1
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Ren J, Ma B, Liu L, Wei W, Chen B, Zhang S, Xu H, Hu Z, Li F, Wang X, Yin S, Feng J, Zhou X, Gao Y, Li Y, Shi X, Li J, Ren X, Xu Z, Deng Z, Qi W, Wang S, Fan Q, Cui B, Wang W, Yuan Z, Teng J, Wu Y, Cao Z, Zhao Z, Gu Y, Cao L, Zhu S, Cheng R, Lei Y, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Xiao G, Zhao H, Hoffmann DHH, Zhou W, Zhao Y. Target Density Effects on Charge Transfer of Laser-Accelerated Carbon Ions in Dense Plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:095101. [PMID: 36930918 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.095101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on charge state measurements of laser-accelerated carbon ions in the energy range of several MeV penetrating a dense partially ionized plasma. The plasma was generated by irradiation of a foam target with laser-induced hohlraum radiation in the soft x-ray regime. We use the tricellulose acetate (C_{9}H_{16}O_{8}) foam of 2 mg/cm^{3} density and 1 mm interaction length as target material. This kind of plasma is advantageous for high-precision measurements, due to good uniformity and long lifetime compared to the ion pulse length and the interaction duration. We diagnose the plasma parameters to be T_{e}=17 eV and n_{e}=4×10^{20} cm^{-3}. We observe the average charge states passing through the plasma to be higher than those predicted by the commonly used semiempirical formula. Through solving the rate equations, we attribute the enhancement to the target density effects, which will increase the ionization rates on one hand and reduce the electron capture rates on the other hand. The underlying physics is actually the balancing of the lifetime of excited states versus the collisional frequency. In previous measurement with partially ionized plasma from gas discharge and z pinch to laser direct irradiation, no target density effects were ever demonstrated. For the first time, we are able to experimentally prove that target density effects start to play a significant role in plasma near the critical density of Nd-glass laser radiation. The finding is important for heavy ion beam driven high-energy-density physics and fast ignitions. The method provides a new approach to precisely address the beam-plasma interaction issues with high-intensity short-pulse lasers in dense plasma regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bubo Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenqing Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Benzheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shizheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhongmin Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shuai Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xianming Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianxing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xueguang Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhongfeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhigang Deng
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Shaoyi Wang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Quanping Fan
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zongqiang Yuan
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Jian Teng
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yuchi Wu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhurong Cao
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zongqing Zhao
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yuqiu Gu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Leifeng Cao
- Advanced Materials Testing Technology Research Center, Shenzhen University of Technology, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Shaoping Zhu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
- Graduate School, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zexian Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guoqing Xiao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dieter H H Hoffmann
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weimin Zhou
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yongtao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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2
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Temperature evolution of dense gold and diamond heated by energetic laser-driven aluminum ions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15173. [PMID: 36071154 PMCID: PMC9452511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that energetic laser-driven ions with some energy spread can heat small solid-density samples uniformly. The balance among the energy losses of the ions with different kinetic energies results in uniform heating. Although heating with an energetic laser-driven ion beam is completed within a nanosecond and is often considered sufficiently fast, it is not instantaneous. Here we present a theoretical study of the temporal evolution of the temperature of solid-density gold and diamond samples heated by a quasimonoenergetic aluminum ion beam. We calculate the temporal evolution of the predicted temperatures of the samples using the available stopping power data and the SESAME equation-of-state tables. We find that the temperature distribution is initially very uniform, which becomes less uniform during the heating process. Then, the temperature uniformity gradually improves, and a good temperature uniformity is obtained toward the end of the heating process.
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3
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Varmazyar P, Singh PK, Elekes Z, Halasz Z, Nagy B, Son JG, Csontos J, Mohacsi A, Nelissen K, Somoskői T, Szabo RE, Toth S, Ter-Avetisyan S, Osvay K. Calibration of micro-channel plate detector in a Thomson spectrometer for protons and carbon ions with energies below 1 MeV. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073301. [PMID: 35922328 DOI: 10.1063/5.0086747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The calibration of an ion detection system was carried out for protons and carbon ions from a few tens of keV up to about 1 MeV energies. A Thomson spectrometer deflecting the particle beam accelerated from a laser plasma creates the ion spectra on a phosphor screen behind a micro-channel plate (MCP), which are recorded by a camera. During calibration, the ion spectra simultaneously hit the slotted CR-39 track detector installed in front of the MCP and, passing through the adjacent CR-39 stripes, the MCP. The calibration provides the ratio of the interpolated values between two consecutive stripes of the camera signal and the total number of particles recorded on the corresponding stripe of CR-39. The efficiency of proton detection by CR-39 was also measured in a conventional accelerator beam and found to drop by 20% below 100 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Varmazyar
- National Laser-Initiated Transmutation Laboratory, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Prashant K Singh
- National Laser-Initiated Transmutation Laboratory, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Elekes
- Institute for Nuclear Research, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Halasz
- Institute for Nuclear Research, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bence Nagy
- National Laser-Initiated Transmutation Laboratory, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joon-Gon Son
- National Laser-Initiated Transmutation Laboratory, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Janos Csontos
- ELI-ALPS Research Institute, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., 6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Arpad Mohacsi
- National Laser-Initiated Transmutation Laboratory, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kwinten Nelissen
- ELI-ALPS Research Institute, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., 6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamas Somoskői
- ELI-ALPS Research Institute, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., 6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita E Szabo
- ELI-ALPS Research Institute, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., 6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Toth
- ELI-ALPS Research Institute, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., 6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sargis Ter-Avetisyan
- National Laser-Initiated Transmutation Laboratory, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karoly Osvay
- National Laser-Initiated Transmutation Laboratory, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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4
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Liang JH, Hu TX, Wu D, Sheng ZM. Kinetic study of quantum two-stream instability by Wigner approach. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:033207. [PMID: 33862822 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.033207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Classical plasma are typically of low density and/or high temperature. Two of its basic properties are Landau damping and two-stream instabilities. When increasing the plasma density, quantum effects appear and beam-plasma interactions show behavior different from the classical cases. We revisit Landau damping and two-stream instabilities under conditions when quantum hydrodynamic and quantum kinetic theory can be applied, the latter accounting for wave-particle interactions. We find that the instability growth rate behaves as pure two-stream instability without Landau damping when the countering stream velocity exceeds a certain threshold, which differs from the classical case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong-Hang Liang
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Xing Hu
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - D Wu
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Mao Sheng
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
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5
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Apiñaniz JI, Malko S, Fedosejevs R, Cayzac W, Vaisseau X, de Luis D, Gatti G, McGuffey C, Bailly-Grandvaux M, Bhutwala K, Ospina-Bohorquez V, Balboa J, Santos JJ, Batani D, Beg F, Roso L, Perez-Hernandez JA, Volpe L. A quasi-monoenergetic short time duration compact proton source for probing high energy density states of matter. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6881. [PMID: 33767262 PMCID: PMC7994565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the development of a highly directional, narrow energy band, short time duration proton beam operating at high repetition rate. The protons are generated with an ultrashort-pulse laser interacting with a solid target and converted to a pencil-like narrow-band beam using a compact magnet-based energy selector. We experimentally demonstrate the production of a proton beam with an energy of 500 keV and energy spread well below 10[Formula: see text], and a pulse duration of 260 ps. The energy loss of this beam is measured in a 2 [Formula: see text]m thick solid Mylar target and found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The short time duration of the proton pulse makes it particularly well suited for applications involving the probing of highly transient plasma states produced in laser-matter interaction experiments. This proton source is particularly relevant for measurements of the proton stopping power in high energy density plasmas and warm dense matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Apiñaniz
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - S Malko
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R Fedosejevs
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - W Cayzac
- CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297, Arpajon, France
| | | | - D de Luis
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - G Gatti
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - C McGuffey
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - M Bailly-Grandvaux
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - K Bhutwala
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - V Ospina-Bohorquez
- University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297, Arpajon, France.,CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, University of Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - J Balboa
- University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J J Santos
- CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, University of Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - D Batani
- CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, University of Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - F Beg
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - L Roso
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J A Perez-Hernandez
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - L Volpe
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain.,Laser-Plasma Chair at the University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Física Fundamental y Matemáticas, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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6
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Ren J, Deng Z, Qi W, Chen B, Ma B, Wang X, Yin S, Feng J, Liu W, Xu Z, Hoffmann DHH, Wang S, Fan Q, Cui B, He S, Cao Z, Zhao Z, Cao L, Gu Y, Zhu S, Cheng R, Zhou X, Xiao G, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wu D, Zhou W, Zhao Y. Observation of a high degree of stopping for laser-accelerated intense proton beams in dense ionized matter. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5157. [PMID: 33057005 PMCID: PMC7560615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense particle beams generated from the interaction of ultrahigh intensity lasers with sample foils provide options in radiography, high-yield neutron sources, high-energy-density-matter generation, and ion fast ignition. An accurate understanding of beam transportation behavior in dense matter is crucial for all these applications. Here we report the experimental evidence on one order of magnitude enhancement of intense laser-accelerated proton beam stopping in dense ionized matter, in comparison with the current-widely used models describing individual ion stopping in matter. Supported by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we attribute the enhancement to the strong decelerating electric field approaching 1 GV/m that can be created by the beam-driven return current. This collective effect plays the dominant role in the stopping of laser-accelerated intense proton beams in dense ionized matter. This finding is essential for the optimum design of ion driven fast ignition and inertial confinement fusion. A detailed understanding of particle stopping in matter is essential for nuclear fusion and high energy density science. Here, the authors report one order of magnitude enhancement of intense laser-accelerated proton beam stopping in dense ionized matter in comparison with currently used models describing ion stopping in matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhigang Deng
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Benzheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bubo Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuai Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zhongfeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dieter H H Hoffmann
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shaoyi Wang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Quanping Fan
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Shukai He
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Zhurong Cao
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Zongqing Zhao
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Leifeng Cao
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yuqiu Gu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Shaoping Zhu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China.,Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100094, China.,Graduate School, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 710049, China
| | - Xianming Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Guoqing Xiao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 710049, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 710049, China
| | - Yihang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yutong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Weimin Zhou
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China.
| | - Yongtao Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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7
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Principi E, Krylow S, Garcia ME, Simoncig A, Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Kurdi G, Gessini A, Bencivenga F, Giglia A, Nannarone S, Masciovecchio C. Atomic and Electronic Structure of Solid-Density Liquid Carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:155703. [PMID: 33095640 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.155703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A liquid carbon (l-C) sample is generated through constant volume heating exposing an amorphous carbon foil to an intense ultrashort laser pulse. Time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the C K edge is used to monitor the dynamics of the melting process revealing a subpicosecond rearrangement of the electronic structure associated with a sudden change of the C bonding hybridization. The obtained l-C sample, resulting from a nonthermal melting mechanism, reaches a transient equilibrium condition with a temperature of about 14 200 K and pressure in the order of 0.5 Mbar in about 0.3 ps, prior to hydrodynamic expansion. A detailed analysis of the atomic and electronic structure in solid-density l-C based on time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy and theoretical simulations is presented. The method can be fruitfully used for extending the experimental investigation of the C phase diagram in a vast unexplored region covering the 10^{3}-10^{4} K temperature range with pressures up to 1 Mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - S Krylow
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSAT) Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - M E Garcia
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSAT) Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - G Kurdi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - F Bencivenga
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A Giglia
- IOM-CNR, S.S. 14, Km. 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Nannarone
- IOM-CNR, S.S. 14, Km. 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
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8
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Curry CB, Dunning CAS, Gauthier M, Chou HGJ, Fiuza F, Glenn GD, Tsui YY, Bazalova-Carter M, Glenzer SH. Optimization of radiochromic film stacks to diagnose high-flux laser-accelerated proton beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:093303. [PMID: 33003776 DOI: 10.1063/5.0020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we extend flatbed scanner calibrations of GafChromic EBT3, MD-V3, and HD-V2 radiochromic films using high-precision x-ray irradiation and monoenergetic proton bombardment. By computing a visibility parameter based on fractional errors, optimal dose ranges and transitions between film types are identified. The visibility analysis is used to design an ideal radiochromic film stack for the proton energy spectrum expected from the interaction of a petawatt laser with a cryogenic hydrogen jet target.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Curry
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C A S Dunning
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - M Gauthier
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H-G J Chou
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G D Glenn
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Y Y Tsui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - M Bazalova-Carter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - S H Glenzer
- High Energy Density Science Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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9
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Wu D, Yu W, Sheng ZM, Fritzsche S, He XT. Uniform warm dense matter formed by direct laser heating in the presence of external magnetic fields. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:051202. [PMID: 32575343 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the recent realization of kilotesla quasistatic magnetic fields, the interaction of a laser with magnetized solids enters an unexplored new regime. In particular, a circularly polarized (CP) laser pulse may propagate in a highly magnetized plasma of any high density without encountering cutoff reflection in the whistler mode. With this, we propose a scheme for producing uniform warm dense matter (WDM) by direct laser heating with a CP laser irradiating onto the target along the magnetic field. It is shown by particle-in-cell simulations, which include advanced ionization dynamics and collision dynamics, moderately intense right-hand CP laser light at 10^{15}W/cm^{2} can propagate in solid aluminum and heat it efficiently to the 100 eV level within picoseconds. By using two laser pulses irradiating from two sides of a thin solid target, uniform heating to WDM can be achieved. This provides a controllable way to create WDM at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- Department of Physics, Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - W Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Z M Sheng
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, USPA, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom.,IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - S Fritzsche
- Helmholtz Institut Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany.,Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - X T He
- Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, CAPT, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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10
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Anomalous material-dependent transport of focused, laser-driven proton beams. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17538. [PMID: 30510273 PMCID: PMC6277378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense lasers can accelerate protons in sufficient numbers and energy that the resulting beam can heat materials to exotic warm (10 s of eV temperature) states. Here we show with experimental data that a laser-driven proton beam focused onto a target heated it in a localized spot with size strongly dependent upon material and as small as 35 μm radius. Simulations indicate that cold stopping power values cannot model the intense proton beam transport in solid targets well enough to match the large differences observed. In the experiment a 74 J, 670 fs laser drove a focusing proton beam that transported through different thicknesses of solid Mylar, Al, Cu or Au, eventually heating a rear, thin, Au witness layer. The XUV emission seen from the rear of the Au indicated a clear dependence of proton beam transport upon atomic number, Z, of the transport layer: a larger and brighter emission spot was measured after proton transport through the lower Z foils even with equal mass density for supposed equivalent proton stopping range. Beam transport dynamics pertaining to the observed heated spot were investigated numerically with a particle-in-cell (PIC) code. In simulations protons moving through an Al transport layer result in higher Au temperature responsible for higher Au radiant emittance compared to a Cu transport case. The inferred finding that proton stopping varies with temperature in different materials, considerably changing the beam heating profile, can guide applications seeking to controllably heat targets with intense proton beams.
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11
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Jahn D, Träger M, Kis M, Brabetz C, Schumacher D, Blažević A, Ciobanu M, Pomorski M, Bonnes U, Busold S, Kroll F, Brack FE, Schramm U, Roth M. Chemical-vapor deposited ultra-fast diamond detectors for temporal measurements of ion bunches. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093304. [PMID: 30278706 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on the development of thin diamond detectors and their characterization for their application in temporal profile measurements of subnanosecond ion bunches. Two types of diamonds were used: a 20 μm thin polycrystalline chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond and a membrane with a thickness of (5 ± 1) μm etched out of a single crystal (sc) CVD diamond. The combination of a small detector electrode and an impedance matched signal outlet leads to excellent time response properties with a signal pulse resolution (FWHM) of τ = (113 ± 11) ps. Such a fast diamond detector is a perfect device for the time of flight measurements of MeV ions with bunch durations in the subnanosecond regime. The scCVD diamond membrane detector was successfully implemented within the framework of the laser ion generation handling and transport project, in which ion beams are accelerated via a laser-driven source and shaped with conventional accelerator technology. The detector was used to measure subnanosecond proton bunches with an intensity of 108 protons per bunch.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jahn
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Träger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Kis
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Brabetz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Schumacher
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Blažević
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Ciobanu
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Pomorski
- CEA-LIST, Diamond Sensors Laboratory, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - U Bonnes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Busold
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Kroll
- Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 13, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - F-E Brack
- Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 13, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - U Schramm
- Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 13, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Vorberger J, Chapman DA. Quantum theory for the dynamic structure factor in correlated two-component systems in nonequilibrium: Application to x-ray scattering. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:013203. [PMID: 29448372 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.013203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantum theory for the dynamic structure factors in nonequilibrium, correlated, two-component systems such as plasmas or warm dense matter. The polarization function, which is needed as the input for the calculation of the structure factors, is calculated in nonequilibrium based on a perturbation expansion in the interaction strength. To make our theory applicable for x-ray scattering, a generalized Chihara decomposition for the total electron structure factor in nonequilibrium is derived. Examples are given and the influence of correlations and exchange on the structure and the x-ray-scattering spectrum are discussed for a model nonequilibrium distribution, as often encountered during laser heating of materials, as well as for two-temperature systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vorberger
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - D A Chapman
- AWE plc, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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13
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Coleman JE, Colgan J. Collisional heating and adiabatic expansion of warm dense matter with intense relativistic electrons. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:013208. [PMID: 29347078 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.013208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adiabatic expansion of a warm dense Ti plasma has been observed after isochoric heating of a 100-μm-thick Ti foil with an ∼100-ns-long intense relativistic electron bunch at an energy of 19.8 MeV and a current of 1.7 kA. The expansion fits well with the analytical point-source solution. After 10 J is deposited and the plasma rapidly expands out of the warm dense phase, a stable degenerate plasma (T∼1.2eV) with n_{e}>10^{17}cm^{-3} is measured for >100 ns. This is the first temporal measurement of the generation and adiabatic expansion of a large volume (3×10^{-4}cm^{3}) of warm dense plasma isochorically heated by intense monochromatic electrons. The suite of diagnostics is presented, which includes time-resolved plasma plume expansion measurements on a single shot, visible spectroscopy measurements of the emission and absorption spectrum, measurements of the beam distribution, and plans for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Coleman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Colgan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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14
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Wu D, He XT, Yu W, Fritzsche S. Monte Carlo approach to calculate proton stopping in warm dense matter within particle-in-cell simulations. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:023207. [PMID: 28297992 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.023207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A Monte Carlo approach to proton stopping in warm dense matter is implemented into an existing particle-in-cell code. This approach is based on multiple electron-electron, electron-ion, and ion-ion binary collision and accounts for both the free and the bound electrons in the plasmas. This approach enables one to calculate the stopping of particles in a more natural manner than existing theoretical treatment. In the low-temperature limit, when "all" electrons are bound to the nucleus, the stopping power coincides with the predictions from the Bethe-Bloch formula and is consistent with the data from the National Institute of Standard and Technology database. At higher temperatures, some of the bound electrons are ionized, and this increases the stopping power in the plasmas, as demonstrated by A. B. Zylstra et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 215002 (2015)]PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.114.215002. At even higher temperatures, the degree of ionization reaches a maximum and thus decreases the stopping power due to the suppression of collision frequency between projected proton beam and hot plasmas in the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, 201800 Shanghai, China
- Helmholtz Institut Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - X T He
- Key Laboratory of HEDP of the Ministry of Education, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - W Yu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - S Fritzsche
- Helmholtz Institut Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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Picosecond metrology of laser-driven proton bursts. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10642. [PMID: 26861592 PMCID: PMC4749984 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking primary radiation-induced processes in matter requires ultrafast sources and high precision timing. While compact laser-driven ion accelerators are seeding the development of novel high instantaneous flux applications, combining the ultrashort ion and laser pulse durations with their inherent synchronicity to trace the real-time evolution of initial damage events has yet to be realized. Here we report on the absolute measurement of proton bursts as short as 3.5±0.7 ps from laser solid target interactions for this purpose. Our results verify that laser-driven ion acceleration can deliver interaction times over a factor of hundred shorter than those of state-of-the-art accelerators optimized for high instantaneous flux. Furthermore, these observations draw ion interaction physics into the field of ultrafast science, opening the opportunity for quantitative comparison with both numerical modelling and the adjacent fields of ultrafast electron and photon interactions in matter. Experimental investigations of the response of matter to ionization would require extremely fast ion pump pulses. Here, the authors explore a different approach observing ionisation dynamics in SiO2 glass by generating synchronized proton pulses from the interaction of high-power lasers on a solid target.
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16
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Bang W, Albright BJ, Bradley PA, Vold EL, Boettger JC, Fernández JC. Uniform heating of materials into the warm dense matter regime with laser-driven quasimonoenergetic ion beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:063101. [PMID: 26764832 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a recent experiment at the Trident laser facility, a laser-driven beam of quasimonoenergetic aluminum ions was used to heat solid gold and diamond foils isochorically to 5.5 and 1.7 eV, respectively. Here theoretical calculations are presented that suggest the gold and diamond were heated uniformly by these laser-driven ion beams. According to calculations and SESAME equation-of-state tables, laser-driven aluminum ion beams achievable at Trident, with a finite energy spread of ΔE/E∼20%, are expected to heat the targets more uniformly than a beam of 140-MeV aluminum ions with zero energy spread. The robustness of the expected heating uniformity relative to the changes in the incident ion energy spectra is evaluated, and expected plasma temperatures of various target materials achievable with the current experimental platform are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B J Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E L Vold
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Boettger
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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17
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Cayzac W, Bagnoud V, Basko MM, Blažević A, Frank A, Gericke DO, Hallo L, Malka G, Ortner A, Tauschwitz A, Vorberger J, Roth M. Predictions for the energy loss of light ions in laser-generated plasmas at low and medium velocities. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:053109. [PMID: 26651804 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.053109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The energy loss of light ions in dense plasmas is investigated with special focus on low to medium projectile energies, i.e., at velocities where the maximum of the stopping power occurs. In this region, exceptionally large theoretical uncertainties remain and no conclusive experimental data are available. We perform simulations of beam-plasma configurations well suited for an experimental test of ion energy loss in highly ionized, laser-generated carbon plasmas. The plasma parameters are extracted from two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, and a Monte Carlo calculation of the charge-state distribution of the projectile ion beam determines the dynamics of the ion charge state over the whole plasma profile. We show that the discrepancies in the energy loss predicted by different theoretical models are as high as 20-30%, making these theories well distinguishable in suitable experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cayzac
- Université Bordeaux-CEA-CNRS, Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, UMR 5107, 33405 Talence, France
| | - V Bagnoud
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M M Basko
- Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (KIAM), Miusskaya sq. 4, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Blažević
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A Frank
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - L Hallo
- CEA-Cesta, 15 Avenue des Sablières BP2, CS 60001, 33116, Le Barp, France
| | - G Malka
- Université Bordeaux-CEA-CNRS, Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, UMR 5107, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A Ortner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - An Tauschwitz
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Vorberger
- Max-Planck Institute for the Physics of complex systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstr. 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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18
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Bang W, Albright BJ, Bradley PA, Gautier DC, Palaniyappan S, Vold EL, Cordoba MAS, Hamilton CE, Fernández JC. Visualization of expanding warm dense gold and diamond heated rapidly by laser-generated ion beams. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14318. [PMID: 26392208 PMCID: PMC4585717 DOI: 10.1038/srep14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of several novel heating sources, scientists can now heat a small sample isochorically above 10,000 K. Although matter at such an extreme state, known as warm dense matter, is commonly found in astrophysics (e.g., in planetary cores) as well as in high energy density physics experiments, its properties are not well understood and are difficult to predict theoretically. This is because the approximations made to describe condensed matter or high-temperature plasmas are invalid in this intermediate regime. A sufficiently large warm dense matter sample that is uniformly heated would be ideal for these studies, but has been unavailable to date. Here we have used a beam of quasi-monoenergetic aluminum ions to heat gold and diamond foils uniformly and isochorically. For the first time, we visualized directly the expanding warm dense gold and diamond with an optical streak camera. Furthermore, we present a new technique to determine the initial temperature of these heated samples from the measured expansion speeds of gold and diamond into vacuum. We anticipate the uniformly heated solid density target will allow for direct quantitative measurements of equation-of-state, conductivity, opacity, and stopping power of warm dense matter, benefiting plasma physics, astrophysics, and nuclear physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B. J. Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P. A. Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D. C. Gautier
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S. Palaniyappan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E. L. Vold
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - C. E. Hamilton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J. C. Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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19
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Kim J, Qiao B, McGuffey C, Wei MS, Grabowski PE, Beg FN. Self-Consistent Simulation of Transport and Energy Deposition of Intense Laser-Accelerated Proton Beams in Solid-Density Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:054801. [PMID: 26274422 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.054801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The first self-consistent hybrid particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of intense proton beam transport and energy deposition in solid-density matter is presented. Both the individual proton slowing-down and the collective beam-plasma interaction effects are taken into account with a new dynamic proton stopping power module that has been added to a hybrid PIC code. In this module, the target local stopping power can be updated at each time step based on its thermodynamic state. For intense proton beams, the reduction of target stopping power from the cold condition due to continuous proton heating eventually leads to broadening of the particle range and energy deposition far beyond the Bragg peak. For tightly focused beams, large magnetic field growth in collective interactions results in self-focusing of the beam and much stronger localized heating of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Center for Energy Research, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - B Qiao
- Center for Energy Research, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - C McGuffey
- Center for Energy Research, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - M S Wei
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - P E Grabowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - F N Beg
- Center for Energy Research, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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20
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Busold S, Schumacher D, Brabetz C, Jahn D, Kroll F, Deppert O, Schramm U, Cowan TE, Blažević A, Bagnoud V, Roth M. Towards highest peak intensities for ultra-short MeV-range ion bunches. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26212024 PMCID: PMC4515640 DOI: 10.1038/srep12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A laser-driven, multi-MeV-range ion beamline has been installed at the GSI Helmholtz center for heavy ion research. The high-power laser PHELIX drives the very short (picosecond) ion acceleration on μm scale, with energies ranging up to 28.4 MeV for protons in a continuous spectrum. The necessary beam shaping behind the source is accomplished by applying magnetic ion lenses like solenoids and quadrupoles and a radiofrequency cavity. Based on the unique beam properties from the laser-driven source, high-current single bunches could be produced and characterized in a recent experiment: At a central energy of 7.8 MeV, up to 5 × 10(8) protons could be re-focused in time to a FWHM bunch length of τ = (462 ± 40) ps via phase focusing. The bunches show a moderate energy spread between 10% and 15% (ΔE/E0 at FWHM) and are available at 6 m distance to the source und thus separated from the harsh laser-matter interaction environment. These successful experiments represent the basis for developing novel laser-driven ion beamlines and accessing highest peak intensities for ultra-short MeV-range ion bunches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Busold
- 1] GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany [2] Helmholtz Institut Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07734 Jena, Germany
| | - Dennis Schumacher
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Brabetz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Diana Jahn
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Kernphysik, Schloßgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Kroll
- 1] Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany [2] Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Deppert
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Kernphysik, Schloßgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schramm
- 1] Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany [2] Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas E Cowan
- 1] Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany [2] Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Abel Blažević
- 1] GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany [2] Helmholtz Institut Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07734 Jena, Germany
| | - Vincent Bagnoud
- 1] GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany [2] Helmholtz Institut Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07734 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Roth
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Kernphysik, Schloßgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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21
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MacLellan DA, Carroll DC, Gray RJ, Booth N, Burza M, Desjarlais MP, Du F, Neely D, Powell HW, Robinson APL, Scott GG, Yuan XH, Wahlström CG, McKenna P. Tunable mega-ampere electron current propagation in solids by dynamic control of lattice melt. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:185001. [PMID: 25396375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.185001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of lattice-melt-induced resistivity gradients on the transport of mega-ampere currents of fast electrons in solids is investigated numerically and experimentally using laser-accelerated protons to induce isochoric heating. Tailoring the heating profile enables the resistive magnetic fields which strongly influence the current propagation to be manipulated. This tunable laser-driven process enables important fast electron beam properties, including the beam divergence, profile, and symmetry to be actively tailored, and without recourse to complex target manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A MacLellan
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - D C Carroll
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - R J Gray
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - N Booth
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - M Burza
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M P Desjarlais
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - F Du
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - D Neely
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - H W Powell
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - A P L Robinson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - G G Scott
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom and Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - X H Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - C-G Wahlström
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P McKenna
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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22
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Evidence for a glassy state in strongly driven carbon. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5214. [PMID: 24909903 PMCID: PMC4048912 DOI: 10.1038/srep05214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report results of an experiment creating a transient, highly correlated carbon state using a combination of optical and x-ray lasers. Scattered x-rays reveal a highly ordered state with an electrostatic energy significantly exceeding the thermal energy of the ions. Strong Coulomb forces are predicted to induce nucleation into a crystalline ion structure within a few picoseconds. However, we observe no evidence of such phase transition after several tens of picoseconds but strong indications for an over-correlated fluid state. The experiment suggests a much slower nucleation and points to an intermediate glassy state where the ions are frozen close to their original positions in the fluid.
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23
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White TG, Hartley NJ, Borm B, Crowley BJB, Harris JWO, Hochhaus DC, Kaempfer T, Li K, Neumayer P, Pattison LK, Pfeifer F, Richardson S, Robinson APL, Uschmann I, Gregori G. Electron-ion equilibration in ultrafast heated graphite. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:145005. [PMID: 24765980 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have employed fast electrons produced by intense laser illumination to isochorically heat thermal electrons in solid density carbon to temperatures of ∼10,000 K. Using time-resolved x-ray diffraction, the temperature evolution of the lattice ions is obtained through the Debye-Waller effect, and this directly relates to the electron-ion equilibration rate. This is shown to be considerably lower than predicted from ideal plasma models. We attribute this to strong ion coupling screening the electron-ion interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G White
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - N J Hartley
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Borm
- Goethe-Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B J B Crowley
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom and AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J W O Harris
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - D C Hochhaus
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Kaempfer
- Helmholtzinstitut Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K Li
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Neumayer
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - L K Pattison
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - F Pfeifer
- Goethe-Universität, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Richardson
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom and AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - A P L Robinson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - I Uschmann
- Helmholtzinstitut Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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24
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Fletcher LB, Kritcher AL, Pak A, Ma T, Döppner T, Fortmann C, Divol L, Jones OS, Landen OL, Scott HA, Vorberger J, Chapman DA, Gericke DO, Mattern BA, Seidler GT, Gregori G, Falcone RW, Glenzer SH. Observations of continuum depression in warm dense matter with x-ray Thomson scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:145004. [PMID: 24765979 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.145004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detailed measurements of the electron densities, temperatures, and ionization states of compressed CH shells approaching pressures of 50 Mbar are achieved with spectrally resolved x-ray scattering. Laser-produced 9 keV x-rays probe the plasma during the transient state of three-shock coalescence. High signal-to-noise x-ray scattering spectra show direct evidence of continuum depression in highly degenerate warm dense matter states with electron densities ne>1024 cm-3. The measured densities and temperatures agree well with radiation-hydrodynamic modeling when accounting for continuum lowering in calculations that employ detailed configuration accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA and Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A L Kritcher
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Pak
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T Ma
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T Döppner
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C Fortmann
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L Divol
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - O S Jones
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - O L Landen
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H A Scott
- L-399, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Vorberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik Komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - D A Chapman
- Plasma Physics Group, AWE plc, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom and Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - B A Mattern
- Physics Department, University of Washington, P.O. Box 351560, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, P.O. Box 351560, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Gregori
- University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R W Falcone
- Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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25
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Schollmeier M, Geissel M, Sefkow AB, Flippo KA. Improved spectral data unfolding for radiochromic film imaging spectroscopy of laser-accelerated proton beams. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043305. [PMID: 24784600 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An improved method to unfold the space-resolved proton energy distribution function of laser-accelerated proton beams using a layered, radiochromic film (RCF) detector stack has been developed. The method takes into account the reduced RCF response near the Bragg peak due to a high linear energy transfer (LET). This LET dependence of the active RCF layer has been measured, and published data have been re-interpreted to find a nonlinear saturation scaling of the RCF response with stopping power. Accounting for the LET effect increased the integrated particle yield by 25% after data unfolding. An iterative, analytical, space-resolved deconvolution of the RCF response functions from the measured dose was developed that does not rely on fitting. After the particle number unfold, three-dimensional interpolation is performed to determine the spatial proton beam distribution for proton energies in-between the RCF data points. Here, image morphing has been implemented as a novel interpolation method that takes into account the energy-dependent, changing beam topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schollmeier
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A B Sefkow
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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26
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Kraus D, Vorberger J, Gericke DO, Bagnoud V, Blažević A, Cayzac W, Frank A, Gregori G, Ortner A, Otten A, Roth F, Schaumann G, Schumacher D, Siegenthaler K, Wagner F, Wünsch K, Roth M. Probing the complex ion structure in liquid carbon at 100 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:255501. [PMID: 24483747 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.255501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the first direct experimental test of the complex ion structure in liquid carbon at pressures around 100 GPa, using spectrally resolved x-ray scattering from shock-compressed graphite samples. Our results confirm the structure predicted by ab initio quantum simulations and demonstrate the importance of chemical bonds at extreme conditions similar to those found in the interiors of giant planets. The evidence presented here thus provides a firmer ground for modeling the evolution and current structure of carbon-bearing icy giants like Neptune, Uranus, and a number of extrasolar planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kraus
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Vorberger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - V Bagnoud
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Blažević
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - W Cayzac
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany and Université de Bordeaux-CEA-CNRS CELIA UMR 5107, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A Frank
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Ortner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Otten
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Schaumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Schumacher
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Siegenthaler
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Wagner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Wünsch
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom and Tessella, 26 The Quadrant, Abingdon OX14 3YS, United Kingdom
| | - M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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27
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Falk K, Regan SP, Vorberger J, Crowley BJB, Glenzer SH, Hu SX, Murphy CD, Radha PB, Jephcoat AP, Wark JS, Gericke DO, Gregori G. Comparison between x-ray scattering and velocity-interferometry measurements from shocked liquid deuterium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:043112. [PMID: 23679534 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.043112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The equation of state of light elements is essential to understand the structure of Jovian planets and inertial confinement fusion research. The Omega laser was used to drive a planar shock wave in the cryogenically cooled deuterium, creating warm dense matter conditions. X-ray scattering was used to determine the spectrum near the boundary of the collective and noncollective scattering regimes using a narrow band x-ray source in backscattering geometry. Our scattering spectra are thus sensitive to the individual electron motion as well as the collective plasma behavior and provide a measurement of the electron density, temperature, and ionization state. Our data are consistent with velocity-interferometry measurements previously taken on the same shocked deuterium conditions and presented by K. Falk et al. [High Energy Density Phys. 8, 76 (2012)]. This work presents a comparison of the two diagnostic systems and offers a detailed discussion of challenges encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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28
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Wünsch K, Vorberger J, Gericke D. Testing ion structure models with x-ray Thomson scattering. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135916002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Vorberger J, Donko Z, Tkachenko IM, Gericke DO. Dynamic ion structure factor of warm dense matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:225001. [PMID: 23368129 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.225001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the ion structure in warm dense matter is determined by molecular dynamics simulations using an effective ion-ion potential. This potential is obtained from ab initio simulations and has a strong short-range repulsion added to a screened Coulomb potential. Models based on static or dynamic local field corrections are found to be insufficient to describe the data. An extended Mermin approach, a hydrodynamic model, and the method of moments with local constraints are capable of reproducing the numerical results but have rather limited predictive powers as they all need some numerical data as input. The method of moments is found to be the most promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vorberger
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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30
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White TG, Vorberger J, Brown CRD, Crowley BJB, Davis P, Glenzer SH, Harris JWO, Hochhaus DC, Le Pape S, Ma T, Murphy CD, Neumayer P, Pattison LK, Richardson S, Gericke DO, Gregori G. Observation of inhibited electron-ion coupling in strongly heated graphite. Sci Rep 2012. [PMID: 23189238 PMCID: PMC3506979 DOI: 10.1038/srep00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating non-equilibrium states of matter with highly unequal electron and lattice temperatures (T(ele)≠T(ion)) allows unsurpassed insight into the dynamic coupling between electrons and ions through time-resolved energy relaxation measurements. Recent studies on low-temperature laser-heated graphite suggest a complex energy exchange when compared to other materials. To avoid problems related to surface preparation, crystal quality and poor understanding of the energy deposition and transport mechanisms, we apply a different energy deposition mechanism, via laser-accelerated protons, to isochorically and non-radiatively heat macroscopic graphite samples up to temperatures close to the melting threshold. Using time-resolved x ray diffraction, we show clear evidence of a very small electron-ion energy transfer, yielding approximately three times longer relaxation times than previously reported. This is indicative of the existence of an energy transfer bottleneck in non-equilibrium warm dense matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G White
- University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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31
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Daido H, Nishiuchi M, Pirozhkov AS. Review of laser-driven ion sources and their applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:056401. [PMID: 22790586 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/5/056401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For many years, laser-driven ion acceleration, mainly proton acceleration, has been proposed and a number of proof-of-principle experiments have been carried out with lasers whose pulse duration was in the nanosecond range. In the 1990s, ion acceleration in a relativistic plasma was demonstrated with ultra-short pulse lasers based on the chirped pulse amplification technique which can provide not only picosecond or femtosecond laser pulse duration, but simultaneously ultra-high peak power of terawatt to petawatt levels. Starting from the year 2000, several groups demonstrated low transverse emittance, tens of MeV proton beams with a conversion efficiency of up to several percent. The laser-accelerated particle beams have a duration of the order of a few picoseconds at the source, an ultra-high peak current and a broad energy spectrum, which make them suitable for many, including several unique, applications. This paper reviews, firstly, the historical background including the early laser-matter interaction studies on energetic ion acceleration relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Secondly, we describe several implemented and proposed mechanisms of proton and/or ion acceleration driven by ultra-short high-intensity lasers. We pay special attention to relatively simple models of several acceleration regimes. The models connect the laser, plasma and proton/ion beam parameters, predicting important features, such as energy spectral shape, optimum conditions and scalings under these conditions for maximum ion energy, conversion efficiency, etc. The models also suggest possible ways to manipulate the proton/ion beams by tailoring the target and irradiation conditions. Thirdly, we review experimental results on proton/ion acceleration, starting with the description of driving lasers. We list experimental results and show general trends of parameter dependences and compare them with the theoretical predictions and simulations. The fourth topic includes a review of scientific, industrial and medical applications of laser-driven proton or ion sources, some of which have already been established, while the others are yet to be demonstrated. In most applications, the laser-driven ion sources are complementary to the conventional accelerators, exhibiting significantly different properties. Finally, we summarize the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Daido
- Applied Laser Technology Institute, Tsuruga Head Office, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizaki, Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken 914-8585, Japan.
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32
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Chen SN, d'Humières E, Lefebvre E, Romagnani L, Toncian T, Antici P, Audebert P, Brambrink E, Cecchetti CA, Kudyakov T, Pipahl A, Sentoku Y, Borghesi M, Willi O, Fuchs J. Focusing dynamics of high-energy density, laser-driven ion beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:055001. [PMID: 22400936 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the focusing of laser-driven ion beams produced from concave solid targets was studied. Most of the ion beam energy is observed to converge at the center of the cylindrical targets with a spot diameter of 30 μm, which can be very beneficial for applications requiring high beam energy densities. Also, unbalanced laser irradiation does not compromise the focusability of the beam. However, significant filamentation occurs during the focusing, potentially limiting the localization of the energy deposition region by these beams at focus. These effects could impact the applicability of such high-energy density beams for applications, e.g., in proton-driven fast ignition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Chen
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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33
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Medvedev N, Zastrau U, Förster E, Gericke DO, Rethfeld B. Short-time electron dynamics in aluminum excited by femtosecond extreme ultraviolet radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:165003. [PMID: 22107395 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.165003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The femtosecond dynamics of the electrons in aluminum after an intense extreme ultraviolet pulse is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. Transient distributions of the conduction band electrons show an almost thermalized, low-energy part and a high-energy tail. Constructing emission spectra from these data, we find excellent agreement with measurements. The radiative decay mainly reflects the colder part of the distribution, whereas the highly excited electrons dominate the bremsstrahlung spectrum. For the latter, we also find good agreement between predicted and measured energy scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Medvedev
- Fachbereich Physik und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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34
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Chapman DA, Gericke DO. Analysis of Thomson scattering from nonequilibrium plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:165004. [PMID: 22107396 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.165004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We develop the theory for light scattering as a diagnostic method for plasmas in nonequilibrium states. We show how well-known nonequilibrium features, like beam acoustic modes, arise in the spectra. The analysis of an experiment with strongly driven electrons demonstrates the abilities of the new approach; we find qualitatively different scattering spectra for different times and excellent agreement with the experimental data after time integration. Finally, an analysis of data from dense beryllium suggests that an energetic electron component exists in this experiment as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Chapman
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Mithen JP, Daligault J, Crowley BJB, Gregori G. Density fluctuations in the Yukawa one-component plasma: an accurate model for the dynamical structure factor. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:046401. [PMID: 22181277 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.046401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using numerical simulations, we investigate the equilibrium dynamics of a single-component fluid with Yukawa interaction potential. We show that, for a wide range of densities and temperatures, the dynamics of the system are in striking agreement with a simple model of generalized hydrodynamics. Since the Yukawa potential can describe the ion-ion interactions in a plasma, our results have significant applicability for both analyzing and interpreting the results of x-ray scattering data from high-power lasers and fourth-generation light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Mithen
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
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