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Zhou J, Wang X. Classical multielectron model atoms with optimized ionization energies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:16802-16811. [PMID: 36221515 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method to build stable classical multielectron model atoms with the ionization energies optimized to experimental values. Based on the work of Kirschbaum and Wilets [Phys. Rev. A21, 834 (1980)10.1103/PhysRevA.21.834], which introduces auxiliary potentials to simulate quantum mechanical effects, we implement a genetic algorithm to optimize the related parameters such that the model atoms yield correct (first few) ionization energies. Ionization-energy optimized model atoms automatically show separated electron shells, consistent to normal expectations. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the importance of correct ionization energies, as well as new perspectives to double ionization processes.
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Xu TT, Gong WJ, Zhang LL, Qi Y. Frustrated nonsequential double ionization of Ar atoms in counter-rotating two-color circular laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:35168-35178. [PMID: 33182968 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the frustrated double ionization (FDI) of Ar atoms with counter-rotating two-color circular (CRTC) laser fields using the three-dimensional (3D) classical ensemble method. Our results show that the FDI probability depends upon the intensity ratio of the CRTC laser fields. The FDI event accompanied with the recollision excitation with subsequent ionization is prevalent and three pathways exist in FDI processes driven by CRTC laser fields. The momentum distribution of a recaptured electron at the ionization time after recollision indicates that the momentum being close to the vector potential is a necessary condition for FDI events to occur. In addition, the recaptured electron most probably transitions to a Rydberg state of which the quantum number is ten in the CRTC fields.
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Dubois J, Chandre C, Uzer T. Nonadiabatic effects in the double ionization of atoms driven by a circularly polarized laser pulse. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032218. [PMID: 33075872 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the double ionization of atoms subjected to circularly polarized (CP) laser pulses. We analyze two fundamental ionization processes: the sequential (SDI) and nonsequential (NSDI) double ionization in the light of the rotating frame (RF) which naturally embeds nonadiabatic effects in CP pulses. We use and compare two adiabatic approximations: The adiabatic approximation in the laboratory frame (LF) and the adiabatic approximation in the RF. The adiabatic approximation in the RF encapsulates the energy variations of the electrons on subcycle timescales happening in the LF and this, by fully taking into account the ion-electron interaction. This allows us to identify two nonadiabatic effects including the lowering of the threshold intensity at which over-the-barrier ionization happens and the lowering of the ionization time of the electrons. As a consequence, these nonadiabatic effects facilitate over-the-barrier ionization and recollision-induced ionizations. We analyze the outcomes of these nonadiabatic effects on the recollision mechanism. We show that the laser envelope plays an instrumental role in a recollision channel in CP pulses at the heart of NSDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubois
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille 13009, France.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - C Chandre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille 13009, France
| | - T Uzer
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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Dubois J, Chandre C, Uzer T. Envelope-Driven Recollisions Triggered by an Elliptically Polarized Pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:253203. [PMID: 32639777 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.253203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing ellipticity usually suppresses the recollision probability drastically. In contrast, we report on a recollision channel with large return energy and a substantial probability, regardless of the ellipticity. The laser envelope plays a dominant role in the energy gained by the electron, and in the conditions under which the electron comes back to the core. We show that this recollision channel efficiently triggers various nonlinear and nonperturbative phenomena-such as multiple ionization-with an elliptically polarized pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubois
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
| | - C Chandre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M, Marseille, France
| | - T Uzer
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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Li B, Yang X, Ren X, Zhang J. Enhanced double ionization rate from O 2 molecules driven by counter-rotating circularly polarized two-color laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:32700-32708. [PMID: 31684477 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report that the nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) probability of an O 2 target can be enhanced greatly in a counter-rotating circularly polarized two-color driving field. The field is composed of a fundamental frequency and its third harmonic, and the combined electric field traces out a four-leaf-clover pattern. The electron ionized by such a field has more chances to collide with the valence electrons in the O 2 molecule, which significantly enhances the NSDI probability. This effect is more evident in low-intensity fields. We also find that the enhancement appears in a broad range of the field ratio of two colors and that both the NSDI yield and the underlying electronic behavior varies notably with the field ratio.
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Ma X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Li M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Lu P. Timing the release of the correlated electrons in strong-field nonsequential double ionization by circularly polarized two-color laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:1825-1837. [PMID: 30732230 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.001825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the semiclassical ensemble model, we systematically investigate the correlated electron dynamics in strong-field nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) by the counter-rotating circularly polarized two-color (CPTC) laser pulses. Our results show that the angular distributions of the electrons in NSDI sensitively depend on the intensity ratio of the CPTC laser fields. At the small ratio, the electron pairs emit with a relative angle of about 120°, and this angle shifts to 40° as the ratio increases and finally it exhibits a wide range distribution as the intensity ratio further increases. Back analysis of the NSDI trajectories shows that this behavior results from the relative-intensity-dependence of the release time of the electron pairs in the CPTC laser fields. The release times of the electron pairs are directly mapped to the angular distribution. Our results indicate that the emission times of the correlated electrons in NSDI can be controlled with the CPTC laser fields.
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Yu WW, Ben S, Ji L, Liu YS, Guo J, Liu XS. Enhancement of nonsequential double ionization in counter-rotating two-color circularly polarized laser fields. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Luo S, Ma X, Xie H, Li M, Zhou Y, Cao W, Lu P. Controlling nonsequential double ionization of Ne with parallel-polarized two-color laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:13666-13676. [PMID: 29801389 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We measure the recoil-ion momentum distributions from nonsequential double ionization of Ne by two-color laser pulses consisting of a strong 800-nm field and a weak 400-nm field with parallel polarizations. The ion momentum spectra show pronounced asymmetries in the emission direction, which depend sensitively on the relative phase of the two-color components. Moreover, the peak of the doubly charged ion momentum distribution shifts gradually with the relative phase. The shifted range is much larger than the maximal vector potential of the 400-nm laser field. Those features are well recaptured by a semiclassical model. Through analyzing the correlated electron dynamics, we found that the energy sharing between the two electrons is extremely unequal at the instant of recollison. We further show that the shift of the ion momentum corresponds to the change of the recollision time in the two-color laser field. By tuning the relative phase of the two-color components, the recollision time is controlled with attosecond precision.
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Li N, Zhou Y, Ma X, Li M, Huang C, Lu P. Correlated electron dynamics in strong-field nonsequential double ionization of Mg. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:174302. [PMID: 29117686 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the classical ensemble model, we systematically investigate strong-field nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) of Mg by intense elliptically polarized laser pulses with different wavelengths. Different from the noble atoms, NSDI occurs for Mg driven by elliptically and circularly polarized laser fields. Our results show that in elliptically and circularly polarized laser fields, the NSDI yield is sharply suppressed as the wavelength increases. Interestingly, the correlated behavior in the electron momentum spectra depends sensitively on the wavelengths. The corresponding electron dynamics is revealed by back tracing the classical trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yueming Zhou
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ma
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peixiang Lu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Winney AH, Lee SK, Lin YF, Liao Q, Adhikari P, Basnayake G, Schlegel HB, Li W. Attosecond Electron Correlation Dynamics in Double Ionization of Benzene Probed with Two-Electron Angular Streaking. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:123201. [PMID: 29341647 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.123201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With a novel three-dimensional electron-electron coincidence imaging technique and two-electron angular streaking method, we show that the emission time delay between two electrons can be measured from tens of attoseconds to more than 1 fs. Surprisingly, in benzene, the double ionization rate decays as the time delay between the first and second electron emission increases during the first 500 as. This is further supported by the decay of the Coulomb repulsion in the direction perpendicular to the laser polarization. This result reveals that laser-induced electron correlation plays a major role in strong field double ionization of benzene driven by a nearly circularly polarized field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Winney
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Suk Kyoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Yun Fei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Qing Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Pradip Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Gihan Basnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Shi Y, Song KL, Guo J, Jin MX. Exploration of strong-field double ionisation of a A 2B molecule in parallel and perpendicular laser fields. Mol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1287968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Li Song
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
- Laboratoire de Chimie The orique, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Ming-Xing Jin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University 130012, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Ben S, Guo PY, Song KL, Xu TT, Yu WW, Liu XS. Nonsequential double ionization of Mg from a doubly excited complex driven by circularly polarized laser field. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:1288-1295. [PMID: 28158012 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With the classical ensemble method, the correlated-electron dynamics of Mg atom from a doubly excited, transition Coulomb complex in few-cycle circularly polarized (CP) laser field at low laser intensity is theoretically investigated. The low energy transfer during the recollision process indicates that the two electrons cannot release directly, but it can pass through a doubly excited state, and then escape with the ionization time difference. The numerical results show that the feature of the sequential double ionization (SDI) can be observed in the nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) process. The SDI-like results demonstrate that the intermediate state has lost any memory of its formation dynamics. The distribution of the angle between the two release directions of the two electrons also depends on the ionization time difference. Finally, the influence of e-e Coulomb repulsion is discussed.
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Nonsequential double ionization with mid-infrared laser fields. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37413. [PMID: 27857182 PMCID: PMC5114651 DOI: 10.1038/srep37413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a full-dimensional Monte Carlo classical ensemble method, we present a theoretical study of atomic nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) with mid-infrared laser fields, and compare with results from near-infrared laser fields. Unlike single-electron strong-field processes, double ionization shows complex and unexpected interplays between the returning electron and its parent ion core. As a result of these interplays, NSDI for mid-IR fields is dominated by second-returning electron trajectories, instead of first-returning trajectories for near-IR fields. Some complex NSDI channels commonly happen with near-IR fields, such as the recollision-excitation-with-subsequent-ionization (RESI) channel, are virtually shut down by mid-IR fields. Besides, the final energies of the two electrons can be extremely unequal, leading to novel e-e momentum correlation spectra that can be measured experimentally.
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Li Y, Yu B, Tang Q, Wang X, Hua D, Tong A, Jiang C, Ge G, Li Y, Wan J. Transition of recollision trajectories from linear to elliptical polarization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:6469-6479. [PMID: 27136838 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.006469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a classical ensemble method, we revisit the topic of recollision and nonsequential double ionization with elliptically polarized laser fields. We focus on how the recollision mechanism transitions from short trajectories with linear polarization to long trajectories with elliptical polarization. We propose how this transition can be observed by meansuring the carrier-envelop-phase dependence of the correlated electron momentum spectra using currently available few-cycle laser pulses.
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Momentum Distribution of Near-Zero-Energy Photoelectrons in the Strong-Field Tunneling Ionization in the Long Wavelength Limit. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11473. [PMID: 26081971 PMCID: PMC4469979 DOI: 10.1038/srep11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the ionization dynamics of Argon atoms irradiated by an ultrashort intense laser of a wavelength up to 3100 nm, addressing the momentum distribution of the photoelectrons with near-zero-energy. We find a surprising accumulation in the momentum distribution corresponding to meV energy and a “V”-like structure at the slightly larger transverse momenta. Semiclassical simulations indicate the crucial role of the Coulomb attraction between the escaping electron and the remaining ion at an extremely large distance. Tracing back classical trajectories, we find the tunneling electrons born in a certain window of the field phase and transverse velocity are responsible for the striking accumulation. Our theoretical results are consistent with recent meV-resolved high-precision measurements.
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Kamor A, Mauger F, Chandre C, Uzer T. How key periodic orbits drive recollisions in a circularly polarized laser field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:253002. [PMID: 23829734 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.253002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We show that a family of key periodic orbits drives the recollision process in a strong circularly polarized laser field. These orbits, coined recolliding periodic orbits, exist for a wide range of parameters, and their relative influence changes as the laser and atomic parameters are varied. We find the necessary conditions for recollision-driven nonsequential double ionization to occur. The outlined mechanism is universal in that it applies equally well beyond atoms: The internal structure of the target species plays a minor role in the recollision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kamor
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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Wang X, Eberly JH. Nonadiabatic theory of strong-field atomic effects under elliptical polarization. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:22A542. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4752079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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