1
|
Enzian G, Wang Z, Simonsen A, Mathiassen J, Vibel T, Tsaturyan Y, Tagantsev A, Schliesser A, Polzik ES. Phononically shielded photonic-crystal mirror membranes for cavity quantum optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13040-13052. [PMID: 37157450 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly reflective, sub-wavelength-thick membrane resonator featuring high mechanical quality factor and discuss its applicability for cavity optomechanics. The 88.5 nm thin stoichiometric silicon-nitride membrane, designed and fabricated to combine 2D-photonic and phononic crystal patterns, reaches reflectivities up to 99.89 % and a mechanical quality factor of 2.9 × 107 at room temperature. We construct a Fabry-Perot-type optical cavity, with the membrane forming one terminating mirror. The optical beam shape in cavity transmission shows a stark deviation from a simple Gaussian mode-shape, consistent with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate optomechanical sideband cooling to mK-mode temperatures, starting from room temperature. At higher intracavity powers we observe an optomechanically induced optical bistability. The demonstrated device has potential to reach high cooperativities at low light levels desirable, for example, for optomechanical sensing and squeezing applications or fundamental studies in cavity quantum optomechanics; and meets the requirements for cooling to the quantum ground state of mechanical motion from room temperature.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao Q, Zhou L, Wang X, Liu Y. Cooling of mechanical resonator in a hybrid intracavity squeezing optomechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:38776-38788. [PMID: 36258435 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid intracavity squeezing optomechanical cooling system, in which an auxiliary cavity couples to an optomechanical cavity with a nonlinear medium inside it, is proposed to realize the ground state cooling of the mechanical resonator in the highly unresolved sideband regime. We demonstrate that the quantum backaction heating can be suppressed perfectly by the intracavity squeezing, and the cooling process can be further promoted by adjusting the tunnel coupling between the coupled cavities. The scheme has good performance in resisting the environmental thermal noise and better tolerance for the auxiliary cavity quality factor and provides the possibility for the quantum manipulation of the mechanical resonator with large mass and low frequency.
Collapse
|
3
|
Limit cycles and chaos in the hybrid atom-optomechanics system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15288. [PMID: 36088462 PMCID: PMC9464193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider atoms in two different periodic potentials induced by different lasers, one of which is coupled to a mechanical membrane via radiation pressure force. The atoms are intrinsically two-level systems that can absorb or emit photons, but the dynamics of their position and momentum are treated classically. On the other hand, the membrane, the cavity field, and the intrinsic two-level atoms are treated quantum mechanically. We show that the mean excitation of the three systems can be stable, periodically oscillating, or in a chaotic state depending on the strength of the coupling between them. We define regular, limit cycle, and chaotic phases, and present a phase diagram where the three phases can be achieved by manipulating the field-membrane and field-atom coupling strengths. We also computed other observable quantities that can reflect the system’s phase such as position, momentum, and correlation functions. Our proposal offers a new way to generate and tune the limit cycle and chaotic phases in a well-established atom-optomechanics system.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ruelle T, Jaeger D, Fogliano F, Braakman F, Poggio M. A tunable fiber Fabry-Perot cavity for hybrid optomechanics stabilized at 4 K. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:095003. [PMID: 36182449 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe an apparatus for the implementation of hybrid optomechanical systems at 4 K. The platform is based on a high-finesse, micrometer-scale fiber Fabry-Perot cavity, which can be widely tuned using piezoelectric positioners. A mechanical resonator can be positioned within the cavity in the object-in-the-middle configuration by a second set of positioners. A high level of stability is achieved without sacrificing either performance or tunability, through the combination of a stiff mechanical design, passive vibration isolation, and an active Pound-Drever-Hall feedback lock incorporating a reconfigurable digital filter. The stability of the cavity length is demonstrated to be better than a few picometers over many hours both at room temperature and at 4 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Ruelle
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Jaeger
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Floris Braakman
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bennett JS. Coherent Feedback Goes for a Spin. PHYSICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physics.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
|
6
|
Yang F, Hellbach F, Rochau F, Belzig W, Weig EM, Rastelli G, Scheer E. Persistent Response in an Ultrastrongly Driven Mechanical Membrane Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:014304. [PMID: 34270281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.014304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally and theoretically the phenomenon of "persistent response" in ultrastrongly driven membrane resonators. The term persistent response denotes the development of a vibrating state with nearly constant amplitude over an extreme wide frequency range. We reveal the underlying mechanism by directly imaging the vibrational state using advanced optical interferometry. We argue that this state is related to the nonlinear interaction between higher-order flexural modes and higher-order overtones of the driven mode. Finally, we propose a stability diagram for the different vibrational states that the membrane can adopt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Felix Rochau
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eva M Weig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Technische Universität München, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Gianluca Rastelli
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Elke Scheer
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Unnikrishnan G, Beulenkamp C, Zhang D, Zamarski KP, Landini M, Nägerl HC. Long distance optical transport of ultracold atoms: A compact setup using a Moiré lens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:063205. [PMID: 34243520 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact and robust setup to optically transport ultracold atoms over long distances. Using a focus-tunable moiré lens that has recently appeared in the market, we demonstrate transport of up to a distance of 465 mm. A transfer efficiency of 70% is achieved with a negligible temperature change at 11 μK. With its high thermal stability and low astigmatism, the moiré lens is superior to fluid-based varifocal lenses. It is much more compact and stable than a lens mounted on a linear translation stage, allowing for simplified experimental setups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Unnikrishnan
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Beulenkamp
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Zhang
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K P Zamarski
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Landini
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H-C Nägerl
- Institut für Experimentalphysik und Zentrum für Quantenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Local and Non-Local Invasive Measurements on Two Quantum Spins Coupled via Nanomechanical Oscillations. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetry plays the central role in the structure of quantum states of bipartite (or many-body) fermionic systems. Typically, symmetry leads to the phenomenon of quantum coherence and correlations (entanglement) inherent to quantum systems only. In the present work, we study the role of symmetry (i.e., quantum correlations) in invasive quantum measurements. We consider the influence of a direct or indirect measurement process on a composite quantum system. We derive explicit analytical expressions for the case of two quantum spins positioned on both sides of the quantum cantilever. The spins are coupled indirectly to each others via their interaction with a magnetic tip deposited on the cantilever. Two types of quantum witnesses can be considered, which quantify the invasiveness of a measurement on the systems’ quantum states: (i) A local quantum witness stands for the consequence on the quantum spin states of a measurement done on the cantilever, meaning we first perform a measurement on the cantilever, and subsequently a measurement on a spin. (ii) The non-local quantum witness signifies the response of one spin if a measurement is done on the other spin. In both cases the disturbance must involve the cantilever. However, in the first case, the spin-cantilever interaction is linear in the coupling constant Ω , where as in the second case, the spin-spin interaction is quadratic in Ω . For both cases, we find and discuss analytical results for the witness.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang JS, Chen AX. Large mechanical squeezing beyond 3dB of hybrid atom-optomechanical systems in a highly unresolved sideband regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:12827-12836. [PMID: 32403771 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme for the generation of strong mechanical squeezing beyond 3dB in hybrid atom-optomechanical systems in the highly unresolved sideband (HURSB) regime where the decay rate of cavity is much larger than the frequency of the mechanical oscillator. The system is formed by two two-level atomic ensembles and an optomechanical system with cavity driven by two lasers with different amplitudes. In the HURSB regime, the squeezing of the movable mirror can not be larger than 3dB if no atomic ensemble or only one atomic ensemble is put into the optomechanical system. However, if two atomic ensembles are put into the optomechanical system, the strong mechanical squeezing beyond 3dB is achieved even in the HURSB regime. Our scheme paves the way toward the implementation of strong mechanical squeezing beyond 3dB in hybrid atom-optomechanical systems in experiments.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang F, Rochau F, Huber JS, Brieussel A, Rastelli G, Weig EM, Scheer E. Spatial Modulation of Nonlinear Flexural Vibrations of Membrane Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:154301. [PMID: 31050522 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.154301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the vibrational motion of mechanical resonators under strong drive in the strongly nonlinear regime. By imaging the vibrational state of rectangular silicon nitride membrane resonators and by analyzing the frequency response using optical interferometry, we show that, upon increasing the driving strength, the membrane adopts a peculiar deflection pattern formed by concentric rings superimposed onto the drum head shape of the fundamental mode. Such a circular symmetry cannot be described as a superposition of a small number of excited linear eigenmodes. Furthermore, different parts of the membrane vibrate at different multiples of the drive frequency, an observation that we denominate as "localization of overtones." We introduce a phenomenological model that is based on the coupling of a small number of effective nonlinear resonators, representing the different parts of the membrane, and that describes the experimental observations correctly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Felix Rochau
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jana S Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Gianluca Rastelli
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Eva M Weig
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elke Scheer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gu WJ, Yi Z, Sun LH, Yan Y. Generation of mechanical squeezing and entanglement via mechanical modulations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:30773-30785. [PMID: 30469969 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the generation of strong stationary mechanical squeezing and entanglement in the modulated two-and three-mode optomechanics. Following the reservoir engineering scheme, the beam-splitter and parametric optomechanical interactions can be simultaneously achieved through appropriately choosing the modulation frequency on mechanical motion, which is essential to strong squeezing and entanglement. In the two-mode modulated optomechanics, squeezing is tunable by the relative ratio of parametric and beam-splitter couplings, and also robust to thermal noise due to the simultaneously optically induced cooling process. In the three-mode modulated optomechanics, strong EPR-type entanglement is also attainable, which can surpass the 3dB limit of nondegenerate parametric interaction. However, the ideal entanglement is impossible since only one of mechanical Bogoliubov modes is cooled by the cavity mode, which also makes the entanglement fragile to the mechanical noise.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim PH, Hauer BD, Clark TJ, Fani Sani F, Freeman MR, Davis JP. Magnetic actuation and feedback cooling of a cavity optomechanical torque sensor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 29116095 PMCID: PMC5677085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity optomechanics has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, such as measurement and control of mechanical motion at the quantum level. Yet many compelling applications of optomechanics—such as microwave-to-telecom wavelength conversion, quantum memories, materials studies, and sensing applications—require hybrid devices, where the optomechanical system is coupled to a separate, typically condensed matter, system. Here, we demonstrate such a hybrid optomechanical system, in which a mesoscopic ferromagnetic needle is integrated with an optomechanical torsional resonator. Using this system we quantitatively extract the magnetization of the needle, not known a priori, demonstrating the potential of this system for studies of nanomagnetism. Furthermore, we show that we can magnetically dampen its torsional mode from room-temperature to 11.6 K—improving its mechanical response time without sacrificing torque sensitivity. Future extensions will enable studies of high-frequency spin dynamics and broadband wavelength conversion via torque mixing. Although optomechanics enables precision metrology, measurements beyond mechanical properties often require hybrid devices. Here, Kim et al. demonstrate that a ferromagnetic needle integrated with a torsional resonator can determine the magnetic properties and amplify or cool the resonator motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - B D Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - T J Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - F Fani Sani
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - M R Freeman
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - J P Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li XX, Li PB, Ma SL, Li FL. Preparing entangled states between two NV centers via the damping of nanomechanical resonators. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14116. [PMID: 29074851 PMCID: PMC5658428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an efficient scheme for preparing entangled states between two separated nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a spin-mechanical system via a dissipative quantum dynamical process. The proposal actively exploits the nanomechanical resonator (NAMR) damping to drive the NV centers to the target state through a quantum reservoir engineering approach. The distinct features of the present work are that we turn the detrimental source of noise into a resource and only need high-frequency low-Q mechanical resonators, which make our scheme more simple and feasible in experimental implementation. This protocol may have interesting applications in quantum information processing with spin-mechanical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Peng-Bo Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Sheng-Li Ma
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fu-Li Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sohail A, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yu CS. Optomechanically induced transparency in multi-cavity optomechanical system with and without one two-level atom. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28830. [PMID: 27349325 PMCID: PMC4923846 DOI: 10.1038/srep28830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We analytically study the optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) in the N-cavity system with the Nth cavity driven by pump, probing laser fields and the 1st cavity coupled to mechanical oscillator. We also consider that one atom could be trapped in the ith cavity. Instead of only illustrating the OMIT in such a system, we are interested in how the number of OMIT windows is influenced by the cavities and the atom and what roles the atom could play in different cavities. In the resolved sideband regime, we find that, the number of cavities precisely determines the maximal number of OMIT windows. It is interesting that, when the two-level atom is trapped in the even-labeled cavity, the central absorptive peak (odd N) or dip (even N) is split and forms an extra OMIT window, but if the atom is trapped in the odd-labeled cavity, the central absorptive peak (odd N) or dip (even N) is only broadened and thus changes the width of the OMIT windows rather than induces an extra window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Sohail
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Chang-shui Yu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
An Optomechanical Elevator: Transport of a Bloch Oscillating Bose–Einstein Condensate up and down an Optical Lattice by Cavity Sideband Amplification and Cooling. ATOMS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
16
|
Observation of a phononic Mollow triplet in a multimode hybrid spin-nanomechanical system. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8603. [PMID: 26477639 PMCID: PMC4634217 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reminiscent of the bound character of a qubit's dynamics confined on the Bloch sphere, the observation of a Mollow triplet in the resonantly driven qubit fluorescence spectrum represents one of the founding signatures of quantum electrodynamics. Here we report on its observation in a hybrid spin-nanomechanical system, where a nitrogen-vacancy spin qubit is magnetically coupled to the vibrations of a silicon carbide nanowire. A resonant microwave field turns the originally parametric hybrid interaction into a resonant process, where acoustic phonons are now able to induce transitions between the dressed qubit states, leading to synchronized spin-oscillator dynamics. We further explore the vectorial character of the hybrid coupling to the bidimensional deformations of the nanowire. The demonstrated microwave assisted synchronization of the spin-oscillator dynamics opens novel perspectives for the exploration of spin-dependent forces, the key ingredient for quantum state transfer. The Mollow triplet, originally observed in the fluorescence spectrum of an optically excited two level system, is a signature of quantum electrodynamics. Here, the authors observe its phononic equivalent by magnetically coupling a single nitrogen-vacancy qubit to the vibrations of a silicon carbide nanowire.
Collapse
|
17
|
Terças H, Ribeiro S, Mendonça JT. Quasi-polaritons in Bose-Einstein condensates induced by Casimir-Polder interaction with graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:214011. [PMID: 25966318 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/21/214011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider the mechanical coupling between a two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate and a graphene sheet via the vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field which are at the origin of the so-called Casimir-Polder potential. By deriving a self-consistent set of equations governing the dynamics of the condensate and the flexural (out-of-plane) modes of the graphene, we can show the formation of a new type of purely acoustic quasi-particle excitation, a quasi-polariton resulting from the coherent superposition of quanta of flexural and Bogoliubov modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Terças
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France. Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jöckel A, Faber A, Kampschulte T, Korppi M, Rakher MT, Treutlein P. Sympathetic cooling of a membrane oscillator in a hybrid mechanical-atomic system. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:55-59. [PMID: 25420032 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic cooling with ultracold atoms and atomic ions enables ultralow temperatures in systems where direct laser or evaporative cooling is not possible. It has so far been limited to the cooling of other microscopic particles, with masses up to 90 times larger than that of the coolant atom. Here, we use ultracold atoms to sympathetically cool the vibrations of a Si3N4 nanomembrane, the mass of which exceeds that of the atomic ensemble by a factor of 10(10). The coupling of atomic and membrane vibrations is mediated by laser light over a macroscopic distance and is enhanced by placing the membrane in an optical cavity. We observe cooling of the membrane vibrations from room temperature to 650 ± 230 mK, exploiting the large atom-membrane cooperativity of our hybrid optomechanical system. With technical improvements, our scheme could provide ground-state cooling and quantum control of low-frequency oscillators such as nanomembranes or levitated nanoparticles, in a regime where purely optomechanical techniques cannot reach the ground state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jöckel
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aline Faber
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Korppi
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Rakher
- Departement Physik, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Villanueva LG, Schmid S. Evidence of Surface Loss as Ubiquitous Limiting Damping Mechanism in SiN Micro- and Nanomechanical Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:227201. [PMID: 25494083 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.227201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride (SiN) micro- and nanomechanical resonators have attracted a lot of attention in various research fields due to their exceptionally high quality factors (Qs). Despite their popularity, the origin of the limiting loss mechanisms in these structures has remained controversial. In this Letter we propose an analytical model combining acoustic radiation loss with intrinsic loss. The model accurately predicts the resulting mode-dependent Qs of low-stress silicon-rich and high-stress stoichiometric SiN membranes. The large acoustic mismatch of the low-stress membrane to the substrate seems to minimize radiation loss and Qs of higher modes (n∧m≥3) are limited by intrinsic losses. The study of these intrinsic losses in low-stress membranes reveals a linear dependence with the membrane thickness. This finding was confirmed by comparing the intrinsic dissipation of arbitrary (membranes, strings, and cantilevers) SiN resonators extracted from literature, suggesting surface loss as ubiquitous damping mechanism in thin SiN resonators with Q_{surf}=βh and β=6×10^{10}±4×10^{10} m^{-1}. Based on the intrinsic loss the maximal achievable Qs and Qf products for SiN membranes and strings are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L G Villanueva
- Advanced NEMS Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Schmid
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Montinaro M, Wüst G, Munsch M, Fontana Y, Russo-Averchi E, Heiss M, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Warburton RJ, Poggio M. Quantum dot opto-mechanics in a fully self-assembled nanowire. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4454-60. [PMID: 25010118 DOI: 10.1021/nl501413t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We show that optically active quantum dots (QDs) embedded in MBE-grown GaAs/AlGaAs core-shell nanowires (NWs) are coupled to the NW mechanical motion. Oscillations of the NW modulate the QD emission energy in a broad range exceeding 14 meV. Furthermore, this opto-mechanical interaction enables the dynamical tuning of two neighboring QDs into resonance, possibly allowing for emitter-emitter coupling. Both the QDs and the coupling mechanism, i.e. material strain, are intrinsic to the NW structure and do not depend on any functionalization or external field. Such systems open up the prospect of using QDs to probe and control the mechanical state of a NW, or conversely of making a quantum nondemolition readout of a QD state through a position measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Montinaro
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Teissier J, Barfuss A, Appel P, Neu E, Maletinsky P. Strain coupling of a nitrogen-vacancy center spin to a diamond mechanical oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:020503. [PMID: 25062153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on single electronic spins coupled to the motion of mechanical resonators by a novel mechanism based on crystal strain. Our device consists of single-crystal diamond cantilevers with embedded nitrogen-vacancy center spins. Using optically detected electron spin resonance, we determine the unknown spin-strain coupling constants and demonstrate that our system resides well within the resolved sideband regime. We realize coupling strengths exceeding 10 MHz under mechanical driving and show that our system has the potential to reach strong coupling. Our novel hybrid system forms a resource for future experiments on spin-based cantilever cooling and coherent spin-oscillator coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Teissier
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - A Barfuss
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - P Appel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - E Neu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - P Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Darázs Z, Kurucz Z, Kálmán O, Kiss T, Fortágh J, Domokos P. Parametric amplification of the mechanical vibrations of a suspended nanowire by magnetic coupling to a Bose-Einstein condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:133603. [PMID: 24745416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show how the vibrational modes of a nanowire may be coherently manipulated with a Bose-Einstein condensate of ultracold atoms. We consider the magnetomechanical coupling between paramagnetic atoms and a suspended nanowire carrying a dc current. Atomic spin flips produce a backaction onto the wire vibrations, which can lead to mechanical mode amplification. In contrast to systems considered before, the condensate has a finite energy bandwidth in the range of the chemical potential and we explore the consequences of this on the parametric drive. Applying the resolvent method, we determine the threshold coupling and we also find a significant frequency shift of the vibration due to magnetomechanical dressing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Darázs
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary and Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Kurucz
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
| | - O Kálmán
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
| | - T Kiss
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
| | - J Fortágh
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Domokos
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bernon S, Hattermann H, Bothner D, Knufinke M, Weiss P, Jessen F, Cano D, Kemmler M, Kleiner R, Koelle D, Fortágh J. Manipulation and coherence of ultra-cold atoms on a superconducting atom chip. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2380. [PMID: 23986123 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The coherence of quantum systems is crucial to quantum information processing. Although superconducting qubits can process quantum information at microelectronics rates, it remains a challenge to preserve the coherence and therefore the quantum character of the information in these systems. An alternative is to share the tasks between different quantum platforms, for example, cold atoms storing the quantum information processed by superconducting circuits. Here we characterize the coherence of superposition states of (87)Rb atoms magnetically trapped on a superconducting atom chip. We load atoms into a persistent-current trap engineered next to a coplanar microwave resonator structure, and observe that the coherence of hyperfine ground states is preserved for several seconds. We show that large ensembles of a million of thermal atoms below 350 nK temperature and pure Bose-Einstein condensates with 3.5 × 10(5) atoms can be prepared and manipulated at the superconducting interface. This opens the path towards the rich dynamics of strong collective coupling regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bernon
- 1] CQ Center for Collective Quantum Phenomena and their Applications in LISA+, Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany [2] [3]
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Treutlein
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Korppi M, Jöckel A, Rakher MT, Camerer S, Hunger D, Hänsch TW, Treutlein P. Hybrid atom-membrane optomechanics. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135703006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
26
|
Horsley SAR, Wu JH, Artoni M, La Rocca GC. Optical nonreciprocity of cold atom Bragg mirrors in motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:223602. [PMID: 23767722 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.223602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocity is fundamental to light transport and is a concept that holds also in rather complex systems. Yet, reciprocity can be switched off even in linear, isotropic, and passive media by setting the material structure into motion. In highly dispersive multilayers this leads to a fairly large forward-backward asymmetry in the pulse transmission. Moreover, in multilevel systems, this transport phenomenon can be all-optically enhanced. For atomic multilayer structures made of three-level cold 87Rb atoms, for instance, forward-backward transmission contrast around 95% can be obtained already at atomic speeds in the meter per second range. The scheme we illustrate may open up avenues for optical isolation that were not previously accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A R Horsley
- Electromagnetic and Acoustic Materials Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, England.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xuereb A, Genes C, Dantan A. Strong coupling and long-range collective interactions in optomechanical arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:223601. [PMID: 23368118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the collective optomechanics of an ensemble of scatterers inside a Fabry-Pérot resonator and identify an optimized configuration where the ensemble is transmissive, in contrast to the usual reflective optomechanics approach. In this configuration, the optomechanical coupling of a specific collective mechanical mode can be several orders of magnitude larger than the single-element case, and long-range interactions can be generated between the different elements since light permeates throughout the array. This new regime should realistically allow for achieving strong single-photon optomechanical coupling with massive resonators, realizing hybrid quantum interfaces, and exploiting collective long-range interactions in arrays of atoms or mechanical oscillators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Xuereb
- Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Massel F, Cho SU, Pirkkalainen JM, Hakonen PJ, Heikkilä TT, Sillanpää MA. Multimode circuit optomechanics near the quantum limit. Nat Commun 2012; 3:987. [PMID: 22871806 PMCID: PMC3432470 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling of distinct systems underlies nearly all physical phenomena. A basic instance is that of interacting harmonic oscillators, giving rise to, for example, the phonon eigenmodes in a lattice. Of particular importance are the interactions in hybrid quantum systems, which can combine the benefits of each part in quantum technologies. Here we investigate a hybrid optomechanical system having three degrees of freedom, consisting of a microwave cavity and two micromechanical beams with closely spaced frequencies around 32 MHz and no direct interaction. We record the first evidence of tripartite optomechanical mixing, implying that the eigenmodes are combinations of one photonic and two phononic modes. We identify an asymmetric dark mode having a long lifetime. Simultaneously, we operate the nearly macroscopic mechanical modes close to the motional quantum ground state, down to 1.8 thermal quanta, achieved by back-action cooling. These results constitute an important advance towards engineering of entangled motional states. Optomechanical systems allow for the exploration of macroscopic behaviour at or near the quantum limit. Massel et al. use micromechanical resonators to study the hybridisation of one photonic and two phononic modes with phonon numbers down to 1.8, showing a coupling between all three degrees of freedom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Massel
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Barton RA, Storch IR, Adiga VP, Sakakibara R, Cipriany BR, Ilic B, Wang SP, Ong P, McEuen PL, Parpia JM, Craighead HG. Photothermal self-oscillation and laser cooling of graphene optomechanical systems. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:4681-4686. [PMID: 22889415 DOI: 10.1021/nl302036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
By virtue of their low mass and stiffness, atomically thin mechanical resonators are attractive candidates for use in optomechanics. Here, we demonstrate photothermal back-action in a graphene mechanical resonator comprising one end of a Fabry-Perot cavity. As a demonstration of the utility of this effect, we show that a continuous wave laser can be used to cool a graphene vibrational mode or to power a graphene-based tunable frequency oscillator. Owing to graphene's high thermal conductivity and optical absorption, photothermal optomechanics is efficient in graphene and could ultimately enable laser cooling to the quantum ground state or applications such as photonic signal processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Barton
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Safavi-Naeini AH, Chan J, Hill JT, Alegre TPM, Krause A, Painter O. Observation of quantum motion of a nanomechanical resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:033602. [PMID: 22400740 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we use resolved sideband laser cooling to cool a mesoscopic mechanical resonator to near its quantum ground state (phonon occupancy 2.6±0.2), and observe the motional sidebands generated on a second probe laser. Asymmetry in the sideband amplitudes provides a direct measure of the displacement noise power associated with quantum zero-point fluctuations of the nanomechanical resonator, and allows for an intrinsic calibration of the phonon occupation number.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|