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Bellucci V, Zdora MC, Mikeš L, Birnšteinová Š, Oberta P, Romagnoni M, Mazzolari A, Villanueva-Perez P, Mokso R, David C, Makita M, Cipiccia S, Uličný J, Meents A, Mancuso AP, Chapman HN, Vagovič P. Hard X-ray stereographic microscopy for single-shot differential phase imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18399-18406. [PMID: 37381551 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The characterisation of fast phenomena at the microscopic scale is required for the understanding of catastrophic responses of materials to loads and shocks, the processing of materials by optical or mechanical means, the processes involved in many key technologies such as additive manufacturing and microfluidics, and the mixing of fuels in combustion. Such processes are usually stochastic in nature and occur within the opaque interior volumes of materials or samples, with complex dynamics that evolve in all three dimensions at speeds exceeding many meters per second. There is therefore a need for the ability to record three-dimensional X-ray movies of irreversible processes with resolutions of micrometers and frame rates of microseconds. Here we demonstrate a method to achieve this by recording a stereo phase-contrast image pair in a single exposure. The two images are combined computationally to reconstruct a 3D model of the object. The method is extendable to more than two simultaneous views. When combined with megahertz pulse trains of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) it will be possible to create movies able to resolve 3D trajectories with velocities of kilometers per second.
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Design of a Hybrid Split-Delay Line for Hard X-ray Free-Electron Lasers. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
High repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable the study of fast dynamics on microsecond time scales. Split-delay lines (SDLs) further bring the time scale down to femtoseconds by splitting and delaying the XFEL pulses. Crystals and multilayers are two common types of optical elements in SDLs, offering either long delay ranges or high temporal accuracy. In this work, we introduce the design of a hybrid SDL for the coherent diffraction endstation of Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE). It uses crystals for the first branch and multilayers for the second one, thus simultaneously offering a relatively long delay range and high temporal accuracy. Moreover, a third branch can be installed to switch the SDL to the all-crystal configuration for longer delay ranges.
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Lu W, Friedrich B, Noll T, Zhou K, Hallmann J, Ansaldi G, Roth T, Serkez S, Geloni G, Madsen A, Eisebitt S. Development of a hard X-ray split-and-delay line and performance simulations for two-color pump-probe experiments at the European XFEL. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:063121. [PMID: 29960553 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A hard X-ray Split-and-Delay Line (SDL) under construction for the Materials Imaging and Dynamics station at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) is presented. This device aims at providing pairs of X-ray pulses with a variable time delay ranging from -10 ps to 800 ps in a photon energy range from 5 to 10 keV for photon correlation and X-ray pump-probe experiments. A custom designed mechanical motion system including active feedback control ensures that the high demands for stability and accuracy can be met and the design goals achieved. Using special radiation configurations of the European XFEL's SASE-2 undulator (SASE: Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission), two-color hard x-ray pump-probe schemes with varying photon energy separations have been proposed. Simulations indicate that more than 109 photons on the sample per pulse-pair and up to about 10% photon energy separation can be achieved in the hard X-ray region using the SDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lu
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - B Friedrich
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Noll
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - J Hallmann
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Ansaldi
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T Roth
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Serkez
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Geloni
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Madsen
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - S Eisebitt
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Spence JCH. XFELs for structure and dynamics in biology. IUCRJ 2017; 4:322-339. [PMID: 28875020 PMCID: PMC5571796 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517005760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development and application of the free-electron X-ray laser (XFEL) to structure and dynamics in biology since its inception in 2009 are reviewed. The research opportunities which result from the ability to outrun most radiation-damage effects are outlined, and some grand challenges are suggested. By avoiding the need to cool samples to minimize damage, the XFEL has permitted atomic resolution imaging of molecular processes on the 100 fs timescale under near-physiological conditions and in the correct thermal bath in which molecular machines operate. Radiation damage, comparisons of XFEL and synchrotron work, single-particle diffraction, fast solution scattering, pump-probe studies on photosensitive proteins, mix-and-inject experiments, caged molecules, pH jump and other reaction-initiation methods, and the study of molecular machines are all discussed. Sample-delivery methods and data-analysis algorithms for the various modes, from serial femtosecond crystallo-graphy to fast solution scattering, fluctuation X-ray scattering, mixing jet experiments and single-particle diffraction, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. H. Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, ISIC, FSB, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Spence JCH, Weierstall U, Chapman HN. X-ray lasers for structural and dynamic biology. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:102601. [PMID: 22975810 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Research opportunities and techniques are reviewed for the application of hard x-ray pulsed free-electron lasers (XFEL) to structural biology. These include the imaging of protein nanocrystals, single particles such as viruses, pump--probe experiments for time-resolved nanocrystallography, and snapshot wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) from molecules in solution. The use of femtosecond exposure times, rather than freezing of samples, as a means of minimizing radiation damage is shown to open up new opportunities for the molecular imaging of biochemical reactions at room temperature in solution. This is possible using a 'diffract-and-destroy' mode in which the incident pulse terminates before radiation damage begins. Methods for delivering hundreds of hydrated bioparticles per second (in random orientations) to a pulsed x-ray beam are described. New data analysis approaches are outlined for the correlated fluctuations in fast WAXS, for protein nanocrystals just a few molecules on a side, and for the continuous x-ray scattering from a single virus. Methods for determining the orientation of a molecule from its diffraction pattern are reviewed. Methods for the preparation of protein nanocrystals are also reviewed. New opportunities for solving the phase problem for XFEL data are outlined. A summary of the latest results is given, which now extend to atomic resolution for nanocrystals. Possibilities for time-resolved chemistry using fast WAXS (solution scattering) from mixtures is reviewed, toward the general goal of making molecular movies of biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C H Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Elser V. Strategies for processing diffraction data from randomly oriented particles. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:788-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Duke EMH, Johnson LN. Macromolecular crystallography at synchrotron radiation sources: current status and future developments. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation (SR) has revealed the atomic structures of numerous biological macromolecules including proteins and protein complexes, nucleic acids and their protein complexes, viruses, membrane proteins and drug targets. The bright SR X-ray beam with its small divergence has made the study of weakly diffracting crystals of large biological molecules possible. The ability to tune the wavelength of the SR beam to the absorption edge of certain elements has allowed anomalous scattering to be exploited for phase determination. We review the developments at synchrotron sources and beamlines from the early days to the present time, and discuss the significance of the results in providing a deeper understanding of the biological function, the design of new therapeutic molecules and time-resolved studies of dynamic events using pump–probe techniques. Radiation damage, a problem with bright X-ray sources, has been partially alleviated by collecting data at low temperature (100 K) but work is ongoing. In the most recent development, free electron laser sources can offer a peak brightness of hard X-rays approximately 10
8
times brighter than that achieved at SR sources. We describe briefly how early experiments at FLASH and Linear Coherent Light Source have shown exciting possibilities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. H. Duke
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - L. N. Johnson
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Santra R, Kryzhevoi NV, Cederbaum LS. X-ray two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy: a theoretical study of inner-shell spectra of the organic para-aminophenol molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:013002. [PMID: 19659143 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The inner-shell single and double ionization spectra of the organic molecule para-aminophenol are calculated using many-body Green's function methods. The inner-shell double ionization spectrum displays more pronounced sensitivity to the chemical environment and to electronic many-body effects than does the inner-shell single ionization spectrum. A kinetic model is employed to determine the probability of inner-shell double hole formation in para-aminophenol exposed to an intense, 1 fs x-ray pulse. The resulting photoelectron spectrum at a photon energy of 1 keV is calculated. This work suggests that x-ray two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy using x-ray free-electron lasers will provide access to electronic-structure information not currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Santra
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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