1
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Kajouri R, Theodorakis PE, Židek J, Milchev A. Antidurotaxis Droplet Motion onto Gradient Brush Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15285-15296. [PMID: 37672007 PMCID: PMC10621003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Durotaxis motion is a spectacular phenomenon manifesting itself by the autonomous motion of a nano-object between parts of a substrate with different stiffness. This motion usually takes place along a stiffness gradient from softer to stiffer parts of the substrate. Here, we propose a new design of a polymer brush substrate that demonstrates antidurotaxis droplet motion, that is, droplet motion from stiffer to softer parts of the substrate. By carrying out extensive molecular dynamics simulation of a coarse-grained model, we find that antidurotaxis is solely controlled by the gradient in the grafting density of the brush and is favorable for fluids with a strong attraction to the substrate (low surface energy). The driving force of the antidurotaxial motion is the minimization of the droplet-substrate interfacial energy, which is attributed to the penetration of the droplet into the brush. Thus, we anticipate that the proposed substrate design offers a new understanding and possibilities in the area of autonomous motion of droplets for applications in microfluidics, energy conservation, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Kajouri
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jan Židek
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova
656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrey Milchev
- Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Hao S, Xie Z, Wang W, Kou J, Wu F. Self-propelled continuous transport of nanoparticles on a wedge-shaped groove track. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4910-4916. [PMID: 36779838 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05875h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the directional motion of nanoparticles on the surface is particularly important for human life, but achieving continuous transport is a time-consuming and demanding task. Here, a spontaneous movement of nanoflakes on a wedge-shaped groove track is demonstrated by using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Moreover, an optimized track, where one end of the substrate is cut into an angle, is introduced to induce a sustained directional movement. It is shown that the wedge-shaped interface results in a driving force for the nanoflakes to move from the diverging to the converging end, and the angular substrate provides an auxiliary driving force at the junction to maintain continuous transport. A force analysis is carried out in detail to reveal the driving mechanism. Moreover, the sustained transport is sensitive to the surface energy and structural characteristics of the track: the nanoflakes are more likely to move continuously on the track with lower surface energy and a smaller substrate and groove opening angle. The present findings are useful for designing nanodevices to control the movement of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqian Hao
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronic Devices and Zhejiang Institute of Photonelectronics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Zhang Xie
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronic Devices and Zhejiang Institute of Photonelectronics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jianlong Kou
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronic Devices and Zhejiang Institute of Photonelectronics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Fengmin Wu
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid State Optoelectronic Devices and Zhejiang Institute of Photonelectronics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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3
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Kajouri R, Theodorakis PE, Deuar P, Bennacer R, Židek J, Egorov SA, Milchev A. Unidirectional Droplet Propulsion onto Gradient Brushes without External Energy Supply. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2818-2828. [PMID: 36758225 PMCID: PMC9948540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using extensive molecular dynamics simulation of a coarse-grained model, we demonstrate the possibility of sustained unidirectional motion (durotaxis) of droplets without external energy supply when placed on a polymer brush substrate with stiffness gradient in a certain direction. The governing key parameters for the specific substrate design studied, which determine the durotaxis efficiency, are found to be the grafting density of the brush and the droplet adhesion to the brush surface, whereas the strength of the stiffness gradient, the viscosity of the droplet, or the length of the polymer chains of the brush have only a minor effect on the process. It is shown that this durotaxial motion is driven by the steady increase of the interfacial energy between droplet and brush as the droplet moves from softer to stiffer parts of the substrate whereby the mean driving force gradually declines with decreasing roughness of the brush surface. We anticipate that our findings indicate further possibilities in the area of nanoscale motion without external energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Kajouri
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Deuar
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rachid Bennacer
- Université
Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LMPS, 4 Av. des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jan Židek
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova
656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sergei A. Egorov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22901 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Institut
für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität
Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Institut Theorie
der Polymere, Hohe Str.
6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrey Milchev
- Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical
Chemistry, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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4
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Zhang B, Li R, Peng Q. Controlling CNT-Based Nanorotors via Hydroxyl Groups. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3363. [PMID: 36234491 PMCID: PMC9565353 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanomotor systems have attracted extensive attention due to their applications in nanorobots and nanodevices. The control of their response is crucial but presents a great challenge. In this work, the rotating and braking processes of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based rotor system have been studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The speed of response can be tuned by controlling the ratio of hydroxyl groups on the edges. The ratio of hydroxyl groups is positively correlated with the speed of response. The mechanism involved is that the strong hydrogen bonds formed between interfaces increase the interface interaction. Incremental increase in the hydroxyl group concentration causes more hydrogen bonds and thus strengthens the interconnection, resulting in the enhancement of the speed of response. The phonon density of states analysis reveals that the vibration of hydroxyl groups plays the key role in energy dissipation. Our results suggest a novel routine to remotely control the nanomotors by modulating the chemical environment, including tuning the hydroxyl groups concentration and pH chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- K.A.CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center at Dhahran, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Izumida W, Okuyama R, Sato K, Kato T, Matsuo M. Einstein-de Haas Nanorotor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:017701. [PMID: 35061474 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.017701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a nanoscale rotor embedded between two ferromagnetic electrodes that is driven by spin injection. The spin-rotation coupling allows this nanorotor to continuously receive angular momentum from an injected spin under steady current flow between ferromagnetic electrodes in an antiparallel magnetization configuration. We develop a quantum theory of this angular-momentum transfer and show that a relaxation process from a precession state into a sleeping top state is crucial for the efficient driving of the nanorotor by solving the master equation. Our work clarifies a general strategy for efficient driving of a nanorotor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Izumida
- Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - R Okuyama
- Department of Physics, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - K Sato
- National Institute of Technology, Sendai College, Sendai 989-3128, Japan
| | - T Kato
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - M Matsuo
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai 319-1195, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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6
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Muraru S, Ionita M. Towards Performant Design of Carbon-Based Nanomotors for Hydrogen Separation through Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249588. [PMID: 33339237 PMCID: PMC7766832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clean energy technologies represent a hot topic for research communities worldwide. Hydrogen fuel, a prized alternative to fossil fuels, displays weaknesses such as the poisoning by impurities of the precious metal catalyst which controls the reaction involved in its production. Thus, separating H2 out of the other gases, meaning CH4, CO, CO2, N2, and H2O is essential. We present a rotating partially double-walled carbon nanotube membrane design for hydrogen separation and evaluate its performance using molecular dynamics simulations by imposing three discrete angular velocities. We provide a nano-perspective of the gas behaviors inside the membrane and extract key insights from the filtration process, pore placement, flux, and permeance of the membrane. We display a very high selectivity case (ω = 180° ps−1) and show that the outcome of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations can be both intuitive and counter-intuitive when increasing the ω parameter (ω = 270° ps−1; ω = 360° ps−1). Thus, in the highly selective, ω = 180° ps−1, only H2 molecules and 1–2 H2O molecules pass into the filtrate area. In the ω = 270° ps−1, H2, CO, CH4, N2, and H2O molecules were observed to pass, while, perhaps counter-intuitively, in the third case, with the highest imposed angular velocity of 360° ps−1 only CH4 and H2 molecules were able to pass through the pores leading to the filtrate area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Muraru
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, GhPolizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, GhPolizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Ionita
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, GhPolizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, GhPolizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
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7
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Huang J, Fan Y, Guo Y, Liang Y. Study of torsional strain effect on dynamic behavior of carbon nanotube thermal actuator. J Mol Model 2020; 26:247. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Allahverdyan AE. Work Extraction from Fluid Flow: The Analog of Carnot's Efficiency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:064503. [PMID: 32845689 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.064503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to explore physical limits of wind turbines, we develop a model for determining the work extractable from a compressible fluid flow. The model employs conservation of mass, energy, and entropy and leads to a universal bound for the efficiency of the work extractable from kinetic energy. The bound is reached for a sufficiently slow, weakly forced quasi-one-dimensional, dissipationless flow. In several respects the bound is similar to the Carnot limit for the efficiency of heat engines. More generally, we show that the maximum work-extraction demands a contribution from the enthalpy, and is reached for sonic output velocities and strong forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Allahverdyan
- Alikhanyan National Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute), Alikhanian Brothers Street 2, Yerevan 375036, Armenia
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9
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Dhar P, Narendren S, Gaur SS, Sharma S, Kumar A, Katiyar V. Self-propelled cellulose nanocrystal based catalytic nanomotors for targeted hyperthermia and pollutant remediation applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:1020-1036. [PMID: 32353506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inspired from biological motors, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are strategically modified to induce self-propulsion behavior with the capabilities to catalytically degrade pollutants along with magnetic hyperthermia to clean arterial plaques during its course of propulsion. CNCs derived from renewable biomass, are decorated with catalytically active, magneto-responsive nanomaterials (Fe2O3/Pd nanoparticles) through sustainable routes. CNC nanomotors show improved propulsion at lowered peroxide concentrations with remotely controlled trajectory through chemo-magnetic field gradients and ideal surface-wettability characteristics, overcoming the requirement of surfactants, as with traditional nanomotors. We observed that nanomotors undergo motion through heterogeneous bubble propulsion mechanism, with capability to in situ degrade pollutants and generate local heat through hyperthermia, enhancing the rate of degradation process in real time. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that the dynamics of nanomotors can be controlled in a microfluidic channel through site-directed magnetic field and induction of pH gradient, mimicking the chemotaxis in cell-like environment and as swarm of nano-surgeons removes plaques from clogged arteries. Our study shows that strategic modification of CNCs results in fabrication of nanomotors with efficient propulsion system infused with multi-functional characteristics of high catalytic activity and magnetic hyperthermia which opens up new avenues for utilization of bio-based nanomotors derived from lignocellulose for myriad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodyut Dhar
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Soundararajan Narendren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Surendra Singh Gaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Saksham Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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10
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Khan MB, Wang S, Wang C, Chen S. Rotation of nanoflake driven by strain gradient fields in locally-indented graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:015303. [PMID: 31519015 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rotation of nano-components is necessary in nanoscale mechanical systems (NMS) to enable various functions of nanomachines, however, the actuation and modulation of nanoscale rotation have been poorly investigated up to now. In this paper, we conduct molecular dynamics simulations to study the in-plane rotation of a graphene nanoflake hinged to a graphene substrate by easily accessible nanoindentation techniques. The flake can be driven to rotate by strain gradient fields (SGFs) induced by indenting the substrate locally. The effect of flake size, indenting velocity and position on flake rotation are studied systematically. It is found that there exists a critical range of flake size which is comparable to that of SGFs. The direction of flake rotation, i.e. clockwise or counterclockwise, can be tuned effectively by indenting the substrate asymmetrically with respect to the flake. Besides, the rotation can be speeded up by simply indenting more quickly. Furthermore, the flake can be trapped in a desired region on the substrate by adopting double SGFs. The continuous rotation of the flake can be realized by intermittently indenting the substrate near the flake. These results may be useful for designing the rotation of components in NMSs and nanoscale manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Khan
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China. Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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11
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Theodorakis PE, Egorov SA, Milchev A. Stiffness-guided motion of a droplet on a solid substrate. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:244705. [PMID: 28668029 DOI: 10.1063/1.4990436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of technologies require the directed motion of nanoscale droplets on solid substrates. A way of realizing this effect is durotaxis, whereby a stiffness gradient of a substrate can induce directional motion without requiring an energy source. Here, we report on the results of extensive molecular dynamics investigations of droplets on a surface with varying stiffness. We find that durotaxis is enhanced by increasing the stiffness gradient and, also, by increased wettability of the substrate, in particular, when the droplet size decreases. We anticipate that our study will provide further insights into the mechanisms of nanoscale directional motion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergei A Egorov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
| | - Andrey Milchev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Sliding Dynamics of Parallel Graphene Sheets: Effect of Geometry and Van Der Waals Interactions on Nano-Spring Behavior. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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13
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Guo Z, Zhang H, Li J, Leng J, Zhang Y, Chang T. An intrinsic energy conversion mechanism via telescopic extension and retraction of concentric carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4897-4903. [PMID: 29480296 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07971k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of other forms of energy into mechanical work through the geometrical extension and retraction of nanomaterials has a wide variety of potential applications, including for mimicking biomotors. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that there exists an intrinsic energy conversion mechanism between thermal energy and mechanical work in the telescopic motions of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs). A DWCNT can inherently convert heat into mechanical work in its telescopic extension process, while convert mechanical energy into heat in its telescopic retraction process. These two processes are nearly thermodynamically reversible. The underlying mechanism for this energy conversion is that the configurational entropy changes with the telescopic overlapping length of concentric individual tubes. We also find that the entropy effect enlarges with the decreasing intertube space of DWCNTs. As a result, the spontaneous telescopic motion of a condensed DWCNT can be switched to extrusion by increasing the system temperature above a critical value. These findings are important for fundamentally understanding the mechanical behavior of concentric nanotubes, and may have general implications in the application of DWCNTs as linear motors in nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Strain effects on rotational property in nanoscale rotation system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:432. [PMID: 29323187 PMCID: PMC5765013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a study of strain effects on nanoscale rotation system consists of double-walls carbon nanotube and graphene. It is found that the strain effects can be a real-time controlling method for nano actuator system. The strain effects on rotational property as well as the effect mechanism is studied systematically through molecular dynamics simulations, and it obtains valuable conclusions for engineering application of rotational property management of nanoscale rotation system. It founds that the strain effects tune the rotational property by influencing the intertube supporting effect and friction effect of double-walls carbon nanotube, which are two critical factors of rotational performance. The mechanism of strain effects on rotational property is investigated in theoretical level based on analytical model established through lattice dynamics theory. This work suggests great potentials of strain effects for nanoscale real-time control, and provides new ideas for design and application of real-time controllable nanoscale rotation system.
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15
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Rahman MM, Chowdhury MM, Alam MK. Rotating-Electric-Field-Induced Carbon-Nanotube-Based Nanomotor in Water: A Molecular Dynamics Study. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603978. [PMID: 28371324 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that a carbon nanotube (CNT) suspended in water and subjected to a rotating electric field of proper magnitude and angular speed can be rotated with the aid of water dipole orientations. Based on this principle, a rotational nanomotor structure is designed and the system is simulated in water. Use of the fast responsiveness of electric-field-induced CNT orientation in water is employed and its operation at ultrahigh-speed (over 1011 r.p.m.) is shown. To explain the basic mechanism, the behavior of the rotational actuation, originated from the water dipole orientation, is also analyzed . The proposed nanomotor is capable of rotating an attached load (such as CNT) at a precise angle as well as nanogear-based complex structures. The findings suggest a potential way of using the electric-field-induced CNT rotation in polarizable fluids as a novel tool to operate nanodevices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mushfiqur Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mokter Mahmud Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Md Kawsar Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
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16
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Dai C, Guo Z, Zhang H, Chang T. A nanoscale linear-to-linear motion converter of graphene. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14406-14410. [PMID: 27335206 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01565d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Motion conversion plays an irreplaceable role in a variety of machinery. Although many macroscopic motion converters have been widely used, it remains a challenge to convert motion at the nanoscale. Here we propose a nanoscale linear-to-linear motion converter, made of a flake-substrate system of graphene, which can convert the out-of-plane motion of the substrate into the in-plane motion of the flake. The curvature gradient induced van der Waals potential gradient between the flake and the substrate provides the driving force to achieve motion conversion. The proposed motion converter may have general implications for the design of nanomachinery and nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
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17
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Tu Q, Yang Q, Wang H, Li S. Rotating carbon nanotube membrane filter for water desalination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26183. [PMID: 27188982 PMCID: PMC4870614 DOI: 10.1038/srep26183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have designed a porous nanofluidic desalination device, a rotating carbon nanotube membrane filter (RCNT-MF), for the reverse osmosis desalination that can turn salt water into fresh water. The concept as well as design strategy of RCNT-MF is modeled, and demonstrated by using molecular dynamics simulation. It has been shown that the RCNT-MF device may significantly improve desalination efficiency by combining the centrifugal force propelled reverse osmosis process and the porous CNT-based fine scale selective separation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Tu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaofan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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18
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Zeng YH, Jiang WG, Qin QH. Oscillators based on double-walled armchair@zigzag carbon nanotubes containing inner tubes with different helical rises. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:095705. [PMID: 26855175 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/9/095705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach is presented to improve the oscillatory behavior of oscillators based on double-walled carbon nanotubes containing rotating inner tubes applied with different helical rises. The influence of the helical rise on the oscillatory amplitude, frequency, and stability of inner tubes with different helical rises in armchair@zigzag bitubes is investigated using the molecular dynamics method. Our simulated results show that the oscillatory behavior is very sensitive to the applied helical rise. The inner tube with h = 10 Å has the most ideal hexagon after the energy minimization and NVT process in the armchair@zigzag bitubes, superior even to the inner tube without a helical rise, and thus it exhibits better oscillatory behavior compared with other modes. Therefore, we can apply an appropriate helical rise on the inner tube to produce a stable and smooth oscillator based on double-walled carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Zeng
- School of Aeronautical Manufacturing Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
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19
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Sadeghi H, Sangtarash S, Al-Galiby Q, Sparks R, Bailey S, Lambert CJ. Negative differential electrical resistance of a rotational organic nanomotor. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:2332-7. [PMID: 26734524 PMCID: PMC4685900 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A robust, nanoelectromechanical switch is proposed based upon an asymmetric pendant moiety anchored to an organic backbone between two C60 fullerenes, which in turn are connected to gold electrodes. Ab initio density functional calculations are used to demonstrate that an electric field induces rotation of the pendant group, leading to a nonlinear current-voltage relation. The nonlinearity is strong enough to lead to negative differential resistance at modest source-drain voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatef Sadeghi
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Qusiy Al-Galiby
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Rachel Sparks
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Steven Bailey
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Quantum Technology Centre, Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, UK
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20
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Wang C, Chen S. Motion Driven by Strain Gradient Fields. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13675. [PMID: 26323603 PMCID: PMC4555178 DOI: 10.1038/srep13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new driving mechanism for direction-controlled motion of nano-scale objects is proposed, based on a model of stretching a graphene strip linked to a rigid base with linear springs of identical stiffness. We find that the potential energy difference induced by the strain gradient field in the graphene strip substrate can generate sufficient force to overcome the static and kinetic friction forces between the nano-flake and the strip substrate, resulting in the nanoscale flake motion in the direction of gradient reduction. The dynamics of the nano-flake can be manipulated by tuning the stiffness of linear springs, stretching velocity and the flake size. This fundamental law of directional motion induced by strain gradient could be very useful for promising designs of nanoscale manipulation, transportation and smart surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- LNM, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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21
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Chang T, Zhang H, Guo Z, Guo X, Gao H. Nanoscale directional motion towards regions of stiffness. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:015504. [PMID: 25615480 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.015504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
How to induce nanoscale directional motion via some intrinsic mechanisms pertaining to a nanosystem remains a challenge in nanotechnology. Here we show via molecular dynamics simulations that there exists a fundamental driving force for a nanoscale object to move from a region of lower stiffness toward one of higher stiffness on a substrate. Such nanoscale directional motion is induced by the difference in effective van der Waals potential energy due to the variation in stiffness of the substrate; i.e., all other conditions being equal, a nanoscale object on a stiffer substrate has lower van der Waals potential energy. This fundamental law of nanoscale directional motion could lead to promising routes for nanoscale actuation and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tienchong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China and Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China and School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Xingming Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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22
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Spiechowicz J, Hänggi P, Łuczka J. Brownian motors in the microscale domain: enhancement of efficiency by noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:032104. [PMID: 25314392 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.032104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study a noisy drive mechanism for efficiency enhancement of Brownian motors operating on the microscale domain. It was proven [J. Spiechowicz et al., J. Stat. Mech. (2013) P02044] that biased noise η(t) can induce normal and anomalous transport processes similar to those generated by a static force F acting on inertial Brownian particles in a reflection-symmetric periodic structure in the presence of symmetric unbiased time-periodic driving. Here, we show that within selected parameter regimes, noise η(t) of the mean value 〈η(t)〉=F can be significantly more effective than the deterministic force F: the motor can move much faster, its velocity fluctuations are much smaller, and the motor efficiency increases several times. These features hold true in both normal and absolute negative mobility regimes. We demonstrate this with detailed simulations by resource to generalized white Poissonian noise. Our theoretical results can be tested and corroborated experimentally by use of a setup that consists of a resistively and capacitively shunted Josephson junction. The suggested strategy to replace F by η(t) may provide a new operating principle in which micro- and nanomotors could be powered by biased noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spiechowicz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - P Hänggi
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany and Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstrasse, 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - J Łuczka
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland and Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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23
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Bustos-Marún R, Refael G, von Oppen F. Adiabatic quantum motors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:060802. [PMID: 23971547 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
When parameters are varied periodically, charge can be pumped through a mesoscopic conductor without applied bias. Here, we consider the inverse effect in which a transport current drives a periodic variation of an adiabatic degree of freedom. This provides a general operating principle for adiabatic quantum motors which we discuss here in general terms. We relate the work performed per cycle on the motor degree of freedom to characteristics of the underlying quantum pump and discuss the motors' efficiency. Quantum motors based on chaotic quantum dots operate solely due to quantum interference, and motors based on Thouless pumps have ideal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Bustos-Marún
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Shklyaev OE, Mockensturm E, Crespi VH. Theory of carbomorph cycles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:156803. [PMID: 25167297 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.156803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a theory of a reversibly deforming sp2-carbon-based system controlled by competing strain, surface, and electrostatic energies, a carbomorph. For example, external forces (such as electrostatic, chemical, interfacial) could convert a bistable carbon nanotube between the collapsed and inflated states. Such a system could operate as a voltage-controlled constant-force spring, a charge-controlled harmonic spring, or an electromechanical engine or generator (with linear stroke up to few microns) driven across a propagating quasi-one-dimensional structural phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USA
| | - Eric Mockensturm
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USA
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USA
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Dundas D, Cunningham B, Buchanan C, Terasawa A, Paxton AT, Todorov TN. An ignition key for atomic-scale engines. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:402203. [PMID: 22987859 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/40/402203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A current-carrying resonant nanoscale device, simulated by non-adiabatic molecular dynamics, exhibits sharp activation of non-conservative current-induced forces with bias. The result, above the critical bias, is generalized rotational atomic motion with a large gain in kinetic energy. The activation exploits sharp features in the electronic structure, and constitutes, in effect, an ignition key for atomic-scale motors. A controlling factor for the effect is the non-equilibrium dynamical response matrix for small-amplitude atomic motion under current. This matrix can be found from the steady-state electronic structure by a simpler static calculation, providing a way to detect the likely appearance, or otherwise, of non-conservative dynamics, in advance of real-time modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dundas
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
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Todorov TN, Dundas D, Paxton AT, Horsfield AP. Nonconservative current-induced forces: A physical interpretation. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 2:727-33. [PMID: 22259754 PMCID: PMC3257496 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We give a physical interpretation of the recently demonstrated nonconservative nature of interatomic forces in current-carrying nanostructures. We start from the analytical expression for the curl of these forces, and evaluate it for a point defect in a current-carrying system. We obtain a general definition of the capacity of electrical current flow to exert a nonconservative force, and thus do net work around closed paths, by a formal noninvasive test procedure. Second, we show that the gain in atomic kinetic energy over time, generated by nonconservative current-induced forces, is equivalent to the uncompensated stimulated emission of directional phonons. This connection with electron-phonon interactions quantifies explicitly the intuitive notion that nonconservative forces work by angular momentum transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tchavdar N Todorov
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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27
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Abstract
Although small structures can be fabricated by deposition, lithography and etching, in some cases their intrinsic variability precludes their use as elements in useful arrays. Manufacture is a proper subset of fabrication. We show that structures with 3 nm design rules can be fabricated but not manufactured in a top-down approach-they do not have the reproducibility to give a satisfactory yield to a pre-ordained specification. It is also shown that the transition from manufacturability to intrinsic unmanufacturability takes place at nearer 7 nm design rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Tsetseris L, Pantelides ST. Defect-related hysteresis in nanotube-based nano-electromechanical systems. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:245. [PMID: 21711767 PMCID: PMC3211306 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) depend on the positions of their walls with respect to neighboring shells. This fact can enable several applications of MWCNTs as nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS). In this article, we report the findings of a first-principles study on the stability and dynamics of point defects in double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) and their role in the response of the host systems under inter-tube displacement. Key defect-related effects, namely, sudden energy changes and hysteresis, are identified, and their relevance to a host of MWCNT-based NEMS is highlighted. The results also demonstrate the dependence of these effects on defect clustering and chirality of DWCNT shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15780 Athens, Greece
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sokrates T Pantelides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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29
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Oroszlány L, Zólyomi V, Lambert CJ. Carbon nanotube Archimedes screws. ACS NANO 2010; 4:7363-7366. [PMID: 21126086 DOI: 10.1021/nn1020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nanomechanical devices composed of a long stationary inner carbon nanotube and a shorter, slowly rotating outer tube have been fabricated. In this paper, we study the possibility of using such devices as nanoscale transducers of motion into electricity. When the outer tube is chiral, we show that such devices act like quantum Archimedes screws, which utilize mechanical energy to pump electrons between reservoirs. We calculate the pumped charge from one end of the inner tube to the other, driven by the rotation of a chiral outer nanotube. We show that the pumped charge can be greater than one electron per 360° rotation, and consequently, such a device operating with a rotational frequency of 10 MHz, for example, would deliver a current of ≈1 pAmp.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Oroszlány
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom.
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30
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Brandbyge M. Computational nanoscience: atomic waterwheels go to work. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:81-2. [PMID: 19197303 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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31
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Dundas D, McEniry EJ, Todorov TN. Current-driven atomic waterwheels. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:99-102. [PMID: 19197311 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A current induces forces on atoms inside the conductor that carries it. It is now possible to compute these forces from scratch, and to perform dynamical simulations of the atomic motion under current. One reason for this interest is that current can be a destructive force--it can cause atoms to migrate, resulting in damage and in the eventual failure of the conductor. But one can also ask, can current be made to do useful work on atoms? In particular, can an atomic-scale motor be driven by electrical current, as it can be by other mechanisms? For this to be possible, the current-induced forces on a suitable rotor must be non-conservative, so that net work can be done per revolution. Here we show that current-induced forces in atomic wires are not conservative and that they can be used, in principle, to drive an atomic-scale waterwheel.
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32
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Nanotechnology: Electron windmills. Nature 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/454005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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