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Machado LD, Bizao RA, Pugno NM, Galvão DS. Controlling Movement at Nanoscale: Curvature Driven Mechanotaxis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100909. [PMID: 34302438 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Locating and manipulating nano-sized objects to drive motion is a time and effort consuming task. Recent advances show that it is possible to generate motion without direct intervention, by embedding the source of motion in the system configuration. In this work, an alternative manner to controllably displace nano-objects without external manipulation is demonstrated, by employing spiral-shaped carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoribbon structures (GNR). The spiral shape contains smooth gradients of curvature, which lead to smooth gradients of bending energy. It is shown that these gradients as well as surface energy gradients can drive nano-oscillators. An energy analysis is also carried out by approximating the carbon nanotube to a thin rod and how torsional gradients can be used to drive motion is discussed. For the nanoribbons, the role of layer orientation is also analyzed. The results show that motion is not sustainable for commensurate orientations, in which AB stacking occurs. For incommensurate orientations, friction almost vanishes, and in this instance, the motion can continue even if the driving forces are not very high. This suggests that mild curvature gradients, which can already be found in existing nanostructures, could provide mechanical stimuli to direct motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Machado
- Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Bizao
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-inspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta Materials & Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, 38123, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Douglas S Galvão
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin,", Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C. P. 6165, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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Nakar D, Gordeev G, Machado LD, Popovitz-Biro R, Rechav K, Oliveira EF, Kusch P, Jorio A, Galvão DS, Reich S, Joselevich E. Few-Wall Carbon Nanotube Coils. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:953-962. [PMID: 31869233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While various electronic components based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have already been demonstrated, the realization of miniature electromagnetic coils based on CNTs remains a challenge. Coils made of single-wall CNTs with accessible ends for contacting have been recently demonstrated but were found unsuitable to act as electromagnetic coils because of electrical shorting between their turns. Coils made of a few-wall CNT could in principle allow an insulated flow of current and thus be potential candidates for realizing CNT-based electromagnetic coils. However, no such CNT structure has been produced so far. Here, we demonstrate the formation of few-wall CNT coils and characterize their structural, optical, vibrational, and electrical properties using experimental and computational tools. The coils are made of CNTs with 2, 3, or 4 walls. They have accessible ends for electrical contacts and low defect densities. The coil diameters are on the order of one micron, like those of single-wall CNT coils, despite the higher rigidity of few-wall CNTs. Coils with as many as 163 turns were found, with their turns organized in a rippled raft configuration. These coils are promising candidates for a variety of miniature devices based on electromagnetic coils, such as electromagnets, inductors, transformers, and motors. Being chirally and enantiomerically pure few-wall CNT bundles, they are also ideal for fundamental studies of interwall coupling and superconductivity in CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekel Nakar
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Georgy Gordeev
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Leonardo D Machado
- Department of Theoretical and Experimental Physics , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970 , Brazil
| | - Ronit Popovitz-Biro
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Eliezer F Oliveira
- Applied Physics Department , State University of Campinas - UNICAMP , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-859 , Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences (CCES) , State University of Campinas - UNICAMP , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-859 , Brazil
| | - Patryk Kusch
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ado Jorio
- Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais 31270-901 , Brazil
| | - Douglas S Galvão
- Applied Physics Department , State University of Campinas - UNICAMP , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-859 , Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences (CCES) , State University of Campinas - UNICAMP , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-859 , Brazil
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ernesto Joselevich
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
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K Jawed M, Hadjiconstantinou NG, Parks DM, Reis PM. Patterns of Carbon Nanotubes by Flow-Directed Deposition on Substrates with Architectured Topographies. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1660-1667. [PMID: 29451801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We develop and perform continuum mechanics simulations of carbon nanotube (CNT) deployment directed by a combination of surface topography and rarefied gas flow. We employ the discrete elastic rods method to model the deposition of CNT as a slender elastic rod that evolves in time under two external forces, namely, van der Waals (vdW) and aerodynamic drag. Our results confirm that this self-assembly process is analogous to a previously studied macroscopic system, the "elastic sewing machine", where an elastic rod deployed onto a moving substrate forms nonlinear patterns. In the case of CNTs, the complex patterns observed on the substrate, such as coils and serpentines, result from an intricate interplay between van der Waals attraction, rarefied aerodynamics, and elastic bending. We systematically sweep through the multidimensional parameter space to quantify the pattern morphology as a function of the relevant material, flow, and geometric parameters. Our findings are in good agreement with available experimental data. Scaling analysis involving the relevant forces helps rationalize our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jawed
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | | | | | - P M Reis
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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Shadmi N, Kremen A, Frenkel Y, Lapin ZJ, Machado LD, Legoas SB, Bitton O, Rechav K, Popovitz-Biro R, Galvão DS, Jorio A, Novotny L, Kalisky B, Joselevich E. Defect-Free Carbon Nanotube Coils. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2152-2158. [PMID: 26708150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are promising building blocks for various nanoelectronic components. A highly desirable geometry for such applications is a coil. However, coiled nanotube structures reported so far were inherently defective or had no free ends accessible for contacting. Here we demonstrate the spontaneous self-coiling of single-wall carbon nanotubes into defect-free coils of up to more than 70 turns with identical diameter and chirality, and free ends. We characterize the structure, formation mechanism, and electrical properties of these coils by different microscopies, molecular dynamics simulations, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical and magnetic measurements. The coils are highly conductive, as expected for defect-free carbon nanotubes, but adjacent nanotube segments in the coil are more highly coupled than in regular bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes, owing to their perfect crystal momentum matching, which enables tunneling between the turns. Although this behavior does not yet enable the performance of these nanotube coils as inductive devices, it does point a clear path for their realization. Hence, this study represents a major step toward the production of many different nanotube coil devices, including inductors, electromagnets, transformers, and dynamos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Kremen
- Department of Physics, Nano-magnetism Research Center, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Yiftach Frenkel
- Department of Physics, Nano-magnetism Research Center, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Zachary J Lapin
- ETH Zürich , Photonics Laboratory, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo D Machado
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas , C. P. 6165, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio B Legoas
- Departamento de Fisica, CCT, Universidade Federal de Roraima , 69304-000 Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Douglas S Galvão
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin", Universidade Estadual de Campinas , C. P. 6165, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lukas Novotny
- ETH Zürich , Photonics Laboratory, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Beena Kalisky
- Department of Physics, Nano-magnetism Research Center, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
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Ramos-Sanchez G, Chen G, Harutyunyan AR, Balbuena PB. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the Li storage capacity in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium stored in interstitial sites reflects the actual low capacity observed from the 2nd cycle and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ramos-Sanchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - G. Chen
- Honda Research Institute USA Inc
- Columbus
- USA
| | | | - P. B. Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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Zhao J, Lu L, Rabczuk T. Binding energy and mechanical stability of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotube serpentines. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:204704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4878115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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