1
|
Szabo GL, Lehner M, Bischoff L, Pilz W, Muckenhuber H, Kentsch U, Aumayr F, Klingner N, Wilhelm RA. Nano-hillock formation on CaF 2due to individual slow Au-cluster impacts. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:355701. [PMID: 34015773 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a direct way to generate hillock-like nanostructures on CaF2(111) ionic crystals by kinetic energy deposition upon Au-cluster irradiation. In the past, the formation of similar nanostructures has been observed for both slow highly charged ions and swift heavy ions. However, in these cases, potential energy deposition of highly charged ions or the electronic energy loss of fast heavy ions, respectively, first leads to strong electronic excitation of the target material before the excitation energy is transferred to the lattice by efficient electron-phonon coupling. We now show that the kinetic energy deposited by slow single Au-clusters directly in the lattice of CaF2(111) leads to the production of nano-hillocks very similar to those found with slow highly charged and swift heavy ions, with heights between 1 and 2 nm. Our results are in good agreement with previous cluster irradiation studies regarding energy deposition and hence nano-structuring of surfaces, and we present Au-cluster irradiation as novel tool to fine-tune nanostructure formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Szabo
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Lehner
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Bischoff
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pilz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Kentsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Nico Klingner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dufour C, Khomrenkov V, Wang YY, Wang ZG, Aumayr F, Toulemonde M. An attempt to apply the inelastic thermal spike model to surface modifications of CaF 2 induced by highly charged ions: comparison to swift heavy ions effects and extension to some others material. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:095001. [PMID: 28129201 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface damage appears on materials irradiated by highly charged ions (HCI). Since a direct link has been found between surface damage created by HCI with the one created by swift heavy ions (SHI), the inelastic thermal spike model (i-TS model) developed to explain track creation resulting from the electron excitation induced by SHI can also be applied to describe the response of materials under HCI which transfers its potential energy to electrons of the target. An experimental description of the appearance of the hillock-like nanoscale protrusions induced by SHI at the surface of CaF2 is presented in comparison with track formation in bulk which shows that the only parameter on which we can be confident is the electronic energy loss threshold. Track size and electronic energy loss threshold resulting from SHI irradiation of CaF2 is described by the i-TS model in a 2D geometry. Based on this description the i-TS model is extended to three dimensions to describe the potential threshold of appearance of protrusions by HCI in CaF2 and to other crystalline materials (LiF, crystalline SiO2, mica, LiNbO3, SrTiO3, ZnO, TiO2, HOPG). The strength of the electron-phonon coupling and the depth in which the potential energy is deposited near the surface combined with the energy necessary to melt the material defines the classification of the material sensitivity. As done for SHI, the band gap of the material may play an important role in the determination of the depth in which the potential energy is deposited. Moreover larger is the initial potential energy and larger is the depth in which it is deposited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Dufour
- CIMAP (CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Basse Normandie), BP5133, 14070 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gruber E, Salou P, Bergen L, El Kharrazi M, Lattouf E, Grygiel C, Wang Y, Benyagoub A, Levavasseur D, Rangama J, Lebius H, Ban-d'Etat B, Schleberger M, Aumayr F. Swift heavy ion irradiation of CaF2 - from grooves to hillocks in a single ion track. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:405001. [PMID: 27518588 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/405001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel form of ion-tracks, namely nanogrooves and hillocks, are observed on CaF2 after irradiation with xenon and lead ions of about 100 MeV kinetic energy. The irradiation is performed under grazing incidence (0.3°-3°) which forces the track to a region in close vicinity to the surface. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the impact sites with high spatial resolution reveals that the surface track consists in fact of three distinct parts: each swift heavy ion impacting on the CaF2 surface first opens a several 100 nm long groove bordered by a series of nanohillocks on both sides. The end of the groove is marked by a huge single hillock and the further penetration of the swift projectile into deeper layers of the target is accompanied by a single protrusion of several 100 nm in length slowly fading until the track vanishes. By comparing experimental data for various impact angles with results of a simulation, based on a three-dimensional version of the two-temperature-model (TTM), we are able to link the crater and hillock formation to sublimation and melting processes of CaF2 due to the local energy deposition by swift heavy ions.
Collapse
|
4
|
El-Said AS, Wilhelm RA, Heller R, Sorokin M, Facsko S, Aumayr F. Tuning the Fabrication of Nanostructures by Low-Energy Highly Charged Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:126101. [PMID: 27689284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.126101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Slow highly charged ions have been utilized recently for the creation of monotype surface nanostructures (craters, calderas, or hillocks) in different materials. In the present study, we report on the ability of slow highly charged xenon ions (^{129}Xe^{Q+}) to form three different types of nanostructures on the LiF(100) surface. By increasing the charge state from Q=15 to Q=36, the shape of the impact induced nanostructures changes from craters to hillocks crossing an intermediate stage of caldera structures. A dimensional analysis of the nanostructures reveals an increase of the height up to 1.5 nm as a function of the potential energy of the incident ions. Based on the evolution of both the geometry and size of the created nanostructures, defect-mediated desorption and the development of a thermal spike are utilized as creation mechanisms of the nanostructures at low and high charge states, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman S El-Said
- Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard A Wilhelm
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Heller
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sorokin
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," Kurchatov Square 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefan Facsko
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedrich Aumayr
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Turchanin A, Gölzhäuser A. Carbon Nanomembranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6075-6103. [PMID: 27281234 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) are synthetic 2D carbon sheets with tailored physical or chemical properties. These depend on the structure, molecular composition, and surroundings on either side. Due to their molecular thickness, they can be regarded as "interfaces without bulk" separating regions of different gaseous, liquid, or solid components and controlling the materials exchange between them. Here, a universal scheme for the fabrication of 1 nm-thick, mechanically stable, functional CNMs is presented. CNMs can be further modified, for example perforated by ion bombardment or chemically functionalized by the binding of other molecules onto the surfaces. The underlying physical and chemical mechanisms are described, and examples are presented for the engineering of complex surface architectures, e.g., nanopatterns of proteins, fluorescent dyes, or polymer brushes. A simple transfer procedure allows CNMs to be placed on various support structures, which makes them available for diverse applications: supports for electron and X-ray microscopy, nanolithography, nanosieves, Janus nanomembranes, polymer carpets, complex layered structures, functionalization of graphene, novel nanoelectronic and nanomechanical devices. To close, the potential of CNMs in filtration and sensorics is discussed. Based on tests for the separation of gas molecules, it is argued that ballistic membranes may play a prominent role in future efforts of materials separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakajima K, Kitayama T, Hayashi H, Matsuda M, Sataka M, Tsujimoto M, Toulemonde M, Bouffard S, Kimura K. Tracing temperature in a nanometer size region in a picosecond time period. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13363. [PMID: 26293488 PMCID: PMC4543984 DOI: 10.1038/srep13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation of materials with either swift heavy ions or slow highly charged ions leads to ultrafast heating on a timescale of several picosecond in a region of several nanometer. This ultrafast local heating result in formation of nanostructures, which provide a number of potential applications in nanotechnologies. These nanostructures are believed to be formed when the local temperature rises beyond the melting or boiling point of the material. Conventional techniques, however, are not applicable to measure temperature in such a localized region in a short time period. Here, we propose a novel method for tracing temperature in a nanometer region in a picosecond time period by utilizing desorption of gold nanoparticles around the ion impact position. The feasibility is examined by comparing with the temperature evolution predicted by a theoretical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nakajima
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Takumi Kitayama
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hayashi
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuda
- Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Masao Sataka
- Nuclear Science Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tsujimoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Marcel Toulemonde
- CIMAP-GANIL (CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Basse Normandie), Bd. H. Becquerel, 14070 Caen, France
| | - Serge Bouffard
- CIMAP-GANIL (CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Basse Normandie), Bd. H. Becquerel, 14070 Caen, France
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Energy deposition by heavy ions: additivity of kinetic and potential energy contributions in hillock formation on CaF2. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5742. [PMID: 25034006 PMCID: PMC4102904 DOI: 10.1038/srep05742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of surface and bulk properties of solids by irradiation with ion beams is a widely used technique with many applications in material science. In this study, we show that nano-hillocks on CaF2 crystal surfaces can be formed by individual impact of medium energy (3 and 5 MeV) highly charged ions (Xe(22+) to Xe(30+)) as well as swift (kinetic energies between 12 and 58 MeV) heavy xenon ions. For very slow highly charged ions the appearance of hillocks is known to be linked to a threshold in potential energy (Ep) while for swift heavy ions a minimum electronic energy loss per unit length (Se) is necessary. With our results we bridge the gap between these two extreme cases and demonstrate, that with increasing energy deposition via Se the Ep-threshold for hillock production can be lowered substantially. Surprisingly, both mechanisms of energy deposition in the target surface seem to contribute in an additive way, which can be visualized in a phase diagram. We show that the inelastic thermal spike model, originally developed to describe such material modifications for swift heavy ions, can be extended to the case where both kinetic and potential energies are deposited into the surface.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wilhelm RA, Gruber E, Ritter R, Heller R, Facsko S, Aumayr F. Charge exchange and energy loss of slow highly charged ions in 1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:153201. [PMID: 24785037 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Experimental charge exchange and energy loss data for the transmission of slow highly charged Xe ions through ultrathin polymeric carbon membranes are presented. Surprisingly, two distinct exit charge state distributions accompanied by charge exchange dependent energy losses are observed. The energy loss for ions exhibiting large charge loss shows a quadratic dependency on the incident charge state indicating that equilibrium stopping force values do not apply in this case. Additional angle resolved transmission measurements point on a significant contribution of elastic energy loss. The observations show that regimes of different impact parameters can be separated and thus a particle's energy deposition in an ultrathin solid target may not be described in terms of an averaged energy loss per unit length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Wilhelm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany, EU and Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany, EU
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Physics, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - Robert Ritter
- TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Physics, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| | - René Heller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany, EU
| | - Stefan Facsko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany, EU
| | - Friedrich Aumayr
- TU Wien - Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Physics, 1040 Vienna, Austria, EU
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fletcher JD, Parkes MA, Price SD. Bond-Forming Reactions of Small Triply Charged Cations with Neutral Molecules. Chemistry 2013; 19:10965-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|