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Toffoli A, Alberello A, Clarke H, Nelli F, Benetazzo A, Bergamasco F, Ntamba BN, Vichi M, Onorato M. Observations of Rogue Seas in the Southern Ocean. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:154101. [PMID: 38682971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.154101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We report direct observations of surface waves from a stereo camera system along with concurrent measurements of wind speed during an expedition across the Southern Ocean in the austral winter aboard the South African icebreaker S.A. Agulhas II. Records include water surface elevation across a range of wave conditions spanning from early stages of wave growth to full development. We give experimental evidence of rogue seas, i.e., sea states characterized by heavy tails of the probability density function well beyond the expectation based on bound mode theory. These conditions emerge during wave growth, where strong wind forcing and high nonlinearity drive wave dynamics. Quasiresonance wave-wave interactions, which are known to sustain the generation of large amplitude rogue waves, capture this behavior. Wave statistics return to normality as the wind forcing ceases and waves switch to a full developed condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toffoli
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A Alberello
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - H Clarke
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - F Nelli
- Department of Mechnaical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Benetazzo
- Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 30122 Venice, Italy
| | | | - B Ntamba Ntamba
- Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Vichi
- Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Onorato
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
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2
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Wen XY, Liu XK, Chen Y, Yan Z. Rogue wave excitations and hybrid wave structures of the Heisenberg ferromagnet equation with time-dependent inhomogeneous bilinear interaction and spin-transfer torque. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2024; 34:033131. [PMID: 38502966 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the localized rational waves of the variable-coefficient Heisenberg spin chain equation, which models the local magnetization in ferromagnet with time-dependent inhomogeneous bilinear interaction and spin-transfer torque. First, we establish the iterative generalized (m,N-m)-fold Darboux transformation of the Heisenberg spin chain equation. Then, the novel localized rational solutions (LRSs), rogue waves (RWs), periodic waves, and hybrid wave structures on the periodic, zero, and nonzero constant backgrounds with the time-dependent coefficients α(t) and β(t) are obtained explicitly. Additionally, we provide the trajectory curves of magnetization and the variation of the magnetization direction for the obtained nonlinear waves at different times. These phenomena imply that the LRSs and RWs play the crucial roles in changing the circular motion of the magnetization. Finally, we also numerically simulate the wave propagations of some localized semi-rational solutions and RWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Wen
- School of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xue-Ke Liu
- School of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Zhenya Yan
- KLMM, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Weng W, Zhang G, Yan Z. Strong and weak interactions of rational vector rogue waves and solitons to any
n
-component nonlinear Schrödinger system with higher-order effects. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher-order effects play an important role in the wave propagations of ultrashort (e.g. subpicosecond or femtosecond) light pulses in optical fibres. In this paper, we investigate any
n
-component fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger (
n
-FONLS) system with non-zero backgrounds containing the
n
-Hirota equation and the
n
-Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel equation. Based on the loop group theory, we find the multi-parameter family of novel rational vector rogue waves (RVRWs) of the
n
-FONLS equation starting from the plane-wave solutions. Moreover, we exhibit the weak and strong interactions of some representative RVRW structures. In particular, we also find that the W-shaped rational vector dark and bright solitons of the
n
-FONLS equation as the second- and fourth-order dispersion coefficients satisfy some relation. Furthermore, we find the higher-order RVRWs of the
n
-FONLS equation. These obtained rational solutions will be useful in the study of RVRW phenomena of multi-component nonlinear wave models in nonlinear optics, deep ocean and Bose–Einstein condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Mathematics Mechanization, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mathematics Mechanization, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mathematics Mechanization, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang G, Ling L, Yan Z, Konotop VV. Parity-time-symmetric rational vector rogue waves of the n-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:063120. [PMID: 34241286 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extreme events are investigated in the integrable n-component nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with focusing nonlinearity. We report novel multi-parametric families of rational vector rogue wave (RW) solutions featuring the parity-time ( PT) symmetry, which are characterized by non-identical boundary conditions for the components that are consistent with the degeneracy of n branches of Benjamin-Feir instability. Explicit examples of PT-symmetric rational vector RWs are presented. Subject to the specific choice of the parameters, high-amplitude RWs are generated. The effect of a small non-integrable deformation of the 3-NLS equation on the excitation of vector RWs is discussed. The reported results can be useful for the design of experiments for observation of high-amplitude RWs in multi-component nonlinear physical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liming Ling
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenya Yan
- Key Lab of Mathematics Mechanization, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Vladimir V Konotop
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C8, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
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5
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Abstract
Solitons and breathers are nonlinear modes that exist in a wide range of physical systems. They are fundamental solutions of a number of nonlinear wave evolution equations, including the unidirectional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). We report the observation of slanted solitons and breathers propagating at an angle with respect to the direction of propagation of the wave field. As the coherence is diagonal, the scale in the crest direction becomes finite; consequently, beam dynamics form. Spatiotemporal measurements of the water surface elevation are obtained by stereo-reconstructing the positions of the floating markers placed on a regular lattice and recorded with two synchronized high-speed cameras. Experimental results, based on the predictions obtained from the (2D + 1) hyperbolic NLSE equation, are in excellent agreement with the theory. Our study proves the existence of such unique and coherent wave packets and has serious implications for practical applications in optical sciences and physical oceanography. Moreover, unstable wave fields in this geometry may explain the formation of directional large-amplitude rogue waves with a finite crest length within a wide range of nonlinear dispersive media, such as Bose-Einstein condensates, solids, plasma, hydrodynamics, and optics.
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6
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The Velocity Field Underneath a Breaking Rogue Wave: Laboratory Experiments Versus Numerical Simulations. FLUIDS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids4020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wave breaking is the most characteristic feature of the ocean surface. Physical investigations (in the field and at laboratory scale) and numerical simulations have studied the driving mechanisms that lead to wave breaking and its effects on hydrodynamic loads on marine structures. Despite computational advances, accurate numerical simulations of the complex breaking process remain challenging. Validation of numerical codes is routinely performed against experimental observations of the surface elevation. However, it is still uncertain whether simulations can accurately reproduce the velocity field under breaking waves due to the lack of ad-hoc measurements. In the present work, the velocity field recorded with a Particle Image Velocimetry method during experiments conducted in a unidirectional wave tank is directly compared to the results of a corresponding numerical simulation performed with a Navier–Stokes (NS) solver. It is found that simulations underpredict the velocity close to the wave crest compared to measurements. Higher resolutions seem necessary in order to capture the most relevant details of the flow.
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Ponte MR, Hudson AD, Saravanamuttu K. Self-Organized Lattices of Nonlinear Optochemical Waves in Photopolymerizable Fluids: The Spontaneous Emergence of 3-D Order in a Weakly Correlated System. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1146-1155. [PMID: 29425460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many of the extraordinary three-dimensional architectures that pattern our physical world emerge from complex nonlinear systems or dynamic populations whose individual constituents are only weakly correlated to each other. Shoals of fish, murmuration behaviors in birds, congestion patterns in traffic, and even networks of social conventions are examples of spontaneous pattern formation, which cannot be predicted from the properties of individual elements alone. Pattern formation at a different scale has been observed or predicted in weakly correlated systems including superconductors, atomic gases near Bose Einstein condensation, and incoherent optical fields. Understanding pattern formation in nonlinear weakly correlated systems, which are often unified through mathematical expression, could pave intelligent self-organizing pathways to functional materials, architectures, and computing technologies. However, it is experimentally difficult to directly visualize the nonlinear dynamics of pattern formation in most populations-especially in three dimensions. Here, we describe the collective behavior of large populations of nonlinear optochemical waves, which are poorly correlated in both space and time. The optochemical waves-microscopic filaments of white light entrapped within polymer channels-originate from the modulation instability of incandescent light traveling in photopolymerizable fluids. By tracing the three-dimensional distribution of optical intensity in the nascent polymerizing system, we find that populations of randomly distributed, optochemical waves synergistically and collectively shift in space to form highly ordered lattices of specific symmetries. These, to our knowledge, are the first three-dimensionally periodic structures to emerge from a system of weakly correlated waves. Their spontaneous formation in an incoherent and effectively chaotic field is counterintuitive, but the apparent contradiction of known behaviors of light including the laws of optical interference can be explained through the soliton-like interactions of optochemical waves with nearest neighbors. Critically, this work casts fundamentally new insight into the collective behaviors of poorly correlated nonlinear waves in higher dimensions and provides a rare, accessible platform for further experimental studies of these previously unexplored behaviors. Furthermore, it defines a self-organization paradigm that, unlike conventional counterparts, could generate polymer microstructures with symmetries spanning all the Bravais lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alexander D Hudson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Kalaichelvi Saravanamuttu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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8
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Angilella JR, Case DJ, Motter AE. Levitation of heavy particles against gravity in asymptotically downward flows. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2017; 27:031103. [PMID: 28364762 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the fluid transport of particles, it is generally expected that heavy particles carried by a laminar fluid flow moving downward will also move downward. We establish a theory to show, however, that particles can be dynamically levitated and lifted by interacting vortices in such flows, thereby moving against gravity and the asymptotic direction of the flow, even when they are orders of magnitude denser than the fluid. The particle levitation is rigorously demonstrated for potential flows and supported by simulations for viscous flows. We suggest that this counterintuitive effect has potential implications for the air-transport of water droplets and the lifting of sediments in water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Case
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Adilson E Motter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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9
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Single-shot observation of optical rogue waves in integrable turbulence using time microscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13136. [PMID: 27713416 PMCID: PMC5059780 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical fibres are favourable tabletop laboratories to investigate both coherent and incoherent nonlinear waves. In particular, exact solutions of the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation such as fundamental solitons or solitons on finite background can be generated by launching periodic, specifically designed coherent waves in optical fibres. It is an open fundamental question to know whether these coherent structures can emerge from the nonlinear propagation of random waves. However the typical sub-picosecond timescale prevented—up to now—time-resolved observations of the awaited dynamics. Here, we report temporal ‘snapshots' of random light using a specially designed ‘time-microscope'. Ultrafast structures having peak powers much larger than the average optical power are generated from the propagation of partially coherent waves in optical fibre and are recorded with 250 femtoseconds resolution. Our experiment demonstrates the central role played by ‘breather-like' structures such as the Peregrine soliton in the emergence of heavy-tailed statistics in integrable turbulence. A rogue wave is an unexpected oscillation of large amplitude and is an example of the spontaneous formation of a coherent structure out of disorder. Here, the authors develop an experimental strategy that can provide snapshots in time and thus record the real shape of optical rogue waves emerging from random noise.
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10
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Chabchoub A. Tracking Breather Dynamics in Irregular Sea State Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:144103. [PMID: 27740807 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.144103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breather solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) are known to be considered as backbone models for extreme events in the ocean as well as in Kerr media. These exact deterministic rogue wave (RW) prototypes on a regular background describe a wide range of modulation instability configurations. Alternatively, oceanic or electromagnetic wave fields can be of chaotic nature and it is known that RWs may develop in such conditions as well. We report an experimental study confirming that extreme localizations in an irregular oceanic Joint North Sea Wave Project wave field can be tracked back to originate from exact NLSE breather solutions, such as the Peregrine breather. Numerical NLSE as well as modified NLSE simulations are both in good agreement with laboratory experiments and highlight the significance of universal weakly nonlinear evolution equations in the emergence as well as prediction of extreme events in nonlinear dispersive media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Chabchoub
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland and Department of Ocean Technology Policy and Environment, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
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11
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Marrone S, Colagrossi A, Di Mascio A, Le Touzé D. Analysis of free-surface flows through energy considerations: Single-phase versus two-phase modeling. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:053113. [PMID: 27300984 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.053113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study of energetic free-surface flows is challenging because of the large range of interface scales involved due to multiple fragmentations and reconnections of the air-water interface with the formation of drops and bubbles. Because of their complexity the investigation of such phenomena through numerical simulation largely increased during recent years. Actually, in the last decades different numerical models have been developed to study these flows, especially in the context of particle methods. In the latter a single-phase approximation is usually adopted to reduce the computational costs and the model complexity. While it is well known that the role of air largely affects the local flow evolution, it is still not clear whether this single-phase approximation is able to predict global flow features like the evolution of the global mechanical energy dissipation. The present work is dedicated to this topic through the study of a selected problem simulated with both single-phase and two-phase models. It is shown that, interestingly, even though flow evolutions are different, energy evolutions can be similar when including or not the presence of air. This is remarkable since, in the problem considered, with the two-phase model about half of the energy is lost in the air phase while in the one-phase model the energy is mainly dissipated by cavity collapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Marrone
- CNR-INSEAN, Marine Technology Research Institute, Rome, Italy and École Centrale Nantes, LHEEA Laboratoire (ECN / CNRS), Nantes, France
| | | | - Andrea Di Mascio
- CNR IAC, Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone," Rome, Italy
| | - David Le Touzé
- École Centrale Nantes, LHEEA Laboratoire (ECN / CNRS), Nantes, France
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12
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Colagrossi A, Bouscasse B, Marrone S. Energy-decomposition analysis for viscous free-surface flows. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:053003. [PMID: 26651775 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.053003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work is dedicated to the energy decomposition analysis of a viscous free-surface flow. In the presence of a free surface, the viscous dissipation for a Newtonian liquid can be decomposed into two terms: an enstrophy component and a free-surface deformation component. The latter requires the evaluation of volume and surface integrals in the meshless framework. The analysis is based on the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics formalism. The behavior of the energy terms is studied in standing wave problems by changing the viscosity and the wave amplitude. Finally, an analysis of a complex shallow water breaking wave case is provided. It is shown that in presence of intense breaking phenomena the two energy components are always comparable, whereas generally the free surface component is dominant on the viscous dissipation of gravity waves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Bouscasse
- Aeronautics Department (ETSIA), Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvatore Marrone
- CNR-INSEAN, Marine Technology Research Institute, Rome, Italy and Ecole Centrale Nantes, LHEEA Lab.(ECN/CNRS), France
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13
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Walczak P, Randoux S, Suret P. Optical rogue waves in integrable turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:143903. [PMID: 25910126 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.143903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report optical experiments allowing us to investigate integrable turbulence in the focusing regime of the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (1D NLSE). In analogy with broad spectrum excitation of a one-dimensional water tank, we launch random initial waves in a single mode optical fiber. Using an original optical sampling setup, we measure precisely the probability density function of optical power of the partially coherent waves rapidly fluctuating with time. The probability density function is found to evolve from the normal law to a strong heavy-tailed distribution, thus revealing the formation of rogue waves in integrable turbulence. Numerical simulations of 1D NLSE with stochastic initial conditions quantitatively reproduce the experiments. Our numerical investigations suggest that the statistical features experimentally observed rely on the stochastic generation of coherent analytic solutions of 1D NLSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molecules, UMR-CNRS 8523, Université de Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Randoux
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molecules, UMR-CNRS 8523, Université de Lille, France
| | - Pierre Suret
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molecules, UMR-CNRS 8523, Université de Lille, France
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14
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Clark di Leoni P, Cobelli PJ, Mininni PD. Wave turbulence in shallow water models. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:063025. [PMID: 25019897 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.063025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study wave turbulence in shallow water flows in numerical simulations using two different approximations: the shallow water model and the Boussinesq model with weak dispersion. The equations for both models were solved using periodic grids with up to 2048{2} points. In all simulations, the Froude number varies between 0.015 and 0.05, while the Reynolds number and level of dispersion are varied in a broader range to span different regimes. In all cases, most of the energy in the system remains in the waves, even after integrating the system for very long times. For shallow flows, nonlinear waves are nondispersive and the spectrum of potential energy is compatible with ∼k{-2} scaling. For deeper (Boussinesq) flows, the nonlinear dispersion relation as directly measured from the wave and frequency spectrum (calculated independently) shows signatures of dispersion, and the spectrum of potential energy is compatible with predictions of weak turbulence theory, ∼k{-4/3}. In this latter case, the nonlinear dispersion relation differs from the linear one and has two branches, which we explain with a simple qualitative argument. Finally, we study probability density functions of the surface height and find that in all cases the distributions are asymmetric. The probability density function can be approximated by a skewed normal distribution as well as by a Tayfun distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Clark di Leoni
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA, CONICET, Cuidad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - P J Cobelli
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA, CONICET, Cuidad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - P D Mininni
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA, CONICET, Cuidad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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