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Badugu R, Nowaczyk K, Descrovi E, Lakowicz JR. Radiative decay engineering 6: fluorescence on one-dimensional photonic crystals. Anal Biochem 2013; 442:83-96. [PMID: 23896462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade the interactions of fluorophores with metallic particles and surfaces has become an active area of research. These near-field interactions of fluorophores with surface plasmons have resulted in increased brightness and directional emission. However, using metals has some disadvantages such as quenching at short fluorophore-metal distances and increased rates of energy dissipation due to lossy metals. These unfavorable effects are not expected in dielectrics. In this article, we describe the interactions of fluorophores with one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs), which have alternating layers of dielectrics with dimensions that create a photonic band gap (PBG). Freely propagating light at the PBG wavelength will be reflected. However, similar to metals, we show that fluorophores within near-field distances of the 1DPC interacts with the structure. Our results demonstrate that these fluorophores can interact with both internal modes and Bloch surface waves (BSWs) of the 1DPC. For fluorophores on the surface of the 1DPC, the emission dominantly occurs through the 1DPC and into the substrate. We refer to these two phenomena together as Bragg grating-coupled emission (BGCE). Here we describe our preliminary results on BGCE. 1DPCs are simple to fabricate and can be handled and reused without damage. We believe that BGCE provides opportunities for new formats for fluorescence detection and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandram Badugu
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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2
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Li Z, Hattori HT. Analysis of interference between two optical beams in a quasi-zero electric permittivity photonic crystal superlattice. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:854-861. [PMID: 23385928 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A quasi-zero-average-index photonic crystal structure has been recently demonstrated by using the concept of complementary media. It consists of dielectric photonic crystal superlattices with alternating layers of negative index photonic crystals and positive index dielectric media. This photonic crystal structure has unique optical properties, such as phase-invariant field and self-collimation of light. In particular, the nanofabricated superlattices can be used in chip-scale optical interconnects and interferometers with quasi-zero-average phase difference. However, in potential interconnect applications, crosstalk between neighboring signals needs to be avoided. In this article, we study simulations of the interference of propagating electromagnetic waves in a quasi-zero electric permittivity photonic crystal superlattice. The simulations here are restricted to TM modes, with the main electric field along the vertical direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales at Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Jiang L, Wu H, Li X. Dual-negative-refraction and imaging effects in normal two-dimensional photonic crystals with hexagonal lattices. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1829-1831. [PMID: 22660043 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual-negative-refraction (DNR) effect is studied in two types of normal two-dimensional photonic crystals (2DPCs) with hexagonal lattices. Systematical analyses of the band structures and equifrequency surfaces indicate that the DNR may be realized when the overlapping second and third bands with relatively flat shapes and only a slight separation are available at some frequencies close to the band's peak of 2DPCs. Further simulations have not only confirmed the DNR and corresponding dual-imaging effects in normal 2DPCs with hexagonal lattices but also revealed some relative rules to the dual images. In particular, the thickness as well the cutoff value at terminations of PCs can strongly influence the performance of dual images and even determine whether the dual images would appear. Moreover, a relatively low working frequency is recommended to minimize the distortion degree of dual images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Jiang
- Nanophotonic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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4
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Kocaman S, Aras MS, Panoiu NC, Lu M, Wong CW. On-chip optical filters with designable characteristics based on an interferometer with embedded silicon photonic structures. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:665-667. [PMID: 22344141 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate chip-scale flat-top filters at near-IR wavelengths using negative index photonic crystal based Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Supported by full three-dimensional numerical simulations, we experimentally demonstrate a new approach for engineering high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, and band-reject filters, based on designing the photonic band diagram both within the bandgap frequency region and away from it. We further show that our approach can be used to design filters that have tunable multilevel response for different sections of the spectrum and for different polarizations. This configuration enables deterministic control of the bandwidth and the rejection ratio of filters for integrated photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Kocaman
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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5
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Chen CJ, Zheng J, Gu T, McMillan JF, Yu M, Lo GQ, Kwong DL, Wong CW. Selective tuning of high-Q silicon photonic crystal nanocavities via laser-assisted local oxidation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:12480-12489. [PMID: 21716487 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.012480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examine the cavity resonance tuning of high-Q silicon photonic crystal heterostructures by localized laser-assisted thermal oxidation using a 532 nm continuous wave laser focused to a 2.5 μm radius spot-size. The total shift is consistent with the parabolic rate law. A tuning range of up to 8.7 nm is achieved with ∼ 30 mW laser powers. Over this tuning range, the cavity Qs decreases from 3.2×10(5) to 1.2×10(5). Numerical simulations model the temperature distributions in the silicon photonic crystal membrane and the cavity resonance shift from oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlton J Chen
- Optical Nanostructures Laboratory, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA.
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Liu F, Cai F, Peng S, Hao R, Ke M, Liu Z. Parallel acoustic near-field microscope: A steel slab with a periodic array of slits. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:026603. [PMID: 19792268 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.026603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose a practical acoustic near-field microscope, which is simply a steel slab with periodic array of subwavelength slits. The near field is transported by the coupling of the incident evanescent waves and the acoustic guided modes supported by the structured slab. The transmission coefficients of the structured slab as a function of the transverse wave vector are theoretically derived, and a theoretical model is employed to study the imaging of the proposed device. Numerical simulations are also performed to verify the theoretical results, which show that subwavelength imaging with good quality can indeed be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education and Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Casse BDF, Lu WT, Banyal RK, Huang YJ, Selvarasah S, Dokmeci MR, Perry CH, Sridhar S. Imaging with subwavelength resolution by a generalized superlens at infrared wavelengths. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:1994-1996. [PMID: 19571977 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.001994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally negative refraction by a photonic crystal prism and imaging of a point source by a photonic crystal slab at 1.5 microm wavelength. The photonic crystal structures were nanofabricated in a InGaAsP/InP heterostructure platform, and optical characterization was performed using a near-field scanning optical microscope. By designing a suitable lens surface termination, an image spot size of 0.12lambda2 was achieved, demonstrating superlens imaging with subwavelength resolution well below Abbe's diffraction limit (0.5lambda2).
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Affiliation(s)
- B D F Casse
- Electronic Materials Research Institute, Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Gan L, Liu YZ, Li JY, Zhang ZB, Zhang DZ, Li ZY. Ray trace visualization of negative refraction of light in two-dimensional air-bridged silicon photonic crystal slabs at 1.55 microm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:9962-9970. [PMID: 19506646 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.009962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate design, fabrication, and ray trace observation of negative refraction of near-infrared light in a two-dimensional square lattice of air holes etched into an air-bridged silicon slab. Special surface morphologies are designed to reduce the impedance mismatch when light refracts from a homogeneous silicon slab into the photonic crystal slab. We clearly observed negative refraction of infrared light for TE-like modes in a broad wavelength range by using scanning near-field optical microscopy technology. The experimental results are in good agreement with finite-difference time-domain simulations. The results indicate the designed photonic crystal structure can serve as polarization beam splitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gan
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kocaman S, Chatterjee R, Panoiu NC, McMillan JF, Yu MB, Osgood RM, Kwong DL, Wong CW. Observation of zeroth-order band gaps in negative-refraction photonic crystal superlattices at near-infrared frequencies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:203905. [PMID: 19519031 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.203905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present the first observations of zero-n[over ] band gaps in photonic crystal superlattices consisting of alternating stacks of negative-index photonic crystals and positive-index dielectric materials in the near-infrared range. Guided by ab initio three-dimensional numerical simulations, the fabricated nanostructured superlattices demonstrate the presence of zeroth-order gaps in remarkable agreement with theoretical predictions across a range of different superlattice periods and unit cell variations. These volume-averaged zero-index superlattice structures present a new type of photonic band gap, with the potential for complete wave front control for arbitrary phase delay lines and open cavity resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kocaman
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Mocella V, Cabrini S, Chang ASP, Dardano P, Moretti L, Rendina I, Olynick D, Harteneck B, Dhuey S. Self-collimation of light over millimeter-scale distance in a quasi-zero-average-index metamaterial. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:133902. [PMID: 19392354 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the concept of complementary media, we experimentally demonstrate that an engineered metamaterial made of alternating, stripe layers of negatively refracting (photonic crystals) and positively refracting (air) materials strongly collimates a beam of near-infrared light. This quasi-zero-average-index metamaterial fully preserves the beam spot size throughout the sample for a light beam traveling through the metamaterial a distance of 2 mm-more than 1000 times the input wavelength lambda=1.55 microm. These results demonstrate the first explicit experimental verification of optical antimatter as proposed by Pendry and Ramakrishna [J. Pendry and S. Ramakrishna, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 15, 6345 (2003)10.1088/0953-8984/15/37/004], using two complementary media in which each n(eff)=-1 layer appears to annihilate an equal thickness layer of air.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mocella
- CNR-IMM, Unità di Napoli, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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