1
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Min Y, Xu X, Lv X, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Hao X, Tan J. Probing the electron motion in molecules using forward-scattering photoelectron holography. Opt Express 2024; 32:857-870. [PMID: 38175105 DOI: 10.1364/oe.513783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Charge migration initiated by the coherent superposition of several electronic states is a basic process in intense laser-matter interactions. Observing this process on its intrinsic timescale is one of the central goals of attosecond science. Here, using forward-scattering photoelectron holography we theoretically demonstrate a scheme to probe the charge migration in molecules. In our scheme, by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the photoelectron momentum distributions (PEMDs) for strong-field tunneling ionization of the molecule are obtained. For a superposition state, it is shown that an intriguing shift of the holographic interference appears in the PEMDs, when the molecule is aligned perpendicularly to the linearly polarized laser field. With the quantum-orbit analysis, we demonstrate that this shift of the interference fringes is caused by the time evolution of the non-stationary superposition state. By analyzing the dependence of the shift on the final parallel momentum of the electrons, the relative phase and the expansion coefficient ratio of the two electronic states involved in the superposition state are determined accurately. Our study provides an efficient method for probing the charge migration in molecules. It will facilitate the application of the forward-scattering photoelectron holography to survey the electronic dynamics in more complex molecules.
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2
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Brennecke S, Ranke M, Dimitriou A, Walther S, Prandolini MJ, Lein M, Frühling U. Control of Electron Wave Packets Close to the Continuum Threshold Using Near-Single-Cycle THz Waveforms. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:213202. [PMID: 36461977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.213202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The control of low-energy electrons by carrier-envelope-phase-stable near-single-cycle THz pulses is demonstrated. A femtosecond laser pulse is used to create a temporally localized wave packet through multiphoton absorption at a well defined phase of a synchronized THz field. By recording the photoelectron momentum distributions as a function of the time delay, we observe signatures of various regimes of dynamics, ranging from recollision-free acceleration to coherent electron-ion scattering induced by the THz field. The measurements are confirmed by three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation simulations. A classical trajectory model allows us to identify scattering phenomena analogous to strong-field photoelectron holography and high-order above-threshold ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brennecke
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ranke
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios Dimitriou
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NSR Demokritos, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophie Walther
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark J Prandolini
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Lein
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Frühling
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging (CUI), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Borrego-Varillas R, Lucchini M, Nisoli M. Attosecond spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast dynamics in atomic, molecular and solid-state physics. Rep Prog Phys 2022; 85:066401. [PMID: 35294930 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac5e7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as = 10-18s) in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced, at the beginning for the temporal characterization of the pulses, and immediately after for the investigation of electronic and nuclear ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids with unprecedented temporal resolution. The attosecond spectroscopic tools established in the last two decades, together with the development of sophisticated theoretical methods for the interpretation of the experimental outcomes, allowed to unravel and investigate physical processes never observed before, such as the delay in photoemission from atoms and solids, the motion of electrons in molecules after prompt ionization which precede any notable nuclear motion, the temporal evolution of the tunneling process in dielectrics, and many others. This review focused on applications of attosecond techniques to the investigation of ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules and solids. Thanks to the introduction and ongoing developments of new spectroscopic techniques, the attosecond science is rapidly moving towards the investigation, understanding and control of coupled electron-nuclear dynamics in increasingly complex systems, with ever more accurate and complete investigation techniques. Here we will review the most common techniques presenting the latest results in atoms, molecules and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Borrego-Varillas
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Nisoli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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4
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Autuori A, Platzer D, Lejman M, Gallician G, Maëder L, Covolo A, Bosse L, Dalui M, Bresteau D, Hergott JF, Tcherbakoff O, Marroux HJB, Loriot V, Lépine F, Poisson L, Taïeb R, Caillat J, Salières P. Anisotropic dynamics of two-photon ionization: An attosecond movie of photoemission. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabl7594. [PMID: 35319974 PMCID: PMC8942362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging in real time the complete dynamics of a process as fundamental as photoemission has long been out of reach because of the difficulty of combining attosecond temporal resolution with fine spectral and angular resolutions. Here, we achieve full decoding of the intricate angle-dependent dynamics of a photoemission process in helium, spectrally and anisotropically structured by two-photon transitions through intermediate bound states. Using spectrally and angularly resolved attosecond electron interferometry, we characterize the complex-valued transition probability amplitude toward the photoelectron quantum state. This allows reconstructing in space, time, and energy the complete formation of the photoionized wave packet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Autuori
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dominique Platzer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mariusz Lejman
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Lucie Maëder
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Covolo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lea Bosse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Malay Dalui
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Bresteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Loriot
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck Lépine
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lionel Poisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay,91405 Orsay, France
| | - Richard Taïeb
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Caillat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Salières
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL,91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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5
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Li S, Driver T, Rosenberger P, Champenois EG, Duris J, Al-Haddad A, Averbukh V, Barnard JCT, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Bucksbaum PH, Coffee RN, DiMauro LF, Fang L, Garratt D, Gatton A, Guo Z, Hartmann G, Haxton D, Helml W, Huang Z, LaForge AC, Kamalov A, Knurr J, Lin MF, Lutman AA, MacArthur JP, Marangos JP, Nantel M, Natan A, Obaid R, O'Neal JT, Shivaram NH, Schori A, Walter P, Wang AL, Wolf TJA, Zhang Z, Kling MF, Marinelli A, Cryan JP. Attosecond coherent electron motion in Auger-Meitner decay. Science 2022; 375:285-290. [PMID: 34990213 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In quantum systems, coherent superpositions of electronic states evolve on ultrafast time scales (few femtoseconds to attoseconds; 1 attosecond = 0.001 femtoseconds = 10-18 seconds), leading to a time-dependent charge density. Here we performed time-resolved measurements using attosecond soft x-ray pulses produced by a free-electron laser, to track the evolution of a coherent core-hole excitation in nitric oxide. Using an additional circularly polarized infrared laser pulse, we created a clock to time-resolve the electron dynamics and demonstrated control of the coherent electron motion by tuning the photon energy of the x-ray pulse. Core-excited states offer a fundamental test bed for studying coherent electron dynamics in highly excited and strongly correlated matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Taran Driver
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Philipp Rosenberger
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.,Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Elio G Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Duris
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Vitali Averbukh
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C T Barnard
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nora Berrah
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,LUXS Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan N Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Douglas Garratt
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Averell Gatton
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoheng Guo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregor Hartmann
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Helml
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Zhirong Huang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Andrei Kamalov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jonas Knurr
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - James P MacArthur
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jon P Marangos
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Nantel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adi Natan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Razib Obaid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jordan T O'Neal
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Niranjan H Shivaram
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy and Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Aviad Schori
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Anna Li Wang
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Matthias F Kling
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.,Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Agostino Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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6
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Abstract
Real-time methods are convenient for simulating core-level absorption spectra but suffer from nonphysical intruder peaks when using atom-centered basis sets. In transient absorption spectra, these peaks exhibit highly nonphysical time-dependent modulations in their energies and oscillator strengths. In this paper, we address the origins of these intruder peaks and propose a straightforward and effective solution based on a filtered dipole operator. In combination with real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT), we demonstrate how to compute intruder-free attosecond transient X-ray absorption spectra for the aminophenol (C6H7NO) oxygen and nitrogen K-edges and the α-quartz (SiO2) silicon L-edge. Without filtering, the computed spectra are qualitatively wrong. This procedure is suitable for both static and transient inner-shell spectroscopy studies and can easily be implemented in a range of real-time methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Adonay Sissay
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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7
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Mandal S, Gopal R, Srinivas H, D'Elia A, Sen A, Sen S, Richter R, Coreno M, Bapat B, Mudrich M, Sharma V, Krishnan SR. Coincident angle-resolved state-selective photoelectron spectroscopy of acetylene molecules: a candidate system for time-resolved dynamics. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:242-265. [PMID: 33687396 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The acetylene-vinylidene system serves as a benchmark for investigations of ultrafast dynamical processes where the coupling of the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom provides a fertile playground to explore the femto- and sub-femto-second physics with coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) photon sources both on the table-top as well as free-electron lasers. We focus on detailed investigations of this molecular system in the photon energy range 19-40 eV where EUV pulses can probe the dynamics effectively. We employ photoelectron-photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy to uncover hitherto unrevealed aspects of this system. In this work, the role of excited states of the C2H2+ cation, the primary photoion, is specifically addressed. From photoelectron energy spectra and angular distributions, the nature of the dissociation and isomerization channels is discerned. Exploiting the 4π-collection geometry of the velocity map imaging spectrometer, we not only probe pathways where the efficiency of photoionization is inherently high but also perform PEPICO spectroscopy on relatively weak channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mandal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - R Gopal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - H Srinivas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A D'Elia
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Sen
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - S Sen
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India.
| | - R Richter
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - M Coreno
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), 34149 Trieste, Italy and INFN-LNF, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - B Bapat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - M Mudrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark and Department of Physics, QuCenDiEm-Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - V Sharma
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India.
| | - S R Krishnan
- Department of Physics, QuCenDiEm-Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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8
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Venzke J, Becker A, Jaron-Becker A. Asymmetries in ionization of atomic superposition states by ultrashort laser pulses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16164. [PMID: 32999393 PMCID: PMC7527981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in ultrafast science allows for probing quantum superposition states with ultrashort laser pulses in the new regime where several linear and nonlinear ionization pathways compete. Interferences of pathways can be observed in the photoelectron angular distribution and in the past they have been analyzed for atoms and molecules in a single quantum state via anisotropy and asymmetry parameters. Those conventional parameters, however, do not provide comprehensive tools for probing superposition states in the emerging research area of bright and ultrashort light sources, such as free-electron lasers and high-order harmonic generation. We propose a new set of generalized asymmetry parameters which are sensitive to interference effects in the photoionization and the interplay of competing pathways as the laser pulse duration is shortened and the laser intensity is increased. The relevance of the parameters is demonstrated using results of state-of-the-art numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for ionization of helium atom and neon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Venzke
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0440, USA.
| | - A Becker
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0440, USA
| | - A Jaron-Becker
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0440, USA
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9
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Yang Z, Cao W, Mo Y, Xu H, Mi K, Lan P, Zhang Q, Lu P. All-optical attosecond time domain interferometry. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa211. [PMID: 34858599 PMCID: PMC8566176 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferometry, a key technique in modern precision measurements, has been used for length measurement in engineering metrology and astronomy. An analogous time-domain interferometric technique would represent a significant complement to spatial domain applications and require the manipulation of interference on extreme time and energy scales. Here, we report an all-optical interferometer using laser-driven high order harmonics as attosecond temporal slits. By controlling the phase of the temporal slits with an external field, a time domain interferometer that preserves both attosecond temporal resolution and hundreds of meV energy resolution is implemented. We apply this exceptional temporal resolution to reconstruct the waveform of an arbitrarily polarized optical pulse, and utilize the provided energy resolution to interrogate the abnormal character of the transition dipole near the Cooper minimum in argon. This novel attosecond interferometry paves the way for high precision measurements in the time-energy domain using all-optical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunlong Mo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huiyao Xu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kang Mi
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pengfei Lan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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10
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González-Castrillo A, Martín F, Palacios A. Quantum state holography to reconstruct the molecular wave packet using an attosecond XUV-XUV pump-probe technique. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12981. [PMID: 32737413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An attosecond molecular interferometer is proposed by using a XUV-XUV pump-probe scheme. The interferograms resulting in the photoelectron distributions enable the full reconstruction of the molecular wave packet associated to excited states using a quantum state holographic approach that, to our knowledge, has only been proposed for simple atomic targets combining attosecond XUV pulses with IR light. In contrast with existing works, we investigate schemes where one- and two-photon absorption paths contribute to ionize the hydrogen molecule and show that it is possible to retrieve the excitation dynamics even when imprinted in a minority channel. Furthermore, we provide a systematic analysis of the time-frequency maps that reveal the distinct, but tightly coupled, motion of electrons and nuclei.
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11
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He M, Li Y, Zhou Y, Li M, Cao W, Lu P. Direct Visualization of Valence Electron Motion Using Strong-Field Photoelectron Holography. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:133204. [PMID: 29694204 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.133204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Watching the valence electron move in molecules on its intrinsic timescale has been one of the central goals of attosecond science and it requires measurements with subatomic spatial and attosecond temporal resolutions. The time-resolved photoelectron holography in strong-field tunneling ionization holds the promise to access this realm. However, it remains to be a challenging task hitherto. Here we reveal how the information of valence electron motion is encoded in the hologram of the photoelectron momentum distribution (PEMD) and develop a novel approach of retrieval. As a demonstration, applying it to the PEMDs obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the prototypical molecule H_{2}^{+}, the attosecond charge migration is directly visualized with picometer spatial and attosecond temporal resolutions. Our method represents a general approach for monitoring attosecond charge migration in more complex polyatomic and biological molecules, which is one of the central tasks in the newly emerging attosecond chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui He
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yueming Zhou
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Cao
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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12
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Abstract
A novel scheme for generating a pair of gigawatt attosecond pulses by coherent Thomson scattering from relativistic electron sheets is proposed. With a circularly polarized relativistic laser pulse, the scattered x-ray signal can have a saddlelike temporal profile, where the lower electromagnetic frequencies are found mostly in the center region of this saddlelike profile. By filtering out the latter, we can obtain two few-attosecond pulses separated by a subfemtosecond interval, which is tunable by controlling the energy of the sheet electrons. Such a pulse pair can be useful for an attosecond pump probe at an unprecedented time resolution and for ultrafast chiral studies in molecules and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hu
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - H-C Wu
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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13
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Kanno M, Inada N, Kono H. Single-active-electron analysis of laser-polarization effects on atomic/molecular multiphoton excitation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:154310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4994876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kanno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Inada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (MDCS) has become an extremely versatile and sensitive technique for elucidating the structure, composition, and dynamics of condensed matter, atomic, and molecular systems. The appeal of MDCS lies in its ability to resolve both individual-emitter and ensemble-averaged dynamics of optically created excitations in disordered systems. When applied to semiconductors, MDCS enables unambiguous separation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous contributions to the optical linewidth, pinpoints the nature of coupling between resonances, and reveals signatures of many-body interactions. In this review, we discuss the implementation of MDCS to measure the nonlinear optical response of excitonic transitions in semiconductor nanostructures. Capabilities of the technique are illustrated with recent experimental studies that advance our understanding of optical decoherence and dissipation, energy transfer, and many-body phenomena in quantum dots and quantum wells, semiconductor microcavities, layered semiconductors, and photovoltaic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galan Moody
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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15
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Villeneuve DM, Hockett P, Vrakking MJJ, Niikura H. Coherent imaging of an attosecond electron wave packet. Science 2017; 356:1150-1153. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Villeneuve
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - M. J. J. Vrakking
- Max-Born-Institut, Max Born Straße 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiromichi Niikura
- Department of Applied Physics, Waseda University, Okubo 3-4-1, Shinjyuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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16
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Walt SG, Bhargava Ram N, Atala M, Shvetsov-Shilovski NI, von Conta A, Baykusheva D, Lein M, Wörner HJ. Dynamics of valence-shell electrons and nuclei probed by strong-field holography and rescattering. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643771 PMCID: PMC5481729 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong-field photoelectron holography and laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) are two powerful emerging methods for probing the ultrafast dynamics of molecules. However, both of them have remained restricted to static systems and to nuclear dynamics induced by strong-field ionization. Here we extend these promising methods to image purely electronic valence-shell dynamics in molecules using photoelectron holography. In the same experiment, we use LIED and photoelectron holography simultaneously, to observe coupled electronic-rotational dynamics taking place on similar timescales. These results offer perspectives for imaging ultrafast dynamics of molecules on femtosecond to attosecond timescales. Capturing ultrafast molecular dynamics is difficult as the process involves coupled and very fast motions of electrons and nuclei. Here the authors study non-adiabatic dynamics in the NO molecule using strong-field photoelectron holography to shed light on the valence-shell electron dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Walt
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niraghatam Bhargava Ram
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Atala
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Aaron von Conta
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Denitsa Baykusheva
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Lein
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, HCI E 237, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Nisoli
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Trieste and IOM- CNR, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Calegari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Palacios
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Yuan KJ, Bandrauk AD. Monitoring coherent electron wave packet excitation dynamics by two-color attosecond laser pulses. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:194304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4968230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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19
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Nabekawa Y, Furukawa Y, Okino T, Amani Eilanlou A, Takahashi EJ, Yamanouchi K, Midorikawa K. Sub-10-fs control of dissociation pathways in the hydrogen molecular ion with a few-pulse attosecond pulse train. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12835. [PMID: 27647423 PMCID: PMC5494193 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of the electronic states of a hydrogen molecular ion by photoexcitation is considerably difficult because it requires multiple sub-10 fs light pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelength region with a sufficiently high intensity. Here, we demonstrate the control of the dissociation pathway originating from the 2pσu electronic state against that originating from the 2pπu electronic state in a hydrogen molecular ion by using a pair of attosecond pulse trains in the XUV wavelength region with a train-envelope duration of ∼4 fs. The switching time from the peak to the valley in the oscillation caused by the vibrational wavepacket motion in the 1sσg ground electronic state is only 8 fs. This result can be classified as the fastest control, to the best of our knowledge, of a molecular reaction in the simplest molecule on the basis of the XUV-pump and XUV-probe scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nabekawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Present address: Department of Engineering Science, the University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoya Okino
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - A Amani Eilanlou
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eiji J. Takahashi
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamanouchi
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Katsumi Midorikawa
- Attosecond Science Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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20
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Lara-Astiaso M, Silva REF, Gubaydullin A, Rivière P, Meier C, Martín F. Enhancing High-Order Harmonic Generation in Light Molecules by Using Chirped Pulses. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:093003. [PMID: 27610851 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.093003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the current challenges in high-harmonic generation is to extend the harmonic cutoff to increasingly high energies while maintaining or even increasing the efficiency of the high-harmonic emission. Here we show that the combined effect of down-chirped pulses and nuclear dynamics in light molecules allows one to achieve this goal, provided that long enough IR pulses are used to allow the nuclei to move well outside the Franck-Condon region. We also show that, by varying the duration of the chirped pulse or by performing isotopic substitution while keeping the pulse duration constant, one can control the extension of the harmonic plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lara-Astiaso
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R E F Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gubaydullin
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Rivière
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Meier
- Laboratoire de Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, UMR CNRS 5589, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - F Martín
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Ramasesha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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22
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Abstract
We show that, in an intense laser field, ultrafast photoionization can occur through quantum pathways that cannot be categorized as multiphoton ionization or ground-state tunneling. In this regime, the subcycle electron-wave-packet dynamics leading to photoionization occurs via electron excited states, from where the electrons tunnel to the continuum within a tiny fraction of the field cycle. For high field intensities, this ionization pathway is shown to drastically enhance the dynamic leakage of the electron wave packet into the continuum, opening an ionization channel that dominates over ground-state electron tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Serebryannikov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, ul. Novaya 100, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
| | - A M Zheltikov
- Physics Department, International Laser Center, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
- Russian Quantum Center, ul. Novaya 100, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
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23
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Ding T, Ott C, Kaldun A, Blättermann A, Meyer K, Stooss V, Rebholz M, Birk P, Hartmann M, Brown A, Van Der Hart H, Pfeifer T. Time-resolved four-wave-mixing spectroscopy for inner-valence transitions. Opt Lett 2016; 41:709-12. [PMID: 26872169 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Noncollinear four-wave-mixing (FWM) techniques at near-infrared (NIR), visible, and ultraviolet frequencies have been widely used to map vibrational and electronic couplings, typically in complex molecules. However, correlations between spatially localized inner-valence transitions among different sites of a molecule in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral range have not been observed yet. As an experimental step toward this goal, we perform time-resolved FWM spectroscopy with femtosecond NIR and attosecond XUV pulses. The first two pulses (XUV-NIR) coincide in time and act as coherent excitation fields, while the third pulse (NIR) acts as a probe. As a first application, we show how coupling dynamics between odd- and even-parity, inner-valence excited states of neon can be revealed using a two-dimensional spectral representation. Experimentally obtained results are found to be in good agreement with ab initio time-dependent R-matrix calculations providing the full description of multielectron interactions, as well as few-level model simulations. Future applications of this method also include site-specific probing of electronic processes in molecules.
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24
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Jordan I, Huppert M, Brown MA, van Bokhoven JA, Wörner HJ. Photoelectron spectrometer for attosecond spectroscopy of liquids and gases. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:123905. [PMID: 26724045 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new apparatus for attosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids and gases is described. It combines a liquid microjet source with a magnetic-bottle photoelectron spectrometer and an actively stabilized attosecond beamline. The photoelectron spectrometer permits venting and pumping of the interaction chamber without affecting the low pressure in the flight tube. This pressure separation has been realized through a sliding skimmer plate, which effectively seals the flight tube in its closed position and functions as a differential pumping stage in its open position. A high-harmonic photon spectrometer, attached to the photoelectron spectrometer, exit port is used to acquire photon spectra for calibration purposes. Attosecond pulse trains have been used to record photoelectron spectra of noble gases, water in the gas and liquid states as well as solvated species. RABBIT scans demonstrate the attosecond resolution of this setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jordan
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Huppert
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Brown
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Bruder L, Mudrich M, Stienkemeier F. Phase-modulated electronic wave packet interferometry reveals high resolution spectra of free Rb atoms and Rb*He molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23877-85. [PMID: 26309123 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03868e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phase-modulated wave packet interferometry is combined with mass-resolved photoion detection to investigate rubidium atoms attached to helium nanodroplets in a molecular beam experiment. The spectra of atomic Rb electronic states show a vastly enhanced sensitivity and spectral resolution when compared to conventional pump-probe wave packet interferometry. Furthermore, the formation of Rb*He exciplex molecules is probed and for the first time a fully resolved vibrational spectrum for transitions between the lowest excited 5Π3/2 and the high-lying electronic states 2(2)Π, 4(2)Δ, 6(2)Σ is obtained and compared to theory. The feasibility of applying coherent multidimensional spectroscopy to dilute cold gas phase samples is demonstrated in these experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bruder
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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26
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Liu Z, Cavaletto SM, Ott C, Meyer K, Mi Y, Harman Z, Keitel CH, Pfeifer T. Phase Reconstruction of Strong-Field Excited Systems by Transient-Absorption Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:033003. [PMID: 26230787 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.033003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a V-type three-level system is studied, whose two resonances are coherently excited and coupled by two ultrashort laser pump and probe pulses, separated by a varying time delay. We relate the quantum dynamics of the excited multilevel system to the absorption spectrum of the transmitted probe pulse. In particular, by analyzing the quantum evolution of the system, we interpret how atomic phases are differently encoded in the time-delay-dependent spectral absorption profiles when the pump pulse either precedes or follows the probe pulse. This scheme is experimentally applied to atomic Rb, whose fine-structure-split 5s (2)S{1/2}→5p(2)P{1/2} and 5s(2)S_{1/2}→5p(2)P{3/2} transitions are driven by the combined action of a pump pulse of variable intensity and a delayed probe pulse. The provided understanding of the relationship between quantum phases and absorption spectra represents an important step towards full time-dependent phase reconstruction (quantum holography) of bound-state wave packets in strong-field light-matter interactions with atoms, molecules, and solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoye Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Stefano M Cavaletto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yonghao Mi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zoltán Harman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Hammond TJ, Kim KT, Zhang C, Villeneuve DM, Corkum PB. Controlling attosecond angular streaking with second harmonic radiation. Opt Lett 2015; 40:1768-1770. [PMID: 25872069 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High harmonic generation, which produces a coherent burst of radiation every half cycle of the driving field, has been combined with ultrafast wavefront rotation to create a series of spatially separated attosecond pulses, called the attosecond lighthouse. By adding a coherent second harmonic beam with polarization parallel to the fundamental, we decrease the generating frequency from twice per optical cycle to once. The increased temporal separation increases the pulse contrast. By scanning the carrier envelope phase, we see that the signal is 2π periodic.
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28
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Ott C, Kaldun A, Argenti L, Raith P, Meyer K, Laux M, Zhang Y, Blättermann A, Hagstotz S, Ding T, Heck R, Madroñero J, Martín F, Pfeifer T. Reconstruction and control of a time-dependent two-electron wave packet. Nature 2014; 516:374-8. [PMID: 25519135 DOI: 10.1038/nature14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The concerted motion of two or more bound electrons governs atomic and molecular non-equilibrium processes including chemical reactions, and hence there is much interest in developing a detailed understanding of such electron dynamics in the quantum regime. However, there is no exact solution for the quantum three-body problem, and as a result even the minimal system of two active electrons and a nucleus is analytically intractable. This makes experimental measurements of the dynamics of two bound and correlated electrons, as found in the helium atom, an attractive prospect. However, although the motion of single active electrons and holes has been observed with attosecond time resolution, comparable experiments on two-electron motion have so far remained out of reach. Here we show that a correlated two-electron wave packet can be reconstructed from a 1.2-femtosecond quantum beat among low-lying doubly excited states in helium. The beat appears in attosecond transient-absorption spectra measured with unprecedentedly high spectral resolution and in the presence of an intensity-tunable visible laser field. We tune the coupling between the two low-lying quantum states by adjusting the visible laser intensity, and use the Fano resonance as a phase-sensitive quantum interferometer to achieve coherent control of the two correlated electrons. Given the excellent agreement with large-scale quantum-mechanical calculations for the helium atom, we anticipate that multidimensional spectroscopy experiments of the type we report here will provide benchmark data for testing fundamental few-body quantum dynamics theory in more complex systems. They might also provide a route to the site-specific measurement and control of metastable electronic transition states that are at the heart of fundamental chemical reactions.
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29
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Jiménez-Galán Á, Argenti L, Martín F. Modulation of attosecond beating in resonant two-photon ionization. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:263001. [PMID: 25615319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.263001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the photoelectron attosecond beating due to interference of two-photon transitions in the presence of autoionizing states. We show that, as a harmonic traverses a resonance, both the phase shift and frequency of the sideband beating significantly vary with photon energy. Furthermore, the beating between two resonant paths persists even when the pump and the probe pulses do not overlap, thus providing a nonholographic interferometric means to reconstruct coherent metastable wave packets. We characterize these phenomena by means of a general analytical model that accounts for the effect of both intermediate and final resonances on two-photon processes. The model predictions are in excellent agreement with those of accurate ab initio calculations for the helium atom in the region of the N=2 doubly excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Jiménez-Galán
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, EU
| | - Luca Argenti
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, EU
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain, EU and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, EU
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30
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Yu HM, Yuan KJ, Sun ZG. Asymmetry of Photoelectron Angular Distributions in Molecules by Intense Attosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Pulses. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/27/06/647-652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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31
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Lorek E, Larsen EW, Heyl CM, Carlström S, Paleček D, Zigmantas D, Mauritsson J. High-order harmonic generation using a high-repetition-rate turnkey laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:123106. [PMID: 25554271 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We generate high-order harmonics at high pulse repetition rates using a turnkey laser. High-order harmonics at 400 kHz are observed when argon is used as target gas. In neon, we achieve generation of photons with energies exceeding 90 eV (∼13 nm) at 20 kHz. We measure a photon flux of up to 4.4 × 10(10) photons per second per harmonic in argon at 100 kHz. Many experiments employing high-order harmonics would benefit from higher repetition rates, and the user-friendly operation opens up for applications of coherent extreme ultra-violet pulses in new research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lorek
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - E W Larsen
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - C M Heyl
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Carlström
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - D Paleček
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - D Zigmantas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Mauritsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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32
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Kaldun A, Ott C, Blättermann A, Laux M, Meyer K, Ding T, Fischer A, Pfeifer T. Extracting phase and amplitude modifications of laser-coupled Fano resonances. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:103001. [PMID: 24679285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fano line shapes observed in absorption spectra encode information on the amplitude and phase of the optical dipole response. A change in the Fano line shape, e.g., by interaction with short-pulsed laser fields, allows us to extract dynamical modifications of the amplitude and phase of the coupled excited quantum states. We introduce and apply this physical mechanism to near-resonantly coupled doubly excited states in helium. This general approach provides a physical understanding of the laser-induced spectral shift of absorption-line maxima on a sub-laser-cycle time scale as they are ubiquitously observed in attosecond transient-absorption measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kaldun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Laux
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ding
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Yuan K, Chelkowski S, Bandrauk AD. Molecular photoelectron angular distributions with intense attosecond circularly polarized UV laser pulses. Chem Phys Lett 2014; 592:334-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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35
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36
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Wollenhaupt M, Lux C, Krug M, Baumert T. Tomographic Reconstruction of Designer Free-Electron Wave Packets. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1341-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Palacios A, Feist J, González-Castrillo A, Sanz-Vicario JL, Martín F. Autoionization of Molecular Hydrogen: Where do the Fano Lineshapes Go? Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1456-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Wirth A, Santra R, Goulielmakis E. Real time tracing of valence-shell electronic coherences with attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kling MF, von den Hoff P, Znakovskaya I, de Vivie-Riedle R. (Sub-)femtosecond control of molecular reactions via tailoring the electric field of light. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9448-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50591j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Ott C, Kaldun A, Raith P, Meyer K, Laux M, Zhang Y, Hagstotz S, Ding T, Heck R, Pfeifer T. Time-resolved spectroscopy of doubly-excited states in helium. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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42
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Hickstein DD, Ranitovic P, Witte S, Tong XM, Huismans Y, Arpin P, Zhou X, Keister KE, Hogle CW, Zhang B, Ding C, Johnsson P, Toshima N, Vrakking MJJ, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC. Direct visualization of laser-driven electron multiple scattering and tunneling distance in strong-field ionization. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:073004. [PMID: 23006367 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.073004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a simple model of strong-field ionization of atoms that generalizes the well-known 3-step model from 1D to 3D, we show that the experimental photoelectron angular distributions resulting from laser ionization of xenon and argon display prominent structures that correspond to electrons that pass by their parent ion more than once before strongly scattering. The shape of these structures can be associated with the specific number of times the electron is driven past its parent ion in the laser field before scattering. Furthermore, a careful analysis of the cutoff energy of the structures allows us to experimentally measure the distance between the electron and ion at the moment of tunnel ionization. This work provides new physical insight into how atoms ionize in strong laser fields and has implications for further efforts to extract atomic and molecular dynamics from strong-field physics.
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Shivaram N, Timmers H, Tong XM, Sandhu A. Attosecond-resolved evolution of a laser-dressed helium atom: interfering excitation paths and quantum phases. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:193002. [PMID: 23003031 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.193002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using high-order harmonic attosecond pulse trains, we investigate the photoionization dynamics and transient electronic structure of a helium atom in the presence of moderately strong (∼10(12) W cm(-2)) femtosecond laser pulses. We observe quantum interferences between photoexcitation paths from the ground state to different laser-dressed Floquet state components. As the intensity ramps on femtosecond time scales, we observe switching between ionization channels mediated by different atomic resonances. Using precision measurements of ion yields and photoelectron distributions, the quantum phase difference between interfering paths is extracted for each ionization channel and compared with simulations. Our results elucidate photoionization mechanisms in strong fields and open the doors for photoabsorption or photoionization control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Shivaram
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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44
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Xie X, Roither S, Kartashov D, Persson E, Arbó DG, Zhang L, Gräfe S, Schöffler MS, Burgdörfer J, Baltuška A, Kitzler M. Attosecond probe of valence-electron wave packets by subcycle sculpted laser fields. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:193004. [PMID: 23003033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.193004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and theoretically demonstrate a self-referenced wave-function retrieval of a valence-electron wave packet during its creation by strong-field ionization with a sculpted laser field. Key is the control over interferences arising at different time scales. Our work shows that the measurement of subcycle electron wave-packet interference patterns can serve as a tool to retrieve the structure and dynamics of the valence-electron cloud in atoms on a sub-10-as time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Xie
- Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
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45
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Kim KT, Ko DH, Park J, Choi NN, Kim CM, Ishikawa KL, Lee J, Nam CH. Amplitude and phase reconstruction of electron wave packets for probing ultrafast photoionization dynamics. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:093001. [PMID: 22463629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast atomic processes, such as excitation and ionization occurring on the femtosecond or shorter time scale, were explored by employing attosecond high-harmonic pulses. With the absorption of a suitable high-harmonic photon a He atom was ionized, or resonantly excited with further ionization by absorbing a number of infrared photons. The electron wave packets liberated by the two processes generated an interference containing the information on ultrafast atomic dynamics. The attosecond electron wave packet, including the phase, from the ground state was reconstructed first and, subsequently, that from the 1s3p state was retrieved by applying the holographic technique to the photoelectron spectra comprising the interference between the two ionization paths. The reconstructed electron wave packet revealed details of the ultrafast photoionization dynamics, such as the instantaneous two-photon ionization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Taec Kim
- Department of Physics and Coherent X-Ray Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Wirth A, Hassan MT, Grguraš I, Gagnon J, Moulet A, Luu TT, Pabst S, Santra R, Alahmed ZA, Azzeer AM, Yakovlev VS, Pervak V, Krausz F, Goulielmakis E. Synthesized Light Transients. Science 2011; 334:195-200. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1210268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Wirth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M. Th. Hassan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - I. Grguraš
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. Gagnon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A. Moulet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T. T. Luu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. Pabst
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Z. A. Alahmed
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A. M. Azzeer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - V. S. Yakovlev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - V. Pervak
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F. Krausz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Department für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E. Goulielmakis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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48
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Süssmann F, Zherebtsov S, Plenge J, Johnson NG, Kübel M, Sayler AM, Mondes V, Graf C, Rühl E, Paulus GG, Schmischke D, Swrschek P, Kling MF. Single-shot velocity-map imaging of attosecond light-field control at kilohertz rate. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:093109. [PMID: 21974575 DOI: 10.1063/1.3639333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-speed, single-shot velocity-map imaging (VMI) is combined with carrier-envelope phase (CEP) tagging by a single-shot stereographic above-threshold ionization (ATI) phase-meter. The experimental setup provides a versatile tool for angle-resolved studies of the attosecond control of electrons in atoms, molecules, and nanostructures. Single-shot VMI at kHz repetition rate is realized with a highly sensitive megapixel complementary metal-oxide semiconductor camera omitting the need for additional image intensifiers. The developed camera software allows for efficient background suppression and the storage of up to 1024 events for each image in real time. The approach is demonstrated by measuring the CEP-dependence of the electron emission from ATI of Xe in strong (≈10(13) W/cm(2)) near single-cycle (4 fs) laser fields. Efficient background signal suppression with the system is illustrated for the electron emission from SiO(2) nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Süssmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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49
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Feist J, Nagele S, Ticknor C, Schneider BI, Collins LA, Burgdörfer J. Attosecond two-photon interferometry for doubly excited states of helium. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:093005. [PMID: 21929238 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.093005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that the correlation dynamics in coherently excited doubly excited resonances of helium can be followed in real time by two-photon interferometry. This approach promises to map the evolution of the two-electron wave packet onto experimentally easily accessible noncoincident single-electron spectra. We analyze the interferometric signal in terms of a semianalytical model which is validated by a numerical solution of the time-dependent two-electron Schrödinger equation in its full dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feist
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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50
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Abstract
The creation of superpositions of hole states via single-photon ionization using attosecond extreme-ultraviolet pulses is studied with the time-dependent configuration-interaction singles (TDCIS) method. Specifically, the degree of coherence between hole states in atomic xenon is investigated. We find that interchannel coupling not only affects the hole populations, but it also enhances the entanglement between the photoelectron and the remaining ion, thereby reducing the coherence within the ion. As a consequence, even if the spectral bandwidth of the ionizing pulse exceeds the energy splittings among the hole states involved, perfectly coherent hole wave packets cannot be formed. For sufficiently large spectral bandwidth, the coherence can only be increased by increasing the mean photon energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pabst
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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