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Settino J, Lo Gullo N, Plastina F, Minguzzi A. Exact Spectral Function of a Tonks-Girardeau Gas in a Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:065301. [PMID: 33635692 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The single-particle spectral function of a strongly correlated system is an essential ingredient to describe its dynamics and transport properties. We develop a method to evaluate exactly the spectral function for a gas of one-dimensional bosons with infinitely strong repulsions valid for any type of external confinement. Focusing on the case of a lattice confinement, we find that the spectral function displays three main singularity lines. One of them is due uniquely to lattice effects, while the two others correspond to the Lieb-I and Lieb-II modes occurring in a uniform fluid. Differently from the dynamical structure factor, in the spectral function the Lieb-II mode shows a divergence, thus providing a route to probe such mode in experiments with ultracold atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Settino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - N Lo Gullo
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Turku Centre for Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - F Plastina
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
- INFN, gruppo collegato di Cosenza, I-87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - A Minguzzi
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, LPMMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
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9
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Quantum gas magnifier for sub-lattice-resolved imaging of 3D quantum systems. Nature 2021; 599:571-575. [PMID: 34819679 PMCID: PMC8612934 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imaging is central to gaining microscopic insight into physical systems, and new microscopy methods have always led to the discovery of new phenomena and a deeper understanding of them. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices provide a quantum simulation platform, featuring a variety of advanced detection tools including direct optical imaging while pinning the atoms in the lattice1,2. However, this approach suffers from the diffraction limit, high optical density and small depth of focus, limiting it to two-dimensional (2D) systems. Here we introduce an imaging approach where matter wave optics magnifies the density distribution before optical imaging, allowing 2D sub-lattice-spacing resolution in three-dimensional (3D) systems. By combining the site-resolved imaging with magnetic resonance techniques for local addressing of individual lattice sites, we demonstrate full accessibility to 2D local information and manipulation in 3D systems. We employ the high-resolution images for precision thermodynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices as well as studies of thermalization dynamics driven by thermal hopping. The sub-lattice resolution is demonstrated via quench dynamics within the lattice sites. The method opens the path for spatially resolved studies of new quantum many-body regimes, including exotic lattice geometries or sub-wavelength lattices3-6, and paves the way for single-atom-resolved imaging of atomic species, where efficient laser cooling or deep optical traps are not available, but which substantially enrich the toolbox of quantum simulation of many-body systems.
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10
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Bastianello A, De Luca A, Doyon B, De Nardis J. Thermalization of a Trapped One-Dimensional Bose Gas via Diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:240604. [PMID: 33412013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.240604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For a decade the fate of a one-dimensional gas of interacting bosons in an external trapping potential remained mysterious. We here show that whenever the underlying integrability of the gas is broken by the presence of the external potential, the inevitable diffusive rearrangements between the quasiparticles, quantified by the diffusion constants of the gas, eventually lead the system to thermalize at late times. We show that the full thermalizing dynamics can be described by the generalized hydrodynamics with diffusion and force terms, and we compare these predictions to numerical simulations. Finally, we provide an explanation for the slow thermalization rates observed in numerical and experimental settings: the hydrodynamics of integrable models is characterized by a continuity of modes, which can have arbitrarily small diffusion coefficients. As a consequence, the approach to thermalization can display prethermal plateau and relaxation dynamics with long polynomial finite-time corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvise Bastianello
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation (CNRS UMR 8089), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, F-95302 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Benjamin Doyon
- Department of Mathematics, King's College London, Strand WC2R 2LS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacopo De Nardis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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11
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Simmons SA, Bayocboc FA, Pillay JC, Colas D, McCulloch IP, Kheruntsyan KV. What is a Quantum Shock Wave? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:180401. [PMID: 33196253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.180401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shock waves are examples of the far-from-equilibrium behavior of matter; they are ubiquitous in nature, yet the underlying microscopic mechanisms behind their formation are not well understood. Here, we study the dynamics of dispersive quantum shock waves in a one-dimensional Bose gas, and show that the oscillatory train forming from a local density bump expanding into a uniform background is a result of quantum mechanical self-interference. The amplitude of oscillations, i.e., the interference contrast, decreases with the increase of both the temperature of the gas and the interaction strength due to the reduced phase coherence length. Furthermore, we show that vacuum and thermal fluctuations can significantly wash out the interference contrast, seen in the mean-field approaches, due to shot-to-shot fluctuations in the position of interference fringes around the mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Simmons
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - F A Bayocboc
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - J C Pillay
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - D Colas
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - I P McCulloch
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - K V Kheruntsyan
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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12
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Ruggiero P, Calabrese P, Doyon B, Dubail J. Quantum Generalized Hydrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:140603. [PMID: 32338954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.140603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Physical systems made of many interacting quantum particles can often be described by Euler hydrodynamic equations in the limit of long wavelengths and low frequencies. Recently such a classical hydrodynamic framework, now dubbed generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), was found for quantum integrable models in one spatial dimension. Despite its great predictive power, GHD, like any Euler hydrodynamic equation, misses important quantum effects, such as quantum fluctuations leading to nonzero equal-time correlations between fluid cells at different positions. Focusing on the one-dimensional gas of bosons with delta repulsion, and on states of zero entropy, for which quantum fluctuations are larger, we reconstruct such quantum effects by quantizing GHD. The resulting theory of quantum GHD can be viewed as a multicomponent Luttinger liquid theory, with a small set of effective parameters that are fixed by the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. It describes quantum fluctuations of truly nonequilibrium systems where conventional Luttinger liquid theory fails.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale Calabrese
- SISSA and INFN, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Benjamin Doyon
- Department of Mathematics, Kings College London, Strand WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Dubail
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, CNRS, UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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13
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Bastianello A, Collura M. Entanglement spreading and quasiparticle picture beyond the pair structure. SCIPOST PHYSICS 2020; 8:045. [DOI: 10.21468/scipostphys.8.3.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The quasi-particle picture is a powerful tool to understand the entanglement spreading in many-body quantum systems after a quench.
As an input, the structure of the excitations' pattern of the initial state must be provided,
the common choice being pairwise-created excitations.
However, several cases exile this simple assumption.
In this work we investigate weakly-interacting to free quenches in one dimension.
This results in a far richer excitations' pattern where multiplets with a larger number of particles are excited.
We generalize the quasi-particle ansatz to such a wide class of initial states,
providing a small-coupling expansion of the Rényi entropies.
Our results are in perfect agreement with iTEBD numerical simulations.
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14
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Perfetto G, Piroli L, Gambassi A. Quench action and large deviations: Work statistics in the one-dimensional Bose gas. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032114. [PMID: 31640007 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the statistics of large deviations of the intensive work done in an interaction quench of a one-dimensional Bose gas with a large number N of particles, system size L, and fixed density. We consider the case in which the system is initially prepared in the noninteracting ground state and a repulsive interaction is suddenly turned on. For large deviations of the work below its mean value, we show that the large-deviation principle holds by means of the quench action approach. Using the latter, we compute exactly the so-called rate function and study its properties analytically. In particular, we find that fluctuations close to the mean value of the work exhibit a marked non-Gaussian behavior, even though their probability is always exponentially suppressed below it as L increases. Deviations larger than the mean value exhibit an algebraic decay whose exponent cannot be determined directly by large-deviation theory. Exploiting the exact Bethe ansatz representation of the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian, we calculate this exponent for vanishing particle density. Our approach can be straightforwardly generalized to quantum quenches in other interacting integrable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Perfetto
- SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piroli
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andrea Gambassi
- SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
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15
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Schemmer M, Bouchoule I, Doyon B, Dubail J. Generalized Hydrodynamics on an Atom Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:090601. [PMID: 30932554 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a special type of fluidlike behavior at large scales in one-dimensional (1D) quantum integrable systems, theoretically predicted in O. A. Castro-Alvaredo et al., Emergent Hydrodynamics in Integrable Quantum Systems Out of Equilibrium, Phys. Rev. X 6, 041065 (2016)10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041065 and B. Bertini et al., Transport in Out-of-Equilibrium XXZ Chains: Exact Profiles of Charges and Currents, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 207201 (2016)10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.207201, is established experimentally, by monitoring the time evolution of the in situ density profile of a single 1D cloud of ^{87}Rb atoms trapped on an atom chip after a quench of the longitudinal trapping potential. The theory can be viewed as a dynamical extension of the thermodynamics of Yang and Yang, and applies to the whole range of repulsive interaction strength and temperature of the gas. The measurements, performed on weakly interacting atomic clouds that lie at the crossover between the quasicondensate and the ideal Bose gas regimes, are in very good agreement with the theory. This contrasts with the previously existing "conventional" hydrodynamic approach-that relies on the assumption of local thermal equilibrium-which is unable to reproduce the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schemmer
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - I Bouchoule
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - B Doyon
- Department of Mathematics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - J Dubail
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, UMR 7019, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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16
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De Nardis J, Panfil M. Edge Singularities and Quasilong-Range Order in Nonequilibrium Steady States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:217206. [PMID: 29883179 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.217206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The singularities of the dynamical response function are one of the most remarkable effects in many-body interacting systems. However in one dimension these divergences only exist strictly at zero temperature, making their observation very difficult in most cold atomic experimental settings. Moreover the presence of a finite temperature destroys another feature of one-dimensional quantum liquids: the real space quasilong-range order in which the spatial correlation functions exhibit power-law decay. We consider a nonequilibrium protocol where two interacting Bose gases are prepared either at different temperatures or chemical potentials and then joined. We show that the nonequilibrium steady state emerging at large times around the junction displays edge singularities in the response function and quasilong-range order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo De Nardis
- Département de Physique, École Normale Supérieure/PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Miłosz Panfil
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Bastianello A, Piroli L, Calabrese P. Exact Local Correlations and Full Counting Statistics for Arbitrary States of the One-Dimensional Interacting Bose Gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:190601. [PMID: 29799218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.190601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We derive exact analytic expressions for the n-body local correlations in the one-dimensional Bose gas with contact repulsive interactions (Lieb-Liniger model) in the thermodynamic limit. Our results are valid for arbitrary states of the model, including ground and thermal states, stationary states after a quantum quench, and nonequilibrium steady states arising in transport settings. Calculations for these states are explicitly presented and physical consequences are critically discussed. We also show that the n-body local correlations are directly related to the full counting statistics for the particle-number fluctuations in a short interval, for which we provide an explicit analytic result.
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18
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Doyon B, Dubail J, Konik R, Yoshimura T. Large-Scale Description of Interacting One-Dimensional Bose Gases: Generalized Hydrodynamics Supersedes Conventional Hydrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:195301. [PMID: 29219524 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.195301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The theory of generalized hydrodynamics (GHD) was recently developed as a new tool for the study of inhomogeneous time evolution in many-body interacting systems with infinitely many conserved charges. In this Letter, we show that it supersedes the widely used conventional hydrodynamics (CHD) of one-dimensional Bose gases. We illustrate this by studying "nonlinear sound waves" emanating from initial density accumulations in the Lieb-Liniger model. We show that, at zero temperature and in the absence of shocks, GHD reduces to CHD, thus for the first time justifying its use from purely hydrodynamic principles. We show that sharp profiles, which appear in finite times in CHD, immediately dissolve into a higher hierarchy of reductions of GHD, with no sustained shock. CHD thereon fails to capture the correct hydrodynamics. We establish the correct hydrodynamic equations, which are finite-dimensional reductions of GHD characterized by multiple, disjoint Fermi seas. We further verify that at nonzero temperature, CHD fails at all nonzero times. Finally, we numerically confirm the emergence of hydrodynamics at zero temperature by comparing its predictions with a full quantum simulation performed using the NRG-TSA-abacus algorithm. The analysis is performed in the full interaction range, and is not restricted to either weak- or strong-repulsion regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Doyon
- Department of Mathematics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Dubail
- CNRS & IJL-UMR 7198, Université de Lorraine, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Robert Konik
- Condensed Matter and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 USA
| | - Takato Yoshimura
- Department of Mathematics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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19
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Mukherjee B, Yan Z, Patel PB, Hadzibabic Z, Yefsah T, Struck J, Zwierlein MW. Homogeneous Atomic Fermi Gases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:123401. [PMID: 28388181 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the creation of homogeneous Fermi gases of ultracold atoms in a uniform potential. In the momentum distribution of a spin-polarized gas, we observe the emergence of the Fermi surface and the saturated occupation of one particle per momentum state: the striking consequence of Pauli blocking in momentum space for a degenerate gas. Cooling a spin-balanced Fermi gas at unitarity, we create homogeneous superfluids and observe spatially uniform pair condensates. For thermodynamic measurements, we introduce a hybrid potential that is harmonic in one dimension and uniform in the other two. The spatially resolved compressibility reveals the superfluid transition in a spin-balanced Fermi gas, saturation in a fully polarized Fermi gas, and strong attraction in the polaronic regime of a partially polarized Fermi gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswaroop Mukherjee
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zhenjie Yan
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Parth B Patel
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zoran Hadzibabic
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Tarik Yefsah
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and Collège de France, Paris 75005, France
| | - Julian Struck
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin W Zwierlein
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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20
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van den Berg R, Wouters B, Eliëns S, De Nardis J, Konik RM, Caux JS. Separation of Time Scales in a Quantum Newton's Cradle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:225302. [PMID: 27314723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.225302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide detailed modeling of the Bragg pulse used in quantum Newton's-cradle-like settings or in Bragg spectroscopy experiments for strongly repulsive bosons in one dimension. We reconstruct the postpulse time evolution and study the time-dependent local density profile and momentum distribution by a combination of exact techniques. We further provide a variety of results for finite interaction strengths using a time-dependent Hartree-Fock analysis and bosonization-refermionization techniques. Our results display a clear separation of time scales between rapid and trap-insensitive relaxation immediately after the pulse, followed by slow in-trap periodic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R van den Berg
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Wouters
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Eliëns
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J De Nardis
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M Konik
- CMPMS Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 734, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J-S Caux
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Piroli L, Calabrese P, Essler FHL. Multiparticle Bound-State Formation following a Quantum Quench to the One-Dimensional Bose Gas with Attractive Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:070408. [PMID: 26943518 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We consider quantum quenches from an ideal Bose condensate to the Lieb-Liniger model with an arbitrary attractive interaction strength. We focus on the properties of the stationary state reached at late times after the quench. Using recently developed methods based on integrability, we obtain an exact description of the stationary state for a large number of bosons. A distinctive feature of this state is the presence of a hierarchy of multiparticle bound states. We determine the dependence of their densities on interaction strength and obtain an exact expression for the stationary value of the local pair correlation g_{2}. We discuss ramifications of our results for cold atom experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabian H L Essler
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
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22
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Fang B, Johnson A, Roscilde T, Bouchoule I. Momentum-Space Correlations of a One-Dimensional Bose Gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:050402. [PMID: 26894693 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.050402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the noise in the momentum profiles of single realizations of one-dimensional Bose gases, we present the experimental measurement of the full momentum-space density correlations ⟨δn_{p}δn_{p^{'}}⟩, which are related to the two-body momentum correlation function. Our data span the weakly interacting region of the phase diagram, going from the ideal Bose gas regime to the quasicondensate regime. We show experimentally that the bunching phenomenon, which manifests itself as super-Poissonian local fluctuations in momentum space, is present in all regimes. The quasicondensate regime is, however, characterized by the presence of negative correlations between different momenta, in contrast to the Bogolyubov theory for Bose condensates, predicting positive correlations between opposite momenta. Our data are in good agreement with ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess Fang
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, CNRS UMR 8501, Institut d'Optique, Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Aisling Johnson
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, CNRS UMR 8501, Institut d'Optique, Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Tommaso Roscilde
- Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS UMR 5672, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon F-69364, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bouchoule
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, CNRS UMR 8501, Institut d'Optique, Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127 Palaiseau, France
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23
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Vasseur R, Karrasch C, Moore JE. Expansion Potentials for Exact Far-from-Equilibrium Spreading of Particles and Energy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:267201. [PMID: 26765017 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.267201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rates at which energy and particle densities move to equalize arbitrarily large temperature and chemical potential differences in an isolated quantum system have an emergent thermodynamical description whenever the energy or particle current commutes with the Hamiltonian. Concrete examples include the energy current in the 1D spinless fermion model with nearest-neighbor interactions (XXZ spin chain), the energy current in Lorentz-invariant theories or the particle current in interacting Bose gases in arbitrary dimension. Even far from equilibrium, these rates are controlled by state functions, which we call "expansion potentials," expressed as integrals of equilibrium Drude weights. This relation between nonequilibrium quantities and linear response implies nonequilibrium Maxwell relations for the Drude weights. We verify our results via density-matrix renormalization group calculations for the XXZ chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Vasseur
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Karrasch
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joel E Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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24
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Rohringer W, Fischer D, Steiner F, Mazets IE, Schmiedmayer J, Trupke M. Non-equilibrium scale invariance and shortcuts to adiabaticity in a one-dimensional Bose gas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9820. [PMID: 25867640 PMCID: PMC4394891 DOI: 10.1038/srep09820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present experimental evidence for scale invariant behaviour of the excitation spectrum in phase-fluctuating quasi-1d Bose gases after a rapid change of the external trapping potential. Probing density correlations in free expansion, we find that the temperature of an initial thermal state scales with the spatial extension of the cloud as predicted by a model based on adiabatic rescaling of initial eigenmodes with conserved quasiparticle occupation numbers. Based on this result, we demonstrate that shortcuts to adiabaticity for the rapid expansion or compression of the gas do not induce additional heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Rohringer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - D. Fischer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - F. Steiner
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - I. E. Mazets
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Wolfgang Pauli Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Schmiedmayer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Trupke
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Campbell AS, Gangardt DM, Kheruntsyan KV. Sudden expansion of a one-dimensional bose gas from power-law traps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:125302. [PMID: 25860753 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.125302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We analyze free expansion of a trapped one-dimensional Bose gas after a sudden release from the confining trap potential. By using the stationary phase and local density approximations, we show that the long-time asymptotic density profile and the momentum distribution of the gas are determined by the initial distribution of Bethe rapidities (quasimomenta) and hence can be obtained from the solutions to the Lieb-Liniger equations in the thermodynamic limit. For expansion from a harmonic trap, and in the limits of very weak and very strong interactions, we recover the self-similar scaling solutions known from the hydrodynamic approach. For all other power-law traps and arbitrary interaction strengths, the expansion is not self-similar and shows strong dependence of the density profile evolution on the trap anharmonicity. We also characterize dynamical fermionization of the expanding cloud in terms of correlation functions describing phase and density fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Campbell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - D M Gangardt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - K V Kheruntsyan
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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26
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Fang B, Carleo G, Johnson A, Bouchoule I. Quench-induced breathing mode of one-dimensional Bose gases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:035301. [PMID: 25083651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.035301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We measure the position- and momentum-space breathing dynamics of trapped one-dimensional Bose gases at finite temperature. The profile in real space reveals sinusoidal width oscillations whose frequency varies continuously through the quasicondensate to ideal Bose gas crossover. A comparison with theoretical models taking temperature into account is provided. In momentum space, we report the first observation of a frequency doubling in the quasicondensate regime, corresponding to a self-reflection mechanism due to the repulsive interactions. Such a mechanism is predicted for a fermionized system, and has not been observed to date. The disappearance of the frequency doubling through the crossover is mapped out experimentally, giving insights into the dynamics of the breathing evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess Fang
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, F-91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Giuseppe Carleo
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, F-91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Aisling Johnson
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, F-91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Bouchoule
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, F-91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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27
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RuGway W, Manning AG, Hodgman SS, Dall RG, Truscott AG, Lamberton T, Kheruntsyan KV. Observation of transverse Bose-Einstein condensation via Hanbury Brown-Twiss correlations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:093601. [PMID: 24033033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.093601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental property of a three-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate is long-range coherence; however, in systems of lower dimensionality, not only is the long-range coherence destroyed but additional states of matter are predicted to exist. One such state is a "transverse condensate," first predicted by van Druten and Ketterle [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 549 (1997)], in which the gas condenses in the transverse dimensions of a highly anisotropic trap while remaining thermal in the longitudinal dimension. Here, we detect the transition from a three-dimensional thermal gas to a gas undergoing transverse condensation by probing Hanbury Brown-Twiss correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu RuGway
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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28
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Vignolo P, Minguzzi A. Universal contact for a Tonks-Girardeau gas at finite temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:020403. [PMID: 23383878 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We determine the finite-temperature momentum distribution of a strongly interacting 1D Bose gas in the Tonks-Girardeau (impenetrable-boson) limit under harmonic confinement and explore its universal properties associated to the scale invariance of the model. We show that, at difference from the unitary Fermi gas in three dimensions, the weight of its large-momentum tails--given by Tan's contact--increases with temperature and calculate the high-temperature universal second contact coefficient using a virial expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Vignolo
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institut Non Linéaire de Nice, CNRS, 1361 route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France
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29
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Karpiuk T, Deuar P, Bienias P, Witkowska E, Pawłowski K, Gajda M, Rzążewski K, Brewczyk M. Spontaneous solitons in the thermal equilibrium of a quasi-1D Bose gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:205302. [PMID: 23215499 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.205302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show that solitons occur generically in the thermal equilibrium state of a weakly interacting elongated Bose gas, without the need for external forcing or perturbations. This reveals a major new quality to the experimentally widespread quasicondensate state, usually thought of as primarily phase-fluctuating. Thermal solitons are seen in uniform 1D, trapped 1D, and elongated 3D gases, appearing as shallow solitons at low quasicondensate temperatures, becoming widespread and deep as temperature rises. This behavior can be understood via thermal occupation of the type II excitations in the Lieb-Liniger model of a uniform 1D gas. Furthermore, we find that the quasicondensate phase includes very appreciable density fluctuations while leaving phase fluctuations largely unaltered from the standard picture derived from a density-fluctuation-free treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Karpiuk
- Wydział Fizyki, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Lipowa 41, 15-424 Białystok, Poland
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30
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Smith DA, Aigner S, Hofferberth S, Gring M, Andersson M, Wildermuth S, Krüger P, Schneider S, Schumm T, Schmiedmayer J. Absorption imaging of ultracold atoms on atom chips. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:8471-8485. [PMID: 21643097 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.008471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Imaging ultracold atomic gases close to surfaces is an important tool for the detailed analysis of experiments carried out using atom chips. We describe the critical factors that need be considered, especially when the imaging beam is purposely reflected from the surface. In particular we present methods to measure the atom-surface distance, which is a prerequisite for magnetic field imaging and studies of atom surface-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Smith
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Colomé-Tatché M, Petrov DS. Parametric excitation of a 1D gas in integrable and nonintegrable cases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:125302. [PMID: 21517321 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.125302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We study the response of a highly excited 1D gas with pointlike interactions to a periodic modulation of the coupling constant. We calculate the corresponding dynamic structure factors and show that their low-frequency behavior differs dramatically for integrable and nonintegrable models. Nonintegrable systems are sensitive to excitations with frequencies as low as the mean level spacing, whereas much higher frequencies are required to excite an integrable system. This effect can be used as a probe of integrability for mesoscopic 1D systems and can be observed experimentally by measuring the heating rate of a parametrically excited gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colomé-Tatché
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 2 D-30167, Hannover, Germany
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32
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Krüger P, Hofferberth S, Mazets IE, Lesanovsky I, Schmiedmayer J. Weakly interacting Bose gas in the one-dimensional limit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:265302. [PMID: 21231675 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.265302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We prepare a chemically and thermally one-dimensional (1D) quantum degenerate Bose gas in a single microtrap. We introduce a new interferometric method to distinguish the quasicondensate fraction of the gas from the thermal cloud at finite temperature. We reach temperatures down to kT≈0.5ℏω(⊥) (transverse oscillator eigenfrequency ω(⊥)) when collisional thermalization slows down as expected in 1D. At the lowest temperatures the transverse-momentum distribution exhibits a residual dependence on the line density n(1D), characteristic for 1D systems. For very low densities the approach to the transverse single-particle ground state is linear in n(1D).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krüger
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre (MUARC), School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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33
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Armijo J, Jacqmin T, Kheruntsyan KV, Bouchoule I. Probing three-body correlations in a quantum gas using the measurement of the third moment of density fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:230402. [PMID: 21231431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.230402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We perform measurements of the third moment of atom number fluctuations in small slices of a very elongated weakly interacting degenerate Bose gas. We find a positive skewness of the atom number distribution in the ideal gas regime and a reduced skewness compatible with zero in the quasicondensate regime. For our parameters, the third moment is a thermodynamic quantity whose measurement constitutes a sensitive test of the equation of state, and our results are in agreement with a modified Yang-Yang thermodynamic prediction. Moreover, we show that the measured skewness reveals the presence of true three-body correlations in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Armijo
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, UMR 8501 du CNRS, Institut d'Optique, 91 127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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34
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Tung S, Lamporesi G, Lobser D, Xia L, Cornell EA. Observation of the presuperfluid regime in a two-dimensional Bose gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:230408. [PMID: 21231437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.230408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In complementary images of coordinate-space and momentum-space density in a trapped 2D Bose gas, we observe the emergence of presuperfluid behavior. As phase-space density ρ increases toward degenerate values, we observe a gradual divergence of the compressibility κ from the value predicted by a bare-atom model, κ(ba). κ/κ(ba) grows to 1.7 before ρ reaches the value for which we observe the sudden emergence of a spike at p = 0 in momentum space. Momentum-space images are acquired by means of a 2D focusing technique. Our data represent the first observation of non-mean-field physics in the presuperfluid but degenerate 2D Bose gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tung
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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Jiménez-García K, Compton RL, Lin YJ, Phillips WD, Porto JV, Spielman IB. Phases of a two-dimensional bose gas in an optical lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:110401. [PMID: 20867555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold atoms in optical lattices realize simple condensed matter models. We create an ensemble of ≈60 harmonically trapped 2D Bose-Hubbard systems from a 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice and use a magnetic resonance imaging approach to select a few 2D systems for study, thereby eliminating ensemble averaging. Our identification of the transition from superfluid to Mott insulator, as a function of both atom density and lattice depth, is in excellent agreement with a universal state diagram [M. Rigol, Phys. Rev. A 79 053605 (2009)] suitable for our trapped system. In agreement with theory, our data suggest a failure of the local density approximation in the transition region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jiménez-García
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
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Kitagawa T, Pielawa S, Imambekov A, Schmiedmayer J, Gritsev V, Demler E. Ramsey interference in one-dimensional systems: the full distribution function of fringe contrast as a probe of many-body dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:255302. [PMID: 20867392 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.255302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically analyze Ramsey interference experiments in one-dimensional quasicondensates and obtain explicit expressions for the time evolution of full distribution functions of fringe contrast. We show that distribution functions contain unique signatures of the many-body mechanism of decoherence. We argue that Ramsey interference experiments provide a powerful tool for analyzing strongly correlated nature of 1D interacting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kitagawa
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Calabrese P, Campostrini M, Essler F, Nienhuis B. Parity effects in the scaling of block entanglement in gapless spin chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:095701. [PMID: 20366994 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.095701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We consider the Rényi alpha entropies for Luttinger liquids (LL). For large block lengths l, these are known to grow like lnl. We show that there are subleading terms that oscillate with frequency 2k{F} (the Fermi wave number of the LL) and exhibit a universal power-law decay with l. The new critical exponent is equal to K/(2alpha), where K is the LL parameter. We present numerical results for the anisotropic XXZ model and the full analytic solution for the free fermion (XX) point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Fisica, dell'Università di Pisa and INFN, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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38
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Kormos M, Mussardo G, Trombettoni A. Expectation values in the Lieb-Liniger Bose gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:210404. [PMID: 20366022 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.210404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method to compute expectation values in the Lieb-Liniger model both at zero and finite temperature. These quantities, relevant in the physics of one-dimensional ultracold Bose gases, are expressed by a series that has a remarkable behavior of convergence. Among other results, we show the computation of the three-body expectation value at finite temperature, a quantity that rules the recombination rate of the Bose gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kormos
- SISSA and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, via Beirut 2/4, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
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39
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Sykes AG, Davis MJ, Roberts DC. Drag force on an impurity below the superfluid critical velocity in a quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:085302. [PMID: 19792736 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.085302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The existence of frictionless flow below a critical velocity for obstacles moving in a superfluid is well established in the context of the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii theory. We calculate the next order correction due to quantum and thermal fluctuations and find a nonzero force acting on a delta-function impurity moving through a quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate at all subcritical velocities and at all temperatures. The force occurs due to an imbalance in the Doppler shifts of reflected quantum fluctuations from either side of the impurity. Our calculation is based on a consistent extension of Bogoliubov theory to second order in the interaction strength, and finds new analytical solutions to the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations for a gray soliton. Our results raise questions regarding the quantum dynamics in the formation of persistent currents in superfluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Sykes
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Ketterle W, Shin Y, Schirotzek A, Schunk CH. Superfluidity in a gas of strongly interacting fermions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:164206. [PMID: 21825386 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/16/164206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
After an introduction into 100 years of research on superfluidity and the concept of the BCS-BEC crossover, we describe recent experimental studies of a spin-polarized Fermi gas with strong interactions. Tomographically resolving the spatial structure of an inhomogeneous trapped sample, we have mapped out the superfluid phases in the parameter space of temperature, spin polarization, and interaction strength. Phase separation between the superfluid and the normal component occurs at low temperatures, showing spatial discontinuities in the spin polarization. The critical polarization of the normal gas increases with stronger coupling. Beyond a critical interaction strength all minority atoms pair with majority atoms, and the system can be effectively described as a boson-fermion mixture. Pairing correlations have been studied by rf spectroscopy, determining the fermion pair size and the pairing gap energy in a resonantly interacting superfluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ketterle
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Xianlong G, Polini M, Rainis D, Tosi MP, Vignale G. Time-dependent current-density-functional theory of spin-charge separation and spin drag in one-dimensional ultracold Fermi gases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:206402. [PMID: 19113360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.206402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the large interest in the nonequilibrium dynamics of low-dimensional quantum many-body systems, we present a fully microscopic theoretical and numerical study of the charge and spin dynamics in a one-dimensional ultracold Fermi gas following a quench. Our approach, which is based on time-dependent current-density-functional theory, is applicable well beyond the linear-response regime and produces both spin-charge separation and spin-drag-induced broadening of the spin packets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Xianlong
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
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Mazets IE, Schumm T, Schmiedmayer J. Breakdown of integrability in a quasi-1D ultracold bosonic gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:210403. [PMID: 18518588 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.210403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that virtual excitations of higher radial modes in an atomic Bose gas in a tightly confining waveguide result in effective three-body collisions that violate integrability in this quasi-one-dimensional quantum system and give rise to thermalization. The estimated thermalization rates are consistent with recent experimental results in quasi-1D dynamics of ultracold atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Mazets
- Atominstitut der Osterreichischen Universitäten, TU Wien, A-1020 Vienna, Austria
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Sykes AG, Gangardt DM, Davis MJ, Viering K, Raizen MG, Kheruntsyan KV. Spatial nonlocal pair correlations in a repulsive 1D Bose gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:160406. [PMID: 18518172 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.160406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We analytically calculate the spatial nonlocal pair correlation function for an interacting uniform 1D Bose gas at finite temperature and propose an experimental method to measure nonlocal correlations. Our results span six different physical realms, including the weakly and strongly interacting regimes. We show explicitly that the characteristic correlation lengths are given by one of four length scales: the thermal de Broglie wavelength, the mean interparticle separation, the healing length, or the phase coherence length. In all regimes, we identify the profound role of interactions and find that under certain conditions the pair correlation may develop a global maximum at a finite interparticle separation due to the competition between repulsive interactions and thermal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sykes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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