1
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Wang Z, Rich J, Hao N, Gu Y, Chen C, Yang S, Zhang P, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidics for simultaneous nanoparticle-based drug loading and exosome encapsulation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:45. [PMID: 35498337 PMCID: PMC9051122 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarrier and exosome encapsulation has been found to significantly increase the efficacy of targeted drug delivery while also minimizing unwanted side effects. However, the development of exosome-encapsulated drug nanocarriers is limited by low drug loading efficiencies and/or complex, time-consuming drug loading processes. Herein, we have developed an acoustofluidic device that simultaneously performs both drug loading and exosome encapsulation. By synergistically leveraging the acoustic radiation force, acoustic microstreaming, and shear stresses in a rotating droplet, the concentration, and fusion of exosomes, drugs, and porous silica nanoparticles is achieved. The final product consists of drug-loaded silica nanocarriers that are encased within an exosomal membrane. The drug loading efficiency is significantly improved, with nearly 30% of the free drug (e.g., doxorubicin) molecules loaded into the nanocarriers. Furthermore, this acoustofluidic drug loading system circumvents the need for complex chemical modification, allowing drug loading and encapsulation to be completed within a matter of minutes. These exosome-encapsulated nanocarriers exhibit excellent efficiency in intracellular transport and are capable of significantly inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. By utilizing physical forces to rapidly generate hybrid nanocarriers, this acoustofluidic drug loading platform wields the potential to significantly impact innovation in both drug delivery research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Nanjing Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Yuyang Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Chuyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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2
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A magnetic levitation based low-gravity simulator with an unprecedented large functional volume. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:40. [PMID: 34716356 PMCID: PMC8556250 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-gravity environment can have a profound impact on the behaviors of biological systems, the dynamics of fluids, and the growth of materials. Systematic research on the effects of gravity is crucial for advancing our knowledge and for the success of space missions. Due to the high cost and the limitations in the payload size and mass in typical spaceflight missions, ground-based low-gravity simulators have become indispensable for preparing spaceflight experiments and for serving as stand-alone research platforms. Among various simulator systems, the magnetic levitation-based simulator (MLS) has received long-lasting interest due to its easily adjustable gravity and practically unlimited operation time. However, a recognized issue with MLSs is their highly non-uniform force field. For a solenoid MLS, the functional volume V1%, where the net force results in an acceleration <1% of the Earth's gravity g, is typically a few microliters (μL) or less. In this work, we report an innovative MLS design that integrates a superconducting magnet with a gradient-field Maxwell coil. Through an optimization analysis, we show that an unprecedented V1% of over 4000 μL can be achieved in a compact coil with a diameter of 8 cm. We also discuss how such an MLS can be made using existing high-Tc-superconducting materials. When the current in this MLS is reduced to emulate the gravity on Mars (gM = 0.38g), a functional volume where the gravity varies within a few percent of gM can exceed 20,000 μL. Our design may break new ground for future low-gravity research.
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3
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Gu Y, Chen C, Mao Z, Bachman H, Becker R, Rufo J, Wang Z, Zhang P, Mai J, Yang S, Zhang J, Zhao S, Ouyang Y, Wong DTW, Sadovsky Y, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic centrifuge for nanoparticle enrichment and separation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabc0467. [PMID: 33523836 PMCID: PMC7775782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid droplets have been studied for decades and have recently experienced renewed attention as a simplified model for numerous fascinating physical phenomena occurring on size scales from the cell nucleus to stellar black holes. Here, we present an acoustofluidic centrifugation technique that leverages an entanglement of acoustic wave actuation and the spin of a fluidic droplet to enable nanoparticle enrichment and separation. By combining acoustic streaming and droplet spinning, rapid (<1 min) nanoparticle concentration and size-based separation are achieved with a resolution sufficient to identify and isolate exosome subpopulations. The underlying physical mechanisms have been characterized both numerically and experimentally, and the ability to process biological samples (including DNA segments and exosome subpopulations) has been successfully demonstrated. Together, this acoustofluidic centrifuge overcomes existing limitations in the manipulation of nanoscale (<100 nm) bioparticles and can be valuable for various applications in the fields of biology, chemistry, engineering, material science, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chuyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ryan Becker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - John Mai
- Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shuaiguo Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - David T W Wong
- School of Dentistry and the Departments of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery and Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, NC 27708, USA.
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5
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Koyano Y, Kitahata H, Hasegawa K, Matsumoto S, Nishinari K, Watanabe T, Kaneko A, Abe Y. Diffusion enhancement in a levitated droplet via oscillatory deformation. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033109. [PMID: 33075995 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental results indicate that mixing is enhanced by a reciprocal flow induced inside a levitated droplet with an oscillatory deformation [T. Watanabe et al., Sci. Rep. 8, 10221 (2018)2045-232210.1038/s41598-018-28451-5]. Generally, reciprocal flow cannot convect the solutes in time average, and agitation cannot take place. In the present paper, we focus on the diffusion process coupled with the reciprocal flow. We theoretically derive that the diffusion process can be enhanced by the reciprocal flow, and the results are confirmed via numerical calculation of the over-damped Langevin equation with a reciprocal flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Koyano
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitahata
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Kogakuin University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsumoto
- Human Space Flight Technology Directorate, Japan Space Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nishinari
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Research Institute of Nuclear Engineering, University of Fukui, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0055, Japan
| | - Akiko Kaneko
- Graduate School of System and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yutaka Abe
- Graduate School of System and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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6
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Kumar S, Ghosh A, Chaudhuri J, Timung S, Dasmahapatra AK, Bandyopadhyay D. Self-organized spreading of droplets to fluid toroids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:738-748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Scase MM, Baldwin KA, Hill RJA. Magnetically induced Rayleigh-Taylor instability under rotation: Comparison of experimental and theoretical results. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:043101. [PMID: 33212718 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.043101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our theoretical work has shown that rotating a Rayleigh-Taylor-unstable two-layer stratification about a vertical axis slows the development of the instability under gravity and can stabilize axisymmetric modes indefinitely. Here we compare theoretical predictions directly with our experiments on a rotating two-layer system which is made unstable by magnetic forces applied using a superconducting magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Scase
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - K A Baldwin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - R J A Hill
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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8
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Carbonaro A, Cipelletti L, Truzzolillo D. Spinning Drop Dynamics in Miscible and Immiscible Environments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11330-11339. [PMID: 31403308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the extensional dynamics of spinning drops in miscible and immiscible background fluids following a rotational speed jump. Two radically different behaviors are observed. Drops in immiscible environments relax exponentially to their equilibrium shape, with a relaxation time that does not depend on the centrifugal force. We find an excellent quantitative agreement with the relaxation time predicted for quasi-spherical drops by Stone and Bush (Q. Appl. Math. 1996, 54, 551), while other models proposed in the literature fail to capture our data. By contrast, drops immersed in a miscible background fluid do not relax to a steady shape: they elongate indefinitely, their length following a power-law l(t)∼t2/5 in very good agreement with the dynamics predicted by Lister and Stone (J. Fluid Mech. 1996, 317, 275) for inviscid drops. Our results strongly suggest that low compositional gradients in miscible fluids do not give rise to an effective interfacial tension measurable by spinning drop tensiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carbonaro
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C)UMR 5221, CNRS-Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Luca Cipelletti
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C)UMR 5221, CNRS-Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Domenico Truzzolillo
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C)UMR 5221, CNRS-Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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9
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Abstract
Free superfluid helium droplets constitute a versatile medium for a diverse range of experiments in physics and chemistry that extend from studies of the fundamental laws of superfluid motion to the synthesis of novel nanomaterials. In particular, the emergence of quantum vortices in rotating helium droplets is one of the most dramatic hallmarks of superfluidity and gives detailed access to the wave function describing the quantum liquid. This review provides an introduction to quantum vorticity in helium droplets, followed by a historical account of experiments on vortex visualization in bulk superfluid helium and a more detailed discussion of recent advances in the study of the rotational motion of isolated, nano- to micrometer-scale superfluid helium droplets. Ultrafast X-ray and extreme ultraviolet scattering techniques enabled by X-ray free-electron lasers and high-order harmonic generation in particular have facilitated the in situ detection of droplet shapes and the imaging of vortex structures inside individual, isolated droplets. New applications of helium droplets ranging from studies of quantum phase separations to mechanisms of low-temperature aggregation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gessner
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrey F. Vilesov
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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10
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Li H, Fang W, Li Y, Yang Q, Li M, Li Q, Feng XQ, Song Y. Spontaneous droplets gyrating via asymmetric self-splitting on heterogeneous surfaces. Nat Commun 2019; 10:950. [PMID: 30837468 PMCID: PMC6401179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet impacting and bouncing off solid surface plays a vital role in various biological/physiological processes and engineering applications. However, due to a lack of accurate control of force transmission, the maneuver of the droplet movement and energy conversion is rather primitive. Here we show that the translational motion of an impacting droplet can be converted to gyration, with a maximum rotational speed exceeding 7300 revolutions per minute, through heterogeneous surface wettability regulation. The gyration behavior is enabled by the synergetic effect of the asymmetric pinning forces originated from surface heterogeneity and the excess surface energy of the spreading droplet after impact. The findings open a promising avenue for delicate control of liquid motion as well as actuating of solids. Controlling droplet impact and rebound behaviour can have applications in inkjet printing and self-cleaning. Here the authors show how a chemically-patterned surface with high-adhesive spirals surrounded by hydrophobic, low-adhesive regions leads to gyration behaviour of impacting droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Fang
- AML, CNMM and Department of Engineering Mechanics, and State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qunyang Li
- AML, CNMM and Department of Engineering Mechanics, and State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- AML, CNMM and Department of Engineering Mechanics, and State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China.
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11
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Langbehn B, Sander K, Ovcharenko Y, Peltz C, Clark A, Coreno M, Cucini R, Drabbels M, Finetti P, Di Fraia M, Giannessi L, Grazioli C, Iablonskyi D, LaForge AC, Nishiyama T, Oliver Álvarez de Lara V, Piseri P, Plekan O, Ueda K, Zimmermann J, Prince KC, Stienkemeier F, Callegari C, Fennel T, Rupp D, Möller T. Three-Dimensional Shapes of Spinning Helium Nanodroplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:255301. [PMID: 30608832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.255301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of superfluid helium nanodroplets produced in a free-jet expansion has been observed to gain high angular momentum resulting in large centrifugal deformation. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of individual rotating helium nanodroplets up to large scattering angles using intense extreme ultraviolet light pulses from the FERMI free-electron laser. Distinct asymmetric features in the wide-angle diffraction patterns enable the unique and systematic identification of the three-dimensional droplet shapes. The analysis of a large data set allows us to follow the evolution from axisymmetric oblate to triaxial prolate and two-lobed droplets. We find that the shapes of spinning superfluid helium droplets exhibit the same stages as classical rotating droplets while the previously reported metastable, oblate shapes of quantum droplets are not observed. Our three-dimensional analysis represents a valuable landmark for clarifying the interrelation between morphology and superfluidity on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Sander
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew Clark
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Marcel Drabbels
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Di Fraia
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Iablonskyi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Paolo Piseri
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Julian Zimmermann
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | | | - Carlo Callegari
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Wilson KE, Westerberg N, Valiente M, Duncan CW, Wright EM, Öhberg P, Faccio D. Observation of Photon Droplets and Their Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:133903. [PMID: 30312099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.133903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental evidence of photon droplets in an attractive (focusing) nonlocal nonlinear medium. Photon droplets are self-bound, finite-sized states of light that are robust to size and shape perturbations due to a balance of competing attractive and repulsive forces. It has recently been shown theoretically, via a multipole expansion of the nonlocal nonlinearity, that the self-bound state arises due to competition between the s-wave and d-wave nonlinear terms, together with diffraction. The theoretical photon droplet framework encompasses both a solitonlike stationary ground state and the nonsolitonlike dynamics that ensue when the system is displaced from equilibrium, i.e., driven into an excited state. We present numerics and experiments supporting the existence of these photon droplet states and measurements of the dynamical evolution of the photon droplet orbital angular momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali E Wilson
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Niclas Westerberg
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Callum W Duncan
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan M Wright
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Patrik Öhberg
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Faccio
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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13
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Avrămescu RE, Ghica MV, Dinu-Pîrvu C, Udeanu DI, Popa L. Liquid Marbles: From Industrial to Medical Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:E1120. [PMID: 29747389 PMCID: PMC6099950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid marbles are versatile structures demonstrating a pseudo-Leidenfrost wetting regime formed by encapsulating microscale volumes of liquid in a particle shell. The liquid core is completely separated from the exterior through air pockets. The external phase consists of hydrophobic particles, in most cases, or hydrophilic ones distributed as aggregates. Their interesting features arise from the double solid-fluid character. Thus, these interesting formations, also known as “dry waters”, have gained attention in surface science. This review paper summarizes a series of proposed formulations, fabrication techniques and properties, in correlation with already discovered and emerging applications. A short general review of the surface properties of powders (contact angle, superficial tension) is proposed, followed by a presentation of liquid marbles’ properties (superficial characteristics, elasticity, self-propulsion etc.). Finally, applications of liquid marbles are discussed, mainly as helpful and yet to be exploited structures in the pharmaceutical and medical field. Innovative pharmaceutical forms (Pickering emulsions) are also means of use taken into account as applications which need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Elena Avrămescu
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela-Violeta Ghica
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Dinu-Pîrvu
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Denisa Ioana Udeanu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Lăcrămioara Popa
- Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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Liao L, Hill RJA. Shapes and Fissility of Highly Charged and Rapidly Rotating Levitated Liquid Drops. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:114501. [PMID: 28949221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We use diamagnetic levitation to investigate the shapes and the stability of free electrically charged and spinning liquid drops of volume ∼1 ml. In addition to binary fission and Taylor cone-jet fission modes observed at low and high charge density, respectively, we also observe an unusual mode which appears to be a hybrid of the two. Measurements of the angular momentum required to fission a charged drop show that nonrotating drops become unstable to fission at the amount of charge predicted by Lord Rayleigh. This result is in contrast to the observations of most previous experiments on fissioning charged drops, which typically exhibit fission well below Rayleigh's limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - R J A Hill
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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15
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Bhattacharjee M, Pasumarthi V, Chaudhuri J, Singh AK, Nemade H, Bandyopadhyay D. Self-spinning nanoparticle laden microdroplets for sensing and energy harvesting. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6118-28. [PMID: 26931770 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of a volatile organic vapour could set in powerful rotational motion a microdroplet composed of an aqueous salt solution loaded with metal nanoparticles. The solutal Marangoni motion on the surface originating from the sharp difference in the surface tension of water and organic vapour stimulated the strong vortices inside the droplet. The vapour sources of methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, toluene, and chloroform stimulated motions of different magnitudes could easily be correlated to the surface tension gradient on the drop surface. Interestingly, when the nanoparticle laden droplet of aqueous salt solution was connected to an external electric circuit through a pair of electrodes, an ∼85-95% reduction in the electrical resistance was observed across the spinning droplet. The extent of reduction in the resistance was found to have a correlation with the difference in the surface tension of the vapour source and the water droplet, which could be employed to distinguish the vapour sources. Remarkably, the power density of the same prototype was estimated to be around 7 μW cm(-2), which indicated the potential of the phenomenon in converting surface energy into electrical in a non-destructive manner and under ambient conditions. Theoretical analysis uncovered that the difference in the ζ-potential near the electrodes was the major reason for the voltage generation. The prototype could also detect the repeated exposure and withdrawal of vapour sources, which helped in the development of a proof-of-concept detector to sense alcohol issuing out of the human breathing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitradip Bhattacharjee
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
| | - Viswanath Pasumarthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Joydip Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
| | - Harshal Nemade
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India. and Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
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16
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Lin PC, I L. Acoustically levitated dancing drops: Self-excited oscillation to chaotic shedding. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:021101. [PMID: 26986279 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.021101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate self-excited oscillation and shedding of millimeter-sized water drops, acoustically levitated in a single-node standing waves cavity, by decreasing the steady acoustic wave intensity below a threshold. The perturbation of the acoustic field by drop motion is a possible source for providing an effective negative damping for sustaining the growing amplitude of the self-excited motion. Its further interplay with surface tension, drop inertia, gravity and acoustic intensities, select various self-excited modes for different size of drops and acoustic intensity. The large drop exhibits quasiperiodic motion from a vertical mode and a zonal mode with growing coupling, as oscillation amplitudes grow, until falling on the floor. For small drops, chaotic oscillations constituted by several broadened sectorial modes and corresponding zonal modes are self-excited. The growing oscillation amplitude leads to droplet shedding from the edges of highly stretched lobes, where surface tension no longer holds the rapid expanding flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 32001, Republic of China
| | - Lin I
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 32001, Republic of China
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17
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Baldwin KA, Butler SL, Hill RJA. Artificial tektites: an experimental technique for capturing the shapes of spinning drops. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7660. [PMID: 25564381 PMCID: PMC4288211 DOI: 10.1038/srep07660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the shapes of a rotating liquid droplet bound by surface tension is an archetypal problem in the study of the equilibrium shapes of a spinning and charged droplet, a problem that unites models of the stability of the atomic nucleus with the shapes of astronomical-scale, gravitationally-bound masses. The shapes of highly deformed droplets and their stability must be calculated numerically. Although the accuracy of such models has increased with the use of progressively more sophisticated computational techniques and increases in computing power, direct experimental verification is still lacking. Here we present an experimental technique for making wax models of these shapes using diamagnetic levitation. The wax models resemble splash-form tektites, glassy stones formed from molten rock ejected from asteroid impacts. Many tektites have elongated or ‘dumb-bell' shapes due to their rotation mid-flight before solidification, just as we observe here. Measurements of the dimensions of our wax ‘artificial tektites' show good agreement with equilibrium shapes calculated by our numerical model, and with previous models. These wax models provide the first direct experimental validation for numerical models of the equilibrium shapes of spinning droplets, of importance to fundamental physics and also to studies of tektite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Baldwin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Samuel L Butler
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Richard J A Hill
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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18
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Gomez LF, Ferguson KR, Cryan JP, Bacellar C, Tanyag RMP, Jones C, Schorb S, Anielski D, Belkacem A, Bernando C, Boll R, Bozek J, Carron S, Chen G, Delmas T, Englert L, Epp SW, Erk B, Foucar L, Hartmann R, Hexemer A, Huth M, Kwok J, Leone SR, Ma JHS, Maia FRNC, Malmerberg E, Marchesini S, Neumark DM, Poon B, Prell J, Rolles D, Rudek B, Rudenko A, Seifrid M, Siefermann KR, Sturm FP, Swiggers M, Ullrich J, Weise F, Zwart P, Bostedt C, Gessner O, Vilesov AF. Shapes and vorticities of superfluid helium nanodroplets. Science 2014; 345:906-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1252395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ken R. Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James P. Cryan
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Camila Bacellar
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rico Mayro P. Tanyag
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Curtis Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Denis Anielski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ali Belkacem
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Charles Bernando
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rebecca Boll
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - John Bozek
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian Carron
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tjark Delmas
- CFEL, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Englert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85741 Garching, Germany
| | - Sascha W. Epp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Huth
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - Justin Kwok
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan H. S. Ma
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Filipe R. N. C. Maia
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erik Malmerberg
- Physical Biosciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Calfornia Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefano Marchesini
- Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Billy Poon
- Physical Biosciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rudek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Katrin R. Siefermann
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felix P. Sturm
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michele Swiggers
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Weise
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Petrus Zwart
- Physical Biosciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Oliver Gessner
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrey F. Vilesov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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19
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Temperton RH, Hill RJA, Sharp JS. Mechanical vibrations of magnetically levitated viscoelastic droplets. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:5375-5379. [PMID: 24939709 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00982g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical vibrations of magnetically levitated droplets were investigated using a simple optical deflection technique. Droplets of water and a water-based solution of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) were levitated in the bore of a superconducting magnet and perturbed with a short puff of air. Centre of mass and surface vibrations were monitored using laser light refracted through the droplet, focussed on to the end of an optical fiber and detected using a photodiode. Time dependent variations in the voltage generated by the photodiode were Fourier transformed to obtain the frequency and spectral width of the drops' mechanical resonances. A simple theory of drop vibration was developed to extract the rheological properties of the droplets from these quantities. The resulting values of G' and G'' that were extracted were found to be in good agreement with values obtained using conventional rheology techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Temperton
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Nottingham Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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20
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Foresti D, Poulikakos D. Acoustophoretic contactless elevation, orbital transport and spinning of matter in air. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:024301. [PMID: 24484018 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.024301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present the experimental demonstration and theoretical framework of an acoustophoretic concept enabling contactless, controlled orbital motion or spinning of droplets and particles in air. The orbital plane is parallel to gravity, requiring acoustophoretic lifting and elevation. The motion (spinning, smooth, or turnstile) is shown to have its origin in the spatiotemporal modulation of the acoustic field and the acoustic potential nodes. We describe the basic principle in terms of a superposition of harmonic acoustic potential sources and the intrinsic tendency of the particle to locate itself at the bottom of the total potential well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Foresti
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Self organization of exotic oil-in-oil phases driven by tunable electrohydrodynamics. Sci Rep 2012; 2:738. [PMID: 23071902 PMCID: PMC3471097 DOI: 10.1038/srep00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Self organization of large-scale structures in nature - either coherent structures like crystals, or incoherent dynamic structures like clouds - is governed by long-range interactions. In many problems, hydrodynamics and electrostatics are the source of such long-range interactions. The tuning of electrostatic interactions has helped to elucidate when coherent crystalline structures or incoherent amorphous structures form in colloidal systems. However, there is little understanding of self organization in situations where both electrostatic and hydrodynamic interactions are present. We present a minimal two-component oil-in-oil model system where we can control the strength and lengthscale of the electrohydrodynamic interactions by tuning the amplitude and frequency of the imposed electric field. As a function of the hydrodynamic lengthscale, we observe a rich phenomenology of exotic structure and dynamics, from incoherent cloud-like structures and chaotic droplet dynamics, to polyhedral droplet phases, to coherent droplet arrays.
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22
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Herranz R, Larkin OJ, Dijkstra CE, Hill RJA, Anthony P, Davey MR, Eaves L, van Loon JJWA, Medina FJ, Marco R. Microgravity simulation by diamagnetic levitation: effects of a strong gradient magnetic field on the transcriptional profile of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:52. [PMID: 22296880 PMCID: PMC3305489 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many biological systems respond to the presence or absence of gravity. Since experiments performed in space are expensive and can only be undertaken infrequently, Earth-based simulation techniques are used to investigate the biological response to weightlessness. A high gradient magnetic field can be used to levitate a biological organism so that its net weight is zero. RESULTS We have used a superconducting magnet to assess the effect of diamagnetic levitation on the fruit fly D. melanogaster in levitation experiments that proceeded for up to 22 consecutive days. We have compared the results with those of similar experiments performed in another paradigm for microgravity simulation, the Random Positioning Machine (RPM). We observed a delay in the development of the fruit flies from embryo to adult. Microarray analysis indicated changes in overall gene expression of imagoes that developed from larvae under diamagnetic levitation, and also under simulated hypergravity conditions. Significant changes were observed in the expression of immune-, stress-, and temperature-response genes. For example, several heat shock proteins were affected. We also found that a strong magnetic field, of 16.5 Tesla, had a significant effect on the expression of these genes, independent of the effects associated with magnetically-induced levitation and hypergravity. CONCLUSIONS Diamagnetic levitation can be used to simulate an altered effective gravity environment in which gene expression is tuned differentially in diverse Drosophila melanogaster populations including those of different age and gender. Exposure to the magnetic field per se induced similar, but weaker, changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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24
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Lira SA, Miranda JA, Oliveira RM. Stationary shapes of confined rotating magnetic liquid droplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:036318. [PMID: 21230182 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.036318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We study the family of steady shapes which arise when a magnetic liquid droplet is confined in a rotating Hele-Shaw cell and subjected to an azimuthal magnetic field. Two different scenarios are considered: first, the magnetic fluid is assumed to be a Newtonian ferrofluid, and then it is taken as a viscoelastic magnetorheological fluid. The influence of the distinct material properties of the fluids on the ultimate morphology of the emerging stationary patterns is investigated by using a vortex-sheet formalism. Some of these exact steady structures are similar to the advanced time patterns obtained by existing time-evolving numerical simulations of the problem. A weakly nonlinear approach is employed to examine this fact and to gain analytical insight about relevant aspects related to the stability of such exact stationary solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio A Lira
- Departamento de Física, LFTC, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil
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25
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Dijkstra CE, Larkin OJ, Anthony P, Davey MR, Eaves L, Rees CED, Hill RJA. Diamagnetic levitation enhances growth of liquid bacterial cultures by increasing oxygen availability. J R Soc Interface 2010; 8:334-44. [PMID: 20667843 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamagnetic levitation is a technique that uses a strong, spatially varying magnetic field to reproduce aspects of weightlessness, on the Earth. We used a superconducting magnet to levitate growing bacterial cultures for up to 18 h, to determine the effect of diamagnetic levitation on all phases of the bacterial growth cycle. We find that diamagnetic levitation increases the rate of population growth in a liquid culture and reduces the sedimentation rate of the cells. Further experiments and microarray gene analysis show that the increase in growth rate is owing to enhanced oxygen availability. We also demonstrate that the magnetic field that levitates the cells also induces convective stirring in the liquid. We present a simple theoretical model, showing how the paramagnetic force on dissolved oxygen can cause convection during the aerobic phases of bacterial growth. We propose that this convection enhances oxygen availability by transporting oxygen around the liquid culture. Since this process results from the strong magnetic field, it is not present in other weightless environments, e.g. in Earth orbit. Hence, these results are of significance and timely to researchers considering the use of diamagnetic levitation to explore effects of weightlessness on living organisms and on physical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia E Dijkstra
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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26
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Hill RJA, Eaves L. Vibrations of a diamagnetically levitated water droplet. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:056312. [PMID: 20866327 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.056312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We measure the frequencies of small-amplitude shape oscillations of a magnetically levitated water droplet. The droplet levitates in a magnetogravitational potential trap. The restoring forces of the trap, acting on the droplet's surface in addition to the surface tension, increase the frequency of the oscillations. We derive the eigenfrequencies of the normal mode vibrations of a spherical droplet in the trap and compare them with our experimental measurements. We also consider the effect of the shape of the potential trap on the eigenfrequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J A Hill
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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27
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Shen CL, Xie WJ, Wei B. Parametrically excited sectorial oscillation of liquid drops floating in ultrasound. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:046305. [PMID: 20481825 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.046305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report experiments in which the nonaxisymmetric sectorial oscillations of water drops have been excited using acoustic levitation and an active modulation method. The observed stable sectorial oscillations are up to the seventh mode. These oscillations are excited by parametric resonance. The oblate initial shape of the water drops is essential to this kind of excitations. The oscillation frequency increases with mode number but decreases with equatorial radius for each mode number. The data can be well described by a modified Rayleigh equation, without the use of additional parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Shen
- Department of Applied Physics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
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28
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Pairam E, Fernández-Nieves A. Generation and stability of toroidal droplets in a viscous liquid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:234501. [PMID: 19658939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.234501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We use a simple method to generate toroidal droplets and study how they transform into spherical droplets. The method relies on the viscous forces exerted by a rotating continuous phase over a liquid which is extruded from an injection needle; the resultant jet is forced to close into a torus due to the imposed rotation. Once formed, the torus transforms into single or multiple spheres. Interestingly, we find there are two routes for this process depending on the aspect ratio of the torus. For thin tori, classical hydrodynamic instabilities induce its breakup into a precise number of droplets. By contrast, for sufficiently fat tori, unstable modes are unable to grow, and the torus evolves through a different route; it shrinks towards its center to coalesce onto itself, to finally form a single spherical droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pairam
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA
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