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Oppliger J, Denner MM, Küspert J, Frison R, Wang Q, Morawietz A, Ivashko O, Dippel AC, Zimmermann MV, Biało I, Martinelli L, Fauqué B, Choi J, Garcia-Fernandez M, Zhou KJ, Christensen NB, Kurosawa T, Momono N, Oda M, Natterer FD, Fischer MH, Neupert T, Chang J. Weak signal extraction enabled by deep neural network denoising of diffraction data. NAT MACH INTELL 2024; 6:180-186. [PMID: 38404481 PMCID: PMC10883886 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-024-00790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The removal or cancellation of noise has wide-spread applications in imaging and acoustics. In applications in everyday life, such as image restoration, denoising may even include generative aspects, which are unfaithful to the ground truth. For scientific use, however, denoising must reproduce the ground truth accurately. Denoising scientific data is further challenged by unknown noise profiles. In fact, such data will often include noise from multiple distinct sources, which substantially reduces the applicability of simulation-based approaches. Here we show how scientific data can be denoised by using a deep convolutional neural network such that weak signals appear with quantitative accuracy. In particular, we study X-ray diffraction and resonant X-ray scattering data recorded on crystalline materials. We demonstrate that weak signals stemming from charge ordering, insignificant in the noisy data, become visible and accurate in the denoised data. This success is enabled by supervised training of a deep neural network with pairs of measured low- and high-noise data. We additionally show that using artificial noise does not yield such quantitatively accurate results. Our approach thus illustrates a practical strategy for noise filtering that can be applied to challenging acquisition problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Oppliger
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Küspert
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruggero Frison
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qisi Wang
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Oleh Ivashko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Izabela Biało
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Benoît Fauqué
- JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS, Collège de France, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Tohru Kurosawa
- Department of Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Momono
- Department of Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan
| | - Migaku Oda
- Department of Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Titus Neupert
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Chang
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Two types of magnetic shape-memory effects from twinned microstructure and magneto-structural coupling in Fe 1+y Te. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16697-16702. [PMID: 31391310 PMCID: PMC6708364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905271116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic shape memory (MSM) refers to a change in shape and/or size of a magnetic material upon applying a magnetic field. There are 2 types of MSM effects; the first one occurs in a twinned magnetically ordered material, in which the crystallographic axes are irreversibly reoriented by the applied magnetic field. In the second type, the applied field drives a magnetoelastic phase transition. In certain iron tellurides Fe1+yTe, both types of MSM occur. Notably, the first antiferromagnetic compound found to display an MSM effect is a parent material to the well-studied high-Tc cuprate superconductor La2−xSrxCuO4. Observation of MSM effects in 2 known material families related to high-Tc superconductors points to a prominent role of electron–phonon coupling arising through the spin–orbit interactions. A detailed experimental investigation of Fe1+yTe (y = 0.11, 0.12) using pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T confirms remarkable magnetic shape-memory (MSM) effects. These effects result from magnetoelastic transformation processes in the low-temperature antiferromagnetic state of these materials. The observation of modulated and finely twinned microstructure at the nanoscale through scanning tunneling microscopy establishes a behavior similar to that of thermoelastic martensite. We identified the observed, elegant hierarchical twinning pattern of monoclinic crystallographic domains as an ideal realization of crossing twin bands. The antiferromagnetism of the monoclinic ground state allows for a magnetic-field–induced reorientation of these twin variants by the motion of one type of twin boundaries. At sufficiently high magnetic fields, we observed a second isothermal transformation process with large hysteresis for different directions of applied field. This gives rise to a second MSM effect caused by a phase transition back to the field-polarized tetragonal lattice state.
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Willa K, Diao Z, Campanini D, Welp U, Divan R, Hudl M, Islam Z, Kwok WK, Rydh A. Nanocalorimeter platform for in situ specific heat measurements and x-ray diffraction at low temperature. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:125108. [PMID: 29289216 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in electronics and nanofabrication have enabled membrane-based nanocalorimetry for measurements of the specific heat of microgram-sized samples. We have integrated a nanocalorimeter platform into a 4.5 T split-pair vertical-field magnet to allow for the simultaneous measurement of the specific heat and x-ray scattering in magnetic fields and at temperatures as low as 4 K. This multi-modal approach empowers researchers to directly correlate scattering experiments with insights from thermodynamic properties including structural, electronic, orbital, and magnetic phase transitions. The use of a nanocalorimeter sample platform enables numerous technical advantages: precise measurement and control of the sample temperature, quantification of beam heating effects, fast and precise positioning of the sample in the x-ray beam, and fast acquisition of x-ray scans over a wide temperature range without the need for time-consuming re-centering and re-alignment. Furthermore, on an YBa2Cu3O7-δ crystal and a copper foil, we demonstrate a novel approach to x-ray absorption spectroscopy by monitoring the change in sample temperature as a function of incident photon energy. Finally, we illustrate the new insights that can be gained from in situ structural and thermodynamic measurements by investigating the superheated state occurring at the first-order magneto-elastic phase transition of Fe2P, a material that is of interest for magnetocaloric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Willa
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Z Diao
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Campanini
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Welp
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Hudl
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z Islam
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - W-K Kwok
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A Rydh
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Walmsley P, Fisher IR. Determination of the resistivity anisotropy of orthorhombic materials via transverse resistivity measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:043901. [PMID: 28456271 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the resistivity anisotropy can provide crucial information about the electronic structure and scattering processes in anisotropic and low-dimensional materials, but quantitative measurements by conventional means often suffer very significant systematic errors. Here we describe a novel approach to measuring the resistivity anisotropy of orthorhombic materials, using a single crystal and a single measurement that is derived from a π4 rotation of the measurement frame relative to the crystallographic axes. In this new basis, the transverse resistivity gives a direct measurement of the resistivity anisotropy, which combined with the longitudinal resistivity also gives the in-plane elements of the conventional resistivity tensor via a 5-point contact geometry. This is demonstrated through application to the charge-density wave compound ErTe3, and it is concluded that this method presents a significant improvement on existing techniques, particularly when measuring small anisotropies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Walmsley
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4045, USA
| | - I R Fisher
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4045, USA
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Duc F, Fabrèges X, Roth T, Detlefs C, Frings P, Nardone M, Billette J, Lesourd M, Zhang L, Zitouni A, Delescluse P, Béard J, Nicolin JP, Rikken GLJA. A 31 T split-pair pulsed magnet for single crystal x-ray diffraction at low temperature. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:053905. [PMID: 24880385 DOI: 10.1063/1.4878915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a pulsed magnet system with panoramic access for synchrotron x-ray diffraction in magnetic fields up to 31 T and at low temperature down to 1.5 K. The apparatus consists of a split-pair magnet, a liquid nitrogen bath to cool the pulsed coil, and a helium cryostat allowing sample temperatures from 1.5 up to 250 K. Using a 1.15 MJ mobile generator, magnetic field pulses of 60 ms length were generated in the magnet, with a rise time of 16.5 ms and a repetition rate of 2 pulses/h at 31 T. The setup was validated for single crystal diffraction on the ESRF beamline ID06.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Duc
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - X Fabrèges
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - T Roth
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Boîte Postale 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - C Detlefs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Boîte Postale 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - P Frings
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - M Nardone
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J Billette
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - M Lesourd
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Boîte Postale 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - L Zhang
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Boîte Postale 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - A Zitouni
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - P Delescluse
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J Béard
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J P Nicolin
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - G L J A Rikken
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-INSA-UJF-UPS, 143, avenue de Rangueil, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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