1
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Ma MQ, Wu YK, Liu ZW, Zang HX, Shan LK, Jiang W, Liu Y, Ren XF, Chen XD, Guo GC, Sun FW. Integrated Manipulation and Addressing of Spin Defect in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1660-1666. [PMID: 38266180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Scalable and addressable integrated manipulation of qubits is crucial for practical quantum information applications. Different waveguides have been used to transport the optical and electrical driving pulses, which are usually required for qubit manipulation. However, the separated multifields may limit the compactness and efficiency of manipulation and introduce unwanted perturbation. Here, we develop a tapered fiber-nanowire-electrode hybrid structure to realize integrated optical and microwave manipulation of solid-state spins at nanoscale. Visible light and microwave driving pulses are simultaneously transported and concentrated along an Ag nanowire. Studied with spin defects in diamond, the results show that the different driving fields are aligned with high accuracy. The spatially selective spin manipulation is realized. And the frequency-scanning optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of spin qubits is measured, illustrating the potential for portable quantum sensing. Our work provides a new scheme for developing compact, miniaturized quantum sensors and quantum information processing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Kun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Xiang Zang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Kun Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Feng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Dong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Wen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
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2
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Jeong J, Jung C, Kim T, Cho DD. Using machine learning to improve multi-qubit state discrimination of trapped ions from uncertain EMCCD measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:35113-35130. [PMID: 37859250 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a residual network (ResNet)-based convolutional neural network (CNN) model to improve multi-qubit state measurements using an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD). The CNN model is developed to simultaneously use the intensity of pixel values and the shape of ion images in determining the quantum states of ions. In contrast, conventional methods use only the intensity values. In our experiments, the proposed model achieved a 99.53±0.14% mean individual measurement fidelity (MIMF) of 4 trapped ions, reducing the error by 46% when compared to the MIMF of maximum likelihood estimation method of 99.13±0.08%. In addition, it is experimentally shown that the model is also robust against the ion image drift, which was tested by intentionally shifting the ion images.
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3
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Leu AD, Gely MF, Weber MA, Smith MC, Nadlinger DP, Lucas DM. Fast, High-Fidelity Addressed Single-Qubit Gates Using Efficient Composite Pulse Sequences. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:120601. [PMID: 37802949 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
We use electronic microwave control methods to implement addressed single-qubit gates with high speed and fidelity, for ^{43}Ca^{+} hyperfine "atomic clock" qubits in a cryogenic (100 K) surface trap. For a single qubit, we benchmark an error of 1.5×10^{-6} per Clifford gate (implemented using 600 ns π/2 pulses). For 2 qubits in the same trap zone (ion separation 5 μm), we use a spatial microwave field gradient, combined with an efficient four-pulse scheme, to implement independent addressed gates. Parallel randomized benchmarking on both qubits yields an average error 3.4×10^{-5} per addressed π/2 gate. The scheme scales theoretically to larger numbers of qubits in a single register.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Leu
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M F Gely
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M A Weber
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M C Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D P Nadlinger
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D M Lucas
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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4
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Srinivas R, Löschnauer CM, Malinowski M, Hughes AC, Nourshargh R, Negnevitsky V, Allcock DTC, King SA, Matthiesen C, Harty TP, Ballance CJ. Coherent Control of Trapped-Ion Qubits with Localized Electric Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:020601. [PMID: 37505962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method for coherent control of trapped ion qubits in separate interaction regions of a multizone trap by simultaneously applying an electric field and a spin-dependent gradient. Both the phase and amplitude of the effective single-qubit rotation depend on the electric field, which can be localized to each zone. We demonstrate this interaction on a single ion using both laser-based and magnetic-field gradients in a surface-electrode ion trap, and measure the localization of the electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivas
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - A C Hughes
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - D T C Allcock
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - S A King
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | | | - T P Harty
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | - C J Ballance
- Oxford Ionics, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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5
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Focusing the electromagnetic field to 10 -6λ for ultra-high enhancement of field-matter interaction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6389. [PMID: 34737279 PMCID: PMC8569218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing electromagnetic field to enhance the interaction with matter has been promoting researches and applications of nano electronics and photonics. Usually, the evanescent-wave coupling is adopted in various nano structures and materials to confine the electromagnetic field into a subwavelength space. Here, based on the direct coupling with confined electron oscillations in a nanowire, we demonstrate a tight localization of microwave field down to 10−6λ. A hybrid nanowire-bowtie antenna is further designed to focus the free-space microwave to this deep-subwavelength space. Detected by the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, the field intensity and microwave-spin interaction strength are enhanced by 2.0 × 108 and 1.4 × 104 times, respectively. Such a high concentration of microwave field will further promote integrated quantum information processing, sensing and microwave photonics in a nanoscale system. Subwavelength focusing of electromagnetic fields often uses evanescent waves and nanostructures to aid confinement. Here, the authors localize a microwave field to 6 orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength, by coupling to confined electron oscillations in a hybrid nanowire-bowtie antenna.
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6
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Srinivas R, Burd SC, Knaack HM, Sutherland RT, Kwiatkowski A, Glancy S, Knill E, Wineland DJ, Leibfried D, Wilson AC, Allcock DTC, Slichter DH. High-fidelity laser-free universal control of trapped ion qubits. Nature 2021; 597:209-213. [PMID: 34497396 PMCID: PMC11165722 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Universal control of multiple qubits-the ability to entangle qubits and to perform arbitrary individual qubit operations1-is a fundamental resource for quantum computing2, simulation3 and networking4. Qubits realized in trapped atomic ions have shown the highest-fidelity two-qubit entangling operations5-7 and single-qubit rotations8 so far. Universal control of trapped ion qubits has been separately demonstrated using tightly focused laser beams9-12 or by moving ions with respect to laser beams13-15, but at lower fidelities. Laser-free entangling methods16-20 may offer improved scalability by harnessing microwave technology developed for wireless communications, but so far their performance has lagged the best reported laser-based approaches. Here we demonstrate high-fidelity laser-free universal control of two trapped-ion qubits by creating both symmetric and antisymmetric maximally entangled states with fidelities of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively (68 per cent confidence level), corrected for initialization error. We use a scheme based on radiofrequency magnetic field gradients combined with microwave magnetic fields that is robust against multiple sources of decoherence and usable with essentially any trapped ion species. The scheme has the potential to perform simultaneous entangling operations on multiple pairs of ions in a large-scale trapped-ion quantum processor without increasing control signal power or complexity. Combining this technology with low-power laser light delivered via trap-integrated photonics21,22 and trap-integrated photon detectors for qubit readout23,24 provides an opportunity for scalable, high-fidelity, fully chip-integrated trapped-ion quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - S C Burd
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H M Knaack
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R T Sutherland
- Physics Division, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Kwiatkowski
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Glancy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Knill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D J Wineland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - D Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A C Wilson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D T C Allcock
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - D H Slichter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
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7
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Bardin JC, Slichter DH, Reilly DJ. Microwaves in Quantum Computing. IEEE JOURNAL OF MICROWAVES 2021; 1:10.1109/JMW.2020.3034071. [PMID: 34355217 PMCID: PMC8335598 DOI: 10.1109/jmw.2020.3034071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quantum information processing systems rely on a broad range of microwave technologies and have spurred development of microwave devices and methods in new operating regimes. Here we review the use of microwave signals and systems in quantum computing, with specific reference to three leading quantum computing platforms: trapped atomic ion qubits, spin qubits in semiconductors, and superconducting qubits. We highlight some key results and progress in quantum computing achieved through the use of microwave systems, and discuss how quantum computing applications have pushed the frontiers of microwave technology in some areas. We also describe open microwave engineering challenges for the construction of large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Bardin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
- Google LLC, Goleta, CA 93117 USA
| | - Daniel H Slichter
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - David J Reilly
- Microsoft Inc., Microsoft Quantum Sydney, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQuS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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8
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Srinivas R, Burd SC, Sutherland RT, Wilson AC, Wineland DJ, Leibfried D, Allcock DTC, Slichter DH. Trapped-Ion Spin-Motion Coupling with Microwaves and a Near-Motional Oscillating Magnetic Field Gradient. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:163201. [PMID: 31075007 PMCID: PMC6662926 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.163201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method of spin-motion coupling for trapped ions using microwaves and a magnetic field gradient oscillating close to the ions' motional frequency. We demonstrate and characterize this coupling experimentally using a single ion in a surface-electrode trap that incorporates current-carrying electrodes to generate the microwave field and the oscillating magnetic field gradient. Using this method, we perform resolved-sideband cooling of a single motional mode to its ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Srinivas
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - S. C. Burd
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - R. T. Sutherland
- Physics Division, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A. C. Wilson
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. J. Wineland
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - D. Leibfried
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. T. C. Allcock
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - D. H. Slichter
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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9
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Slichter DH, Verma VB, Leibfried D, Mirin RP, Nam SW, Wineland DJ. UV-sensitive superconducting nanowire single photon detectors for integration in an ion trap. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:8705-8720. [PMID: 28437948 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.008705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate superconducting nanowire single photon detectors with 76 ± 4% system detection efficiency at a wavelength of 315 nm and an operating temperature of 3.2 K, with a background count rate below 1 count per second at saturated detection efficiency. We propose integrating these detectors into planar surface electrode radio-frequency Paul traps for use in trapped ion quantum information processing. We operate detectors integrated into test ion trap structures at 3.8 K both with and without typical radio-frequency trapping electric fields. The trapping fields reduce system detection efficiency by 9%, but do not increase background count rates.
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10
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Mehta KK, Bruzewicz CD, McConnell R, Ram RJ, Sage JM, Chiaverini J. Integrated optical addressing of an ion qubit. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:1066-1070. [PMID: 27501316 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The long coherence times and strong Coulomb interactions afforded by trapped ion qubits have enabled realizations of the necessary primitives for quantum information processing and the highest-fidelity quantum operations in any qubit to date. Although light delivery to each individual ion in a system is essential for general quantum manipulations and readout, experiments so far have employed optical systems that are cumbersome to scale to even a few tens of qubits. Here we demonstrate lithographically defined nanophotonic waveguide devices for light routing and ion addressing that are fully integrated within a surface-electrode ion trap chip. Ion qubits are addressed at multiple locations via focusing grating couplers emitting through openings in the trap electrodes to ions trapped 50 μm above the chip; using this light, we perform quantum coherent operations on the optical qubit transition in individual 88Sr+ ions. The grating focuses the beam to a diffraction-limited spot near the ion position with 2 μm 1/e2 radius along the trap axis, and we measure crosstalk errors between 10-2 and 4 × 10-4 at distances 7.5-15 μm from the beam centre. Owing to the scalability of the planar fabrication technique employed, together with the tight focusing and stable alignment afforded by the integration of the optics within the trap chip, this approach presents a path to creating the optical systems required for large-scale trapped-ion quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan K Mehta
- Department of Electrical Engineering &Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Colin D Bruzewicz
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - Robert McConnell
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - Rajeev J Ram
- Department of Electrical Engineering &Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sage
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - John Chiaverini
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
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11
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Weidt S, Randall J, Webster SC, Lake K, Webb AE, Cohen I, Navickas T, Lekitsch B, Retzker A, Hensinger WK. Trapped-Ion Quantum Logic with Global Radiation Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:220501. [PMID: 27925715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.220501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trapped ions are a promising tool for building a large-scale quantum computer. However, the number of required radiation fields for the realization of quantum gates in any proposed ion-based architecture scales with the number of ions within the quantum computer, posing a major obstacle when imagining a device with millions of ions. Here, we present a fundamentally different approach for trapped-ion quantum computing where this detrimental scaling vanishes. The method is based on individually controlled voltages applied to each logic gate location to facilitate the actual gate operation analogous to a traditional transistor architecture within a classical computer processor. To demonstrate the key principle of this approach we implement a versatile quantum gate method based on long-wavelength radiation and use this method to generate a maximally entangled state of two quantum engineered clock qubits with fidelity 0.985(12). This quantum gate also constitutes a simple-to-implement tool for quantum metrology, sensing, and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weidt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - J Randall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - S C Webster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - K Lake
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A E Webb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - I Cohen
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Givat Ram, Israel
| | - T Navickas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - B Lekitsch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Givat Ram, Israel
| | - W K Hensinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
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12
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Harty TP, Sepiol MA, Allcock DTC, Ballance CJ, Tarlton JE, Lucas DM. High-Fidelity Trapped-Ion Quantum Logic Using Near-Field Microwaves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:140501. [PMID: 27740823 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a two-qubit logic gate driven by near-field microwaves in a room-temperature microfabricated surface ion trap. We introduce a dynamically decoupled gate method, which stabilizes the qubits against fluctuating energy shifts and avoids the need to null the microwave field. We use the gate to produce a Bell state with fidelity 99.7(1)%, after accounting for state preparation and measurement errors. The gate is applied directly to ^{43}Ca^{+} hyperfine "atomic clock" qubits (coherence time T_{2}^{*}≈50 s) using the oscillating magnetic field gradient produced by an integrated microwave electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Harty
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M A Sepiol
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D T C Allcock
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C J Ballance
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J E Tarlton
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D M Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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13
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Ballance CJ, Harty TP, Linke NM, Sepiol MA, Lucas DM. High-Fidelity Quantum Logic Gates Using Trapped-Ion Hyperfine Qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:060504. [PMID: 27541450 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate laser-driven two-qubit and single-qubit logic gates with respective fidelities 99.9(1)% and 99.9934(3)%, significantly above the ≈99% minimum threshold level required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, using qubits stored in hyperfine ground states of calcium-43 ions held in a room-temperature trap. We study the speed-fidelity trade-off for the two-qubit gate, for gate times between 3.8 μs and 520 μs, and develop a theoretical error model which is consistent with the data and which allows us to identify the principal technical sources of infidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Ballance
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T P Harty
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - N M Linke
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M A Sepiol
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D M Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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14
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Weidt S, Randall J, Webster SC, Standing ED, Rodriguez A, Webb AE, Lekitsch B, Hensinger WK. Ground-State Cooling of a Trapped Ion Using Long-Wavelength Radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:013002. [PMID: 26182094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ground-state cooling of a trapped ion using radio-frequency (rf) radiation. This is a powerful tool for the implementation of quantum operations, where rf or microwave radiation instead of lasers is used for motional quantum state engineering. We measure a mean phonon number of n[over ¯]=0.13(4) after sideband cooling, corresponding to a ground-state occupation probability of 88(7)%. After preparing in the vibrational ground state, we demonstrate motional state engineering by driving Rabi oscillations between the |n=0⟩ and |n=1⟩ Fock states. We also use the ability to ground-state cool to accurately measure the motional heating rate and report a reduction by almost 2 orders of magnitude compared with our previously measured result, which we attribute to carefully eliminating sources of electrical noise in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Weidt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - J Randall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - S C Webster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - E D Standing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - A E Webb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - B Lekitsch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - W K Hensinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
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15
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Harty TP, Allcock DTC, Ballance CJ, Guidoni L, Janacek HA, Linke NM, Stacey DN, Lucas DM. High-Fidelity Preparation, Gates, Memory, and Readout of a Trapped-Ion Quantum Bit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:220501. [PMID: 25494060 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.220501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We implement all single-qubit operations with fidelities significantly above the minimum threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computing, using a trapped-ion qubit stored in hyperfine "atomic clock" states of ^{43}Ca^{+}. We measure a combined qubit state preparation and single-shot readout fidelity of 99.93%, a memory coherence time of T_{2}^{*}=50 sec, and an average single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.9999%. These results are achieved in a room-temperature microfabricated surface trap, without the use of magnetic field shielding or dynamic decoupling techniques to overcome technical noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Harty
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D T C Allcock
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C J Ballance
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L Guidoni
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom and Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, University of Paris Diderot, UMR 7162 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - H A Janacek
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - N M Linke
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D N Stacey
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D M Lucas
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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16
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Piltz C, Sriarunothai T, Varón AF, Wunderlich C. A trapped-ion-based quantum byte with 10(-5) next-neighbour cross-talk. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4679. [PMID: 25134465 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The addressing of a particular qubit within a quantum register is a key pre-requisite for scalable quantum computing. In general, executing a quantum gate with a single qubit, or a subset of qubits, affects the quantum states of all other qubits. This reduced fidelity of the whole-quantum register could prevent the application of quantum error correction protocols and thus preclude scalability. Here we demonstrate addressing of individual qubits within a quantum byte (eight qubits) and measure the error induced in all non-addressed qubits (cross-talk) associated with the application of single-qubit gates. The quantum byte is implemented using microwave-driven hyperfine qubits of (171)Yb(+) ions confined in a Paul trap augmented with a magnetic gradient field. The measured cross-talk is on the order of 10(-5) and therefore below the threshold commonly agreed sufficient to efficiently realize fault-tolerant quantum computing. Hence, our results demonstrate how this threshold can be overcome with respect to cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Piltz
- Department Physik, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - T Sriarunothai
- Department Physik, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - A F Varón
- Department Physik, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - C Wunderlich
- Department Physik, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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17
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Measurement of the magnetic interaction between two bound electrons of two separate ions. Nature 2014; 510:376-80. [PMID: 24943952 DOI: 10.1038/nature13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrons have an intrinsic, indivisible, magnetic dipole aligned with their internal angular momentum (spin). The magnetic interaction between two electronic spins can therefore impose a change in their orientation. Similar dipolar magnetic interactions exist between other spin systems and have been studied experimentally. Examples include the interaction between an electron and its nucleus and the interaction between several multi-electron spin complexes. The challenge in observing such interactions for two electrons is twofold. First, at the atomic scale, where the coupling is relatively large, it is often dominated by the much larger Coulomb exchange counterpart. Second, on scales that are substantially larger than the atomic, the magnetic coupling is very weak and can be well below the ambient magnetic noise. Here we report the measurement of the magnetic interaction between the two ground-state spin-1/2 valence electrons of two (88)Sr(+) ions, co-trapped in an electric Paul trap. We varied the ion separation, d, between 2.18 and 2.76 micrometres and measured the electrons' weak, millihertz-scale, magnetic interaction as a function of distance, in the presence of magnetic noise that was six orders of magnitude larger than the magnetic fields the electrons apply on each other. The cooperative spin dynamics was kept coherent for 15 seconds, during which spin entanglement was generated, as verified by a negative measured value of -0.16 for the swap entanglement witness. The sensitivity necessary for this measurement was provided by restricting the spin evolution to a decoherence-free subspace that is immune to collective magnetic field noise. Our measurements show a d(-3.0(4)) distance dependence for the coupling, consistent with the inverse-cube law.
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18
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Navon N, Kotler S, Akerman N, Glickman Y, Almog I, Ozeri R. Addressing two-level systems variably coupled to an oscillating field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:073001. [PMID: 23992060 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple method to spectrally resolve an array of identical two-level systems coupled to an inhomogeneous oscillating field. The addressing protocol uses a dressing field with a spatially dependent coupling to the atoms. We validate this scheme experimentally by realizing single-spin addressing of a linear chain of trapped ions that are separated by ~3 μm, dressed by a laser field that is resonant with the micromotion sideband of a narrow optical transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Navon
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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