1
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Tomm N, Antoniadis NO, Janovitch M, Brunelli M, Schott R, Valentin SR, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Potts PP, Javadi A, Warburton RJ. Realization of a Coherent and Efficient One-Dimensional Atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:083602. [PMID: 39241708 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.083602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
A quantum emitter interacting with photons in a single optical-mode constitutes a one-dimensional atom. A coherent and efficiently coupled one-dimensional atom provides a large nonlinearity, enabling photonic quantum gates. Achieving a high coupling efficiency (β factor) and low dephasing is challenging. Here, we use a semiconductor quantum dot in an open microcavity as an implementation of a one-dimensional atom. With a weak laser input, we achieve an extinction of 99.2% in transmission and a concomitant bunching in the photon statistics of g^{(2)}(0)=587, showcasing the reflection of the single-photon component and the transmission of the multi-photon components of the coherent input. The tunable nature of the microcavity allows β to be adjusted and gives control over the photon statistics-from strong bunching to antibunching-and the phase of the transmitted photons. We obtain excellent agreement between experiment and theory by going beyond the single-mode Jaynes-Cummings model. Our results pave the way towards the creation of exotic photonic states and two-photon phase gates.
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2
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Mehdi E, Gundín M, Millet C, Somaschi N, Lemaître A, Sagnes I, Le Gratiet L, Fioretto DA, Belabas N, Krebs O, Senellart P, Lanco L. Giant optical polarisation rotations induced by a single quantum dot spin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:598. [PMID: 38238312 PMCID: PMC10796934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the framework of optical quantum computing and communications, a major objective consists in building receiving nodes implementing conditional operations on incoming photons, using a single stationary qubit. In particular, the quest for scalable nodes motivated the development of cavity-enhanced spin-photon interfaces with solid-state emitters. An important challenge remains, however, to produce a stable, controllable, spin-dependent photon state, in a deterministic way. Here we use an electrically-contacted pillar-based cavity, embedding a single InGaAs quantum dot, to demonstrate giant polarisation rotations induced on reflected photons by a single electron spin. A complete tomography approach is introduced to extrapolate the output polarisation Stokes vector, conditioned by a specific spin state, in presence of spin and charge fluctuations. We experimentally approach polarisation states conditionally rotated by [Formula: see text], π, and [Formula: see text] in the Poincaré sphere with extrapolated fidelities of (97 ± 1) %, (84 ± 7) %, and (90 ± 8) %, respectively. We find that an enhanced light-matter coupling, together with limited cavity birefringence and reduced spectral fluctuations, allow targeting most conditional rotations in the Poincaré sphere, with a control both in longitude and latitude. Such polarisation control may prove crucial to adapt spin-photon interfaces to various configurations and protocols for quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mehdi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - M Gundín
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - C Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - N Somaschi
- Quandela, 7 rue Leonard de Vinci, 91300, Massy, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - I Sagnes
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - L Le Gratiet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - D A Fioretto
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- Quandela, 7 rue Leonard de Vinci, 91300, Massy, France
| | - N Belabas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - O Krebs
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - P Senellart
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - L Lanco
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005, Paris, France.
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3
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Brooks A, Chu XL, Liu Z, Schott R, Ludwig A, Wieck AD, Midolo L, Lodahl P, Rotenberg N. Integrated Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonator for Solid-State Coherent Quantum Photonics. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8707-8714. [PMID: 34636568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailored photonics cavities enhance light-matter interactions, ultimately enabling a fully coherent quantum interface. Here, we report an integrated microdisk cavity containing self-assembled quantum dots to coherently route photons between different access waveguides. We measure a Purcell factor of Fexp = 6.9 ± 0.9 for a cavity quality factor of about 10,000, allowing us to observe clear signatures of coherent scattering of photons by the quantum dots. We show how this integrated system can coherently reroute photons between the drop and bus ports and how this routing is controlled by detuning the quantum dot and resonator or through the strength of the excitation beam, where a critical photon number less than one photon per lifetime is required. We discuss the strengths and limitations of this approach, focusing on how the coherent scattering and single-photon nonlinearity can be used to increase the efficiency of quantum devices such as routers or Bell-state analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Brooks
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Liu Chu
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhe Liu
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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A gated quantum dot strongly coupled to an optical microcavity. Nature 2019; 575:622-627. [PMID: 31634901 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The strong-coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) represents the light-matter interaction at the fully quantum level. Adding a single photon shifts the resonance frequencies-a profound nonlinearity. Cavity QED is a test bed for quantum optics1-3 and the basis of photon-photon and atom-atom entangling gates4,5. At microwave frequencies, cavity QED has had a transformative effect6, enabling qubit readout and qubit couplings in superconducting circuits. At optical frequencies, the gates are potentially much faster; the photons can propagate over long distances and can be easily detected. Following pioneering work on single atoms1-3,7, solid-state implementations using semiconductor quantum dots are emerging8-15. However, miniaturizing semiconductor cavities without introducing charge noise and scattering losses remains a challenge. Here we present a gated, ultralow-loss, frequency-tunable microcavity device. The gates allow both the quantum dot charge and its resonance frequency to be controlled electrically. Furthermore, cavity feeding10,11,13-17, the observation of the bare-cavity mode even at the quantum dot-cavity resonance, is eliminated. Even inside the microcavity, the quantum dot has a linewidth close to the radiative limit. In addition to a very pronounced avoided crossing in the spectral domain, we observe a clear coherent exchange of a single energy quantum between the 'atom' (the quantum dot) and the cavity in the time domain (vacuum Rabi oscillations), whereas decoherence arises mainly via the atom and photon loss channels. This coherence is exploited to probe the transitions between the singly and doubly excited photon-atom system using photon-statistics spectroscopy18. The work establishes a route to the development of semiconductor-based quantum photonics, such as single-photon sources and photon-photon gates.
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5
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Luo Z, Sun S, Karasahin A, Bracker AS, Carter SG, Yakes MK, Gammon D, Waks E. A Spin-Photon Interface Using Charge-Tunable Quantum Dots Strongly Coupled to a Cavity. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7072-7077. [PMID: 31483668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Charged quantum dots containing an electron or hole spin are bright solid-state qubits suitable for quantum networks and distributed quantum computing. Incorporating such quantum dot spin into a photonic crystal cavity creates a strong spin-photon interface in which the spin can control a photon by modulating the cavity reflection coefficient. However, previous demonstrations of such spin-photon interfaces have relied on quantum dots that are charged randomly by nearby impurities, leading to instability in the charge state, which causes poor contrast in the cavity reflectivity. Here we demonstrate a strong spin-photon interface using a quantum dot that is charged deterministically with a diode structure. By incorporating this actively charged quantum dot in a photonic crystal cavity, we achieve strong coupling between the cavity mode and the negatively charged state of the dot. Furthermore, by initializing the spin through optical pumping, we show strong spin-dependent modulation of the cavity reflectivity, corresponding to a cooperativity of 12. This spin-dependent reflectivity is important for mediating entanglement between spins using photons, as well as generating strong photon-photon interactions for applications in quantum networking and distributed quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouchen Luo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Aziz Karasahin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Allan S Bracker
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Samuel G Carter
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Michael K Yakes
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Daniel Gammon
- Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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6
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Cuadra J, Baranov DG, Wersäll M, Verre R, Antosiewicz TJ, Shegai T. Observation of Tunable Charged Exciton Polaritons in Hybrid Monolayer WS 2-Plasmonic Nanoantenna System. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1777-1785. [PMID: 29369640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Formation of dressed light-matter states in optical structures, manifested as Rabi splitting of the eigen energies of a coupled system, is one of the key effects in quantum optics. In pursuing this regime with semiconductors, light is usually made to interact with excitons, electrically neutral quasiparticles of semiconductors; meanwhile interactions with charged three-particle states, trions, have received little attention. Here, we report on strong interaction between localized surface plasmons in silver nanoprisms and excitons and trions in monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2). We show that the plasmon-exciton interactions in this system can be efficiently tuned by controlling the charged versus neutral exciton contribution to the coupling process. In particular, we show that a stable trion state emerges and couples efficiently to the plasmon resonance at low temperature by forming three bright intermixed plasmon-exciton-trion polariton states. Our findings open up a possibility to exploit electrically charged polaritons at the single nanoparticle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuadra
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Denis G Baranov
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Martin Wersäll
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Ruggero Verre
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Tomasz J Antosiewicz
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Göteborg , Sweden
- Centre of New Technologies , University of Warsaw , Banacha 2c , 02-097 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 , Göteborg , Sweden
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7
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Chakraborty C, Goodfellow KM, Dhara S, Yoshimura A, Meunier V, Vamivakas AN. Quantum-Confined Stark Effect of Individual Defects in a van der Waals Heterostructure. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2253-2258. [PMID: 28267348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of atomically thin semiconductor materials have been widely studied because of the isolation of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). They have rich optoelectronic properties owing to their large direct bandgap, the interplay between the spin and the valley degree of freedom of charge carriers, and the recently discovered localized excitonic states giving rise to single photon emission. In this Letter, we study the quantum-confined Stark effect of these localized emitters present near the edges of monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2). By carefully designing sequences of metallic (graphene), insulating (hexagonal boron nitride), and semiconducting (WSe2) two-dimensional materials, we fabricate a van der Waals heterostructure field effect device with WSe2 hosting quantum emitters that is responsive to external static electric field applied to the device. A very efficient spectral tunability up to 21 meV is demonstrated. Further, evaluation of the spectral shift in the photoluminescence signal as a function of the applied voltage enables us to extract the polarizability volume (up to 2000 Å3) as well as information on the dipole moment of an individual emitter. The Stark shift can be further modulated on application of an external magnetic field, where we observe a flip in the sign of dipole moment possibly due to rearrangement of the position of electron and hole wave functions within the emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony Yoshimura
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - A Nick Vamivakas
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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8
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Sun S, Kim H, Solomon GS, Waks E. A quantum phase switch between a single solid-state spin and a photon. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:539-544. [PMID: 26854569 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between single spins and photons are essential for quantum networks and distributed quantum computation. Achieving spin-photon interactions in a solid-state device could enable compact chip-integrated quantum circuits operating at gigahertz bandwidths. Many theoretical works have suggested using spins embedded in nanophotonic structures to attain this high-speed interface. These proposals implement a quantum switch where the spin flips the state of the photon and a photon flips the spin state. However, such a switch has not yet been realized using a solid-state spin system. Here, we report an experimental realization of a spin-photon quantum switch using a single solid-state spin embedded in a nanophotonic cavity. We show that the spin state strongly modulates the polarization of a reflected photon, and a single reflected photon coherently rotates the spin state. These strong spin-photon interactions open up a promising direction for solid-state implementations of high-speed quantum networks and on-chip quantum information processors using nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Hyochul Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Glenn S Solomon
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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9
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Moody G, McDonald C, Feldman A, Harvey T, Mirin RP, Silverman KL. Electronic Enhancement of the Exciton Coherence Time in Charged Quantum Dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:037402. [PMID: 26849614 PMCID: PMC4822415 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.037402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Minimizing decoherence due to coupling of a quantum system to its fluctuating environment is at the forefront of quantum information and photonics research. Nature sets the ultimate limit, however, given by the strength of the system's coupling to the electromagnetic field. Here, we establish the ability to electronically control this coupling and enhance the optical coherence time of the charged exciton transition in quantum dots embedded in a photonic waveguide. By manipulating the electronic wave functions through an applied lateral electric field, we increase the coherence time from ∼1.4 to ∼2.7 ns. Numerical calculations reveal that longer coherence arises from the separation of charge carriers by up to ∼6 nm, which leads to a 30% weaker transition dipole moment. The ability to electronically control the coherence time opens new avenues for quantum communication and novel coupling schemes between distant qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Moody
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO 80305
| | - C. McDonald
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO 80305
| | - A. Feldman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO 80305
| | - T. Harvey
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO 80305
| | - R. P. Mirin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO 80305
| | - K. L. Silverman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO 80305
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10
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Bakker MP, Snijders H, Löffler W, Barve AV, Coldren LA, Bouwmeester D, van Exter MP. Homodyne detection of coherence and phase shift of a quantum dot in a cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3173-3176. [PMID: 26125395 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A homodyne measurement technique is demonstrated that enables direct observation of the coherence and phase of light that passed through a coupled quantum dot (QD)-microcavity system, which in turn enables clear identification of coherent and incoherent QD transitions. As an example, we study the effect of power-induced decoherence, where the QD transition saturates and incoherent emission from the excited state dominates at higher power. Further, we show that the same technique allows measurement of the quantum phase shift induced by a single QD in the cavity, which is strongly enhanced by cavity quantum electrodynamics effects.
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11
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Bakker MP, Suntrup DJ, Snijders H, Truong TA, Petroff PM, Bouwmeester D, van Exter MP. Fine tuning of micropillar cavity modes through repetitive oxidations. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:3308-3311. [PMID: 23988942 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive wet thermal oxidations of a tapered oxide aperture in a micropillar structure are demonstrated. After each oxidation step the confined optical modes are analyzed at room temperature. Three regimes are identified. First, the optical confinement increases when the aperture oxidizes toward the center. Then, the cavity modes shift by more than 30 nm when the taper starts to oxidize through the center, leading to a decrease in the optical path length. Finally, the resonance frequency levels off when the aperture is oxidized all the way through the micropillar, but confined optical modes with a high quality factor remain. This repetitive oxidation technique therefore enables precise control of the optical cavity volume or wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten P Bakker
- Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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12
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Warburton RJ. Single spins in self-assembled quantum dots. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:483-93. [PMID: 23695745 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled quantum dots have excellent photonic properties. For instance, a single quantum dot is a high-brightness, narrow-linewidth source of single photons. Furthermore, the environment of a single quantum dot can be tailored relatively easily using semiconductor heterostructure and post-growth processing techniques, enabling electrical control of the quantum dot charge and control over the photonic modes with which the quantum dot interacts. A single electron or hole trapped inside a quantum dot has spintronics applications. Although the spin dephasing is rather rapid, a single spin can be manipulated using optical techniques on subnanosecond timescales. Optical experiments are also providing new insights into old issues, such as the central spin problem. This Review provides a snapshot of this active field, with some indications for the future. It covers the basic materials and optical properties of single quantum dots, techniques for initializing, manipulating and reading out single spin qubits, and the mechanisms that limit the electron-spin and hole-spin coherence.
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13
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Munsch M, Malik NS, Dupuy E, Delga A, Bleuse J, Gérard JM, Claudon J, Gregersen N, Mørk J. Dielectric GaAs antenna ensuring an efficient broadband coupling between an InAs quantum dot and a Gaussian optical beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:177402. [PMID: 23679773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.177402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the photonic trumpet, a dielectric structure which ensures a nearly perfect coupling between an embedded quantum light source and a Gaussian free-space beam. A photonic trumpet exploits both the broadband spontaneous emission control provided by a single-mode photonic wire and the expansion of this mode within a conical taper. Numerical simulations highlight the performance and robustness of this concept. As a first application in the field of quantum optics, we report the realization of an ultrabright single-photon source. The device, a high aspect ratio GaAs photonic trumpet containing a few InAs quantum dots, demonstrates a first-lens external efficiency of 0.75±0.1 and an external coupling efficiency to a Gaussian beam as high as 0.58±0.08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Munsch
- CEA-CNRS-UJF Group, Nanophysique et Semiconducteurs, CEA, INAC, SP2M, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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14
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Bonato C, Gudat J, de Vries K, Thon SM, Kim H, Petroff PM, van Exter MP, Bouwmeester D. Optical modes in oxide-apertured micropillar cavities. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4678-4680. [PMID: 23164877 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed experimental characterization of the spectral and spatial structure of the confined optical modes for oxide-apertured micropillar cavities, showing good-quality Hermite-Gaussian profiles, easily mode-matched to external fields. We further derive a relation between the frequency splitting of the transverse modes and the expected Purcell factor. Finally, we describe a technique to retrieve the profile of the confining refractive index distribution from the spatial profiles of the modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Bonato
- Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands.
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15
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Loo V, Arnold C, Gazzano O, Lemaître A, Sagnes I, Krebs O, Voisin P, Senellart P, Lanco L. Optical nonlinearity for few-photon pulses on a quantum dot-pillar cavity device. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:166806. [PMID: 23215114 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.166806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Giant optical nonlinearity is observed under both continuous wave and pulsed excitation in a deterministically coupled quantum dot-micropillar system, in a pronounced strong-coupling regime. Using absolute reflectivity measurements we determine the critical intracavity photon number as well as the input and output coupling efficiencies of the device. Thanks to a near-unity input-coupling efficiency, we demonstrate a record nonlinearity threshold of only 8 incident photons per pulse. The output-coupling efficiency is found to strongly influence this nonlinearity threshold. We show how the fundamental limit of single-photon nonlinearity can be attained in realistic devices, which would provide an effective interaction between two coincident single-photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Loo
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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16
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Gazzano O, Michaelis de Vasconcellos S, Gauthron K, Symonds C, Bloch J, Voisin P, Bellessa J, Lemaître A, Senellart P. Evidence for confined tamm plasmon modes under metallic microdisks and application to the control of spontaneous optical emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:247402. [PMID: 22243024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.247402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate strong confinement of the optical field by depositing a micron sized metallic disk on a planar distributed Bragg reflector. Confined Tamm plasmon modes are evidenced both experimentally and theoretically, with a lateral confinement limited to the disk area and strong coupling to TE polarized fields. Single quantum dots controllably coupled to these modes are shown to experience acceleration of their spontaneous emission when spectrally resonant with the mode. For quantum dots spectrally detuned from the confined Tamm plasmon mode, an inhibition of spontaneous emission by a factor 40±4 is observed, a record value in the optical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Gazzano
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, LPN/CNRS, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
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Rakher MT, Bose R, Wong CW, Srinivasan K. Fiber-based cryogenic and time-resolved spectroscopy of PbS quantum dots. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:1786-1793. [PMID: 21368993 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PbS quantum dots are promising active emitters for use with high-quality Si nanophotonic devices in the telecommunications-band. Measurements of low quantum dot densities are limited both because of low fluorescence levels and the challenges of single photon detection at these wavelengths. Here, we report on methods using a fiber taper waveguide to efficiently extract PbS quantum dot photoluminescence. Temperature dependent ensemble measurements reveal an increase in emitted photons concomitant with an increase in excited-state lifetime from 58.9 ns at 293 K to 657 ns at 40 K. Measurements are also performed on quantum dots on high-Q (>10(5)) microdisks using cavity-resonant, pulsed excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Rakher
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6203, USA.
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18
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Yilmaz ST, Fallahi P, Imamoğlu A. Quantum-dot-spin single-photon interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:033601. [PMID: 20867763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Using background-free detection of spin-state-dependent resonance fluorescence from a single-electron charged quantum dot with an efficiency of 0.1%, we realize a classical single spin-photon interface where the detection of a scattered photon with 300 ps time resolution projects the quantum dot spin to a definite spin eigenstate with fidelity exceeding 99%. The bunching of resonantly scattered photons reveals information about electron spin dynamics. High-fidelity fast spin-state initialization heralded by a single photon enables the realization of quantum information processing tasks such as nondeterministic distant spin entanglement. Given that we could suppress the measurement backaction to well below the natural spin-flip rate, realization of a quantum nondemolition measurement of a single spin could be achieved by increasing the fluorescence collection efficiency by a factor exceeding 10 using a photonic nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Yilmaz
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zu¨rich, Switzerland
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Thon SM, Irvine WTM, Kleckner D, Bouwmeester D. Polychromatic photonic quasicrystal cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:243901. [PMID: 20867302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal slabs provide unique opportunities for the manipulation of light on semiconductor chips. The patterns of holes in the slabs are typically designed to maximize the width, depth and symmetry of a single photonic band gap. Quasicrystalline patterns are ideal from this point of view; here, we show that, owing to the presence of multiple Bragg scattering length scales, they also have the desirable property of supporting multiple photonic band gaps in the same slab. This opens up the possibility of creating polychromatic cavities that could be used to extend the possibilities for single photons on optical chips, including on-chip frequency conversion in III-V semiconductors. We study several quasicrystalline structures which support high quality cavity modes at multiple resonant frequencies using 2D and 3D FDTD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna M Thon
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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Bonato C, Haupt F, Oemrawsingh SSR, Gudat J, Ding D, van Exter MP, Bouwmeester D. CNOT and Bell-state analysis in the weak-coupling cavity QED regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:160503. [PMID: 20482035 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.160503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We propose an interface between the spin of a photon and the spin of an electron confined in a quantum dot embedded in a microcavity operating in the weak-coupling regime. This interface, based on spin selective photon reflection from the cavity, can be used to construct a CNOT gate, a multiphoton entangler and a photonic Bell-state analyzer. Finally, we analyze experimental feasibility, concluding that the schemes can be implemented with current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Bonato
- Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Lindner NH, Rudolph T. Proposal for pulsed on-demand sources of photonic cluster state strings. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:113602. [PMID: 19792371 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to convert certain single photon sources into devices capable of emitting large strings of photonic cluster state in a controlled and pulsed "on-demand" manner. Such sources would greatly reduce the resources required to achieve linear optical quantum computation. Standard spin errors, such as dephasing, are shown to affect only 1 or 2 of the emitted photons at a time. This allows for the use of standard fault tolerance techniques, and shows that the photonic machine gun can be fired for arbitrarily long times. Using realistic parameters for current quantum dot sources, we conclude high entangled-photon emission rates are achievable, with Pauli-error rates per photon of less than 0.2%. For quantum dot sources, the method has the added advantage of alleviating the problematic issues of obtaining identical photons from independent, nonidentical quantum dots, and of exciton dephasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel H Lindner
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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