1
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Chaudron A, Li Z, Finco A, Marton P, Dufour P, Abdelsamie A, Fischer J, Collin S, Dkhil B, Hlinka J, Jacques V, Chauleau JY, Viret M, Bouzehouane K, Fusil S, Garcia V. Electric-field-induced multiferroic topological solitons. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01890-4. [PMID: 38710799 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Topologically protected spin whirls in ferromagnets are foreseen as the cart-horse of solitonic information technologies. Nevertheless, the future of skyrmionics may rely on antiferromagnets due to their immunity to dipolar fields, straight motion along the driving force and ultrafast dynamics. While complex topological objects were recently discovered in intrinsic antiferromagnets, mastering their nucleation, stabilization and manipulation with energy-efficient means remains an outstanding challenge. Designing topological polar states in magnetoelectric antiferromagnetic multiferroics would allow one to electrically write, detect and erase topological antiferromagnetic entities. Here we stabilize ferroelectric centre states using a radial electric field in multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films. We show that such polar textures contain flux closures of antiferromagnetic spin cycloids, with distinct antiferromagnetic entities at their cores depending on the electric field polarity. By tuning the epitaxial strain, quadrants of canted antiferromagnetic domains can also be electrically designed. These results open the path to reconfigurable topological states in multiferroic antiferromagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Chaudron
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Zixin Li
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), French National Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurore Finco
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pavel Marton
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Mechatronics and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Pauline Dufour
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Amr Abdelsamie
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Johanna Fischer
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sophie Collin
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Brahim Dkhil
- Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides (SPMS), Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jirka Hlinka
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Jacques
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Chauleau
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), French National Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Viret
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé (SPEC), French National Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karim Bouzehouane
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Fusil
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
- Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
| | - Vincent Garcia
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
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2
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Popescu DG, Husanu MA, Constantinou PC, Filip LD, Trupina L, Bucur CI, Pasuk I, Chirila C, Hrib LM, Stancu V, Pintilie L, Schmitt T, Teodorescu CM, Strocov VN. Experimental Band Structure of Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 : Mechanism of Ferroelectric Stabilization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205476. [PMID: 36592417 PMCID: PMC9951575 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) is the most common ferroelectric (FE) material widely used in solid-state technology. Despite intense studies of PZT over decades, its intrinsic band structure, electron energy depending on 3D momentum k, is still unknown. Here, Pb(Zr0.2 Ti0.8 )O3 using soft-X-ray angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) is explored. The enhanced photoelectron escape depth in this photon energy range allows sharp intrinsic definition of the out-of-plane momentum k and thereby of the full 3D band structure. Furthermore, the problem of sample charging due to the inherently insulating nature of PZT is solved by using thin-film PZT samples, where a thickness-induced self-doping results in their heavy doping. For the first time, the soft-X-ray ARPES experiments deliver the intrinsic 3D band structure of PZT as well as the FE-polarization dependent electrostatic potential profile across the PZT film deposited on SrTiO3 and Lax SrMn1- x O3 substrates. The negative charges near the surface, required to stabilize the FE state pointing away from the sample (P+), are identified as oxygen vacancies creating localized in-gap states below the Fermi energy. For the opposite polarization state (P-), the positive charges near the surface are identified as cation vacancies resulting from non-ideal stoichiometry of the PZT film as deduced from quantitative XPS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucian Dragos Filip
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Lucian Trupina
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | | | - Iuliana Pasuk
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Cristina Chirila
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | | | - Viorica Stancu
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Lucian Pintilie
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Thorsten Schmitt
- Swiss Light SourcePaul Scherrer InstituteVilligen‐PSI5232Switzerland
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3
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Finco A, Haykal A, Fusil S, Kumar P, Dufour P, Forget A, Colson D, Chauleau JY, Viret M, Jaouen N, Garcia V, Jacques V. Imaging Topological Defects in a Noncollinear Antiferromagnet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:187201. [PMID: 35594103 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.187201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the formation of topological defects emerging from the cycloidal antiferromagnetic order at the surface of bulk BiFeO_{3} crystals. Combining reciprocal and real-space magnetic imaging techniques, we first observe, in a single ferroelectric domain, the coexistence of antiferromagnetic domains in which the antiferromagnetic cycloid propagates along different wave vectors. We then show that the direction of these wave vectors is not strictly locked to the preferred crystallographic axes as continuous rotations bridge different wave vectors. At the junctions between the magnetic domains, we observe topological line defects identical to those found in a broad variety of lamellar physical systems with rotational symmetries. Our work establishes the presence of these magnetic objects at room temperature in the multiferroic antiferromagnet BiFeO_{3}, offering new possibilities for their use in spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Finco
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Angela Haykal
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Fusil
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Dufour
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Anne Forget
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Dorothée Colson
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Michel Viret
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Vincent Garcia
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Vincent Jacques
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
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4
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Knoche DS, Steimecke M, Yun Y, Mühlenbein L, Bhatnagar A. Anomalous circular bulk photovoltaic effect in BiFeO 3 thin films with stripe-domain pattern. Nat Commun 2021; 12:282. [PMID: 33436580 PMCID: PMC7804139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiferroic bismuth ferrite, BiFeO3, offers a vast landscape to study the interplay between different ferrroic orders. Another aspect which is equally exciting, and yet underutilized, is the possibility of large-scale ordering of domains. Along with symmetry-driven bulk photovoltaic effect, BiFeO3 presents opportunities to conceptualize novel light-based devices. In this work, we investigate the evolution of the bulk photovoltaic effect in BiFeO3 thin films with stripe-domain pattern as the polarization of light is modulated from linear to elliptical to circular. The open-circuit voltages under circularly polarized light exceed ± 25 V. The anomalous character of the effect arises from the contradiction with the analytical assessment involving tensorial analysis. The assessment highlights the need for a domain-specific interaction of light which is further analyzed with spatially-resolved Raman measurements. Appropriate positioning of electrodes allows observation of a switch-like photovoltaic effect, i.e., ON and OFF state, by changing the helicity of circularly polarized light. The authors study the evolution of the bulk photovoltaic effect in BiFeO3 thin films with stripe-domains as the polarization of light is modulated from linear to circular. A relationship between the anomalous photo-response and differential light-domain interaction is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Knoche
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Matthias Steimecke
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Yeseul Yun
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Lutz Mühlenbein
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Akash Bhatnagar
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany. .,Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany.
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5
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Burns SR, Paull O, Juraszek J, Nagarajan V, Sando D. The Experimentalist's Guide to the Cycloid, or Noncollinear Antiferromagnetism in Epitaxial BiFeO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003711. [PMID: 32954556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3 ) is one of the most widely studied multiferroics. The coexistence of ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism in this compound has driven an intense search for electric-field control of the magnetic order. Such efforts require a complete understanding of the various exchange interactions that underpin the magnetic behavior. An important characteristic of BiFeO3 is its noncollinear magnetic order; namely, a long-period incommensurate spin cycloid. Here, the progress in understanding this fascinating aspect of BiFeO3 is reviewed, with a focus on epitaxial films. The advances made in developing the theory used to capture the complexities of the cycloid are first chronicled, followed by a description of the various experimental techniques employed to probe the magnetic order. To help the reader fully grasp the nuances associated with thin films, a detailed description of the spin cycloid in the bulk is provided. The effects of various perturbations on the cycloid are then described: magnetic and electric fields, doping, epitaxial strain, finite size effects, and temperature. To conclude, an outlook on possible device applications exploiting noncollinear magnetism in BiFeO3 films is presented. It is hoped that this work will act as a comprehensive experimentalist's guide to the spin cycloid in BiFeO3 thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Burns
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Oliver Paull
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Jean Juraszek
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Valanoor Nagarajan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Sando
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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6
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Haykal A, Fischer J, Akhtar W, Chauleau JY, Sando D, Finco A, Godel F, Birkhölzer YA, Carrétéro C, Jaouen N, Bibes M, Viret M, Fusil S, Jacques V, Garcia V. Antiferromagnetic textures in BiFeO 3 controlled by strain and electric field. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1704. [PMID: 32249777 PMCID: PMC7136242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiferromagnetic thin films are currently generating considerable excitement for low dissipation magnonics and spintronics. However, while tuneable antiferromagnetic textures form the backbone of functional devices, they are virtually unknown at the submicron scale. Here we image a wide variety of antiferromagnetic spin textures in multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films that can be tuned by strain and manipulated by electric fields through room-temperature magnetoelectric coupling. Using piezoresponse force microscopy and scanning NV magnetometry in self-organized ferroelectric patterns of BiFeO3, we reveal how strain stabilizes different types of non-collinear antiferromagnetic states (bulk-like and exotic spin cycloids) as well as collinear antiferromagnetic textures. Beyond these local-scale observations, resonant elastic X-ray scattering confirms the existence of both types of spin cycloids. Finally, we show that electric-field control of the ferroelectric landscape induces transitions either between collinear and non-collinear states or between different cycloids, offering perspectives for the design of reconfigurable antiferromagnetic spin textures on demand. Tailoring antiferromagnetic domains is critical for the development of low-dissipative spintronic and magnonic devices. Here the authors demonstrate the control of antiferromagnetic spin textures in multiferroic bismuth ferrite thin films using strain and electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haykal
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - J Fischer
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - W Akhtar
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France.,Department of Physics, JMI, Central University, New Delhi, India
| | - J-Y Chauleau
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Sando
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - A Finco
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - F Godel
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Y A Birkhölzer
- Department of Inorganic Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - C Carrétéro
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - N Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Bibes
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - M Viret
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Fusil
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France. .,Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.
| | - V Jacques
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - V Garcia
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
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7
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Chauleau JY, Chirac T, Fusil S, Garcia V, Akhtar W, Tranchida J, Thibaudeau P, Gross I, Blouzon C, Finco A, Bibes M, Dkhil B, Khalyavin DD, Manuel P, Jacques V, Jaouen N, Viret M. Electric and antiferromagnetic chiral textures at multiferroic domain walls. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:386-390. [PMID: 31685944 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chirality, a foundational concept throughout science, may arise at ferromagnetic domain walls1 and in related objects such as skyrmions2. However, chiral textures should also exist in other types of ferroic materials, such as antiferromagnets, for which theory predicts that they should move faster for lower power3, and ferroelectrics, where they should be extremely small and possess unusual topologies4,5. Here, we report the concomitant observation of antiferromagnetic and electric chiral textures at domain walls in the room-temperature ferroelectric antiferromagnet BiFeO3. Combining reciprocal and real-space characterization techniques, we reveal the presence of periodic chiral antiferromagnetic objects along the domain walls as well as a priori energetically unfavourable chiral ferroelectric domain walls. We discuss the mechanisms underlying their formation and their relevance for electrically controlled topological oxide electronics and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Chauleau
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Chirac
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Fusil
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - V Garcia
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - W Akhtar
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - J Tranchida
- CEA - DAM le Ripault, Monts, France
- Multiscale Science Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - I Gross
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - C Blouzon
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Finco
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - M Bibes
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - B Dkhil
- Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - D D Khalyavin
- ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - P Manuel
- ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - V Jacques
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - N Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Viret
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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8
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Kim MG, Miao H, Gao B, Cheong SW, Mazzoli C, Barbour A, Hu W, Wilkins SB, Robinson IK, Dean MPM, Kiryukhin V. Imaging antiferromagnetic antiphase domain boundaries using magnetic Bragg diffraction phase contrast. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5013. [PMID: 30479333 PMCID: PMC6258669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating magnetic domains is essential for many technological applications. Recent breakthroughs in Antiferromagnetic Spintronics brought up novel concepts for electronic device development. Imaging antiferromagnetic domains is of key importance to this field. Unfortunately, some of the basic domain types, such as antiphase domains, cannot be imaged by conventional techniques. Herein, we present a new domain projection imaging technique based on the localization of domain boundaries by resonant magnetic diffraction of coherent X rays. Contrast arises from reduction of the scattered intensity at the domain boundaries due to destructive interference effects. We demonstrate this approach by imaging antiphase domains in a collinear antiferromagnet Fe2Mo3O8, and observe evidence of domain wall interaction with a structural defect. This technique does not involve any numerical algorithms. It is fast, sensitive, produces large-scale images in a single-exposure measurement, and is applicable to a variety of magnetic domain types. Imaging the antiferromagnetic (AFM) domains facilitates the understanding and design of AFM spintronics but is still challenging. Here the authors show an imaging approach for antiphase domains in AFM Fe2Mo3O8 by resonantly scattered coherent soft X-rays, which is also applicable to collinear antiferromagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gyu Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hu Miao
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - S-W Cheong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - C Mazzoli
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - A Barbour
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Wen Hu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - S B Wilkins
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - I K Robinson
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - M P M Dean
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - V Kiryukhin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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9
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Hojo H, Oka K, Shimizu K, Yamamoto H, Kawabe R, Azuma M. Development of Bismuth Ferrite as a Piezoelectric and Multiferroic Material by Cobalt Substitution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705665. [PMID: 29920786 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3 ) is the most widely studied multiferroic material with robust ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetic ordering at room temperature. One of the possible device applications of this material is one that utilizes the ferroelectric/piezoelectric property itself such as ferroelectric memory components, actuators, and so on. Other applications are more challenging and make full use of its multiferroic property to realize novel spintronics and magnetic memory devices, which can be addressed electrically as well as magnetically. This progress report summarizes the recent attempt to control the piezoelectric and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 by cobalt substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hojo
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kengo Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimizu
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hajime Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawabe
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masaki Azuma
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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10
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Bordács S, Farkas DG, White JS, Cubitt R, DeBeer-Schmitt L, Ito T, Kézsmárki I. Magnetic Field Control of Cycloidal Domains and Electric Polarization in Multiferroic BiFeO_{3}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:147203. [PMID: 29694132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.147203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic field induced rearrangement of the cycloidal spin structure in ferroelectric monodomain single crystals of the room-temperature multiferroic BiFeO_{3} is studied using small-angle neutron scattering. The cycloid propagation vectors are observed to rotate when magnetic fields applied perpendicular to the rhombohedral (polar) axis exceed a pinning threshold value of ∼5 T. In light of these experimental results, a phenomenological model is proposed that captures the rearrangement of the cycloidal domains, and we revisit the microscopic origin of the magnetoelectric effect. A new coupling between the magnetic anisotropy and the polarization is proposed that explains the recently discovered magnetoelectric polarization perpendicular to the rhombohedral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bordács
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lendület Magneto-optical Spectroscopy Research Group, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Premium Postdoctor Program, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - D G Farkas
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lendület Magneto-optical Spectroscopy Research Group, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - J S White
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging (LNS), Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R Cubitt
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - L DeBeer-Schmitt
- Large Scale Structure Group, Neutron Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - T Ito
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8562 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - I Kézsmárki
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lendület Magneto-optical Spectroscopy Research Group, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
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11
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Deterministic and robust room-temperature exchange coupling in monodomain multiferroic BiFeO 3 heterostructures. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1583. [PMID: 29146896 PMCID: PMC5691063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploiting multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films in spintronic devices requires deterministic and robust control of both internal magnetoelectric coupling in BiFeO3, as well as exchange coupling of its antiferromagnetic order to a ferromagnetic overlayer. Previous reports utilized approaches based on multi-step ferroelectric switching with multiple ferroelectric domains. Because domain walls can be responsible for fatigue, contain localized charges intrinsically or via defects, and present problems for device reproducibility and scaling, an alternative approach using a monodomain magnetoelectric state with single-step switching is desirable. Here we demonstrate room temperature, deterministic and robust, exchange coupling between monodomain BiFeO3 films and Co overlayer that is intrinsic (i.e., not dependent on domain walls). Direct coupling between BiFeO3 antiferromagnetic order and Co magnetization is observed, with ~ 90° in-plane Co moment rotation upon single-step switching that is reproducible for hundreds of cycles. This has important consequences for practical, low power non-volatile magnetoelectric devices utilizing BiFeO3.
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12
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Hojo H, Kawabe R, Shimizu K, Yamamoto H, Mibu K, Samanta K, Saha-Dasgupta T, Azuma M. Ferromagnetism at Room Temperature Induced by Spin Structure Change in BiFe 1-x Co x O 3 Thin Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603131. [PMID: 28000301 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence and coupling of ferromagnetic and ferroelectric orders in a single material is crucial for realizing next-generation multifunctional applications. The coexistence of such orders is confirmed at room temperature in epitaxial thin films of BiFe1-x Cox O3 (x ≤ 0.15), which manifests a spin structure change from a low-temperature cycloidal one to a high-temperature collinear one with canted ferromagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hojo
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawabe
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimizu
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hajime Yamamoto
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ko Mibu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Kartik Samanta
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700106, India
| | - Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700106, India
| | - Masaki Azuma
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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13
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Waterfield Price N, Johnson RD, Saenrang W, Maccherozzi F, Dhesi SS, Bombardi A, Chmiel FP, Eom CB, Radaelli PG. Coherent Magnetoelastic Domains in Multiferroic BiFeO_{3} Films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:177601. [PMID: 27824475 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.177601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of epitaxial films can fundamentally differ from those of bulk single crystals even above the critical thickness. By a combination of nonresonant x-ray magnetic scattering, neutron diffraction and vector-mapped x-ray magnetic linear dichroism photoemission electron microscopy, we show that epitaxial (111)-BiFeO_{3} films support submicron antiferromagnetic domains, which are magnetoelastically coupled to a coherent crystallographic monoclinic twin structure. This unique texture, which is absent in bulk single crystals, should enable control of magnetism in BiFeO_{3} film devices via epitaxial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Waterfield Price
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - R D Johnson
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - W Saenrang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Maccherozzi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - S S Dhesi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - A Bombardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - F P Chmiel
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C-B Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P G Radaelli
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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14
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Khomchenko VA, Paixão JA. Structural defects as a factor controlling the magnetic properties of pure and Ti-doped Bi(1-x)Ca(x)FeO(3-x/2) multiferroics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:436002. [PMID: 26447603 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/43/436002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the factors that may significantly affect the multiferroic properties of BiFeO3-based perovskites remains one of the most challenging tasks in condensed matter physics. To reveal the reasons behind the doping-driven instability of the cycloidal antiferromagnetic order in the polar phase of Bi(1-x)Ca(x)FeO(3-x/2), synthesis and investigation of the crystal structure, microstructure, local ferroelectric and magnetic properties of the ceramic samples of Bi0.9Ca0.1Fe(1-x)Ti(x)O(3-δ) (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) have been carried out. The compounds possess a rhombohedral structure (space group R3c). The compositional dependence of unit cell volume in this series can be interpreted as suggesting the doping-induced elimination of anion vacancies at x ⩽ 0.1 and the formation of cation vacancies at x > 0.1. The filling of oxygen vacancies suppresses a weak ferromagnetic contribution characteristic of the parent Bi0.9Ca0.1FeO2.95. The appearance of cation vacancies restores the weak ferromagnetic phase. The key role of lattice defects in the magnetic behavior of Ca-doped BiFeO3 has been confirmed by the observation of a correlation between the magnetic properties and the morphology/ferroelectric domain structure of the Bi0.9Ca0.1Fe(1-x)Ti(x)O(3-δ) ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Khomchenko
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Stabilization of weak ferromagnetism by strong magnetic response to epitaxial strain in multiferroic BiFeO3. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12969. [PMID: 26246030 PMCID: PMC4526888 DOI: 10.1038/srep12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiferroic BiFeO3 exhibits excellent magnetoelectric coupling critical for magnetic information processing with minimal power consumption. However, the degenerate nature of the easy spin axis in the (111) plane presents roadblocks for real world applications. Here, we explore the stabilization and switchability of the weak ferromagnetic moments under applied epitaxial strain using a combination of first-principles calculations and group-theoretic analyses. We demonstrate that the antiferromagnetic moment vector can be stabilized along unique crystallographic directions ([110] and [–110]) under compressive and tensile strains. A direct coupling between the anisotropic antiferrodistortive rotations and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moria interactions drives the stabilization of the weak ferromagnetism. Furthermore, energetically competing C- and G-type magnetic orderings are observed at high compressive strains, suggesting that it may be possible to switch the weak ferromagnetism “on” and “off” under the application of strain. These findings emphasize the importance of strain and antiferrodistortive rotations as routes to enhancing induced weak ferromagnetism in multiferroic oxides.
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16
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Chen W, Sigrist M. Dissipationless multiferroic magnonics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:157203. [PMID: 25933337 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.157203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose that the magnetoelectric effect in multiferroic insulators with a coplanar antiferromagnetic spiral order, such as BiFeO_{3}, enables electrically controlled magnonics without the need of a magnetic field. Applying an oscillating electric field in these materials with a frequency as low as household frequency can activate Goldstone modes that manifest fast planar rotations of spin, whose motion is essentially unaffected by crystalline anisotropy. Combining with spin ejection mechanisms, such a fast planar rotation can deliver electricity at room temperature over a distance of the magnetic domain, which is free from energy loss due to Gilbert damping in an impurity-free sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Theoretische Physik, ETH-Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Sigrist
- Theoretische Physik, ETH-Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Radaelli PG, Dhesi SS. The contribution of Diamond Light Source to the study of strongly correlated electron systems and complex magnetic structures. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2013.0148. [PMID: 25624510 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review some of the significant contributions to the field of strongly correlated materials and complex magnets, arising from experiments performed at the Diamond Light Source (Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK) during the first few years of operation (2007-2014). We provide a comprehensive overview of Diamond research on topological insulators, multiferroics, complex oxides and magnetic nanostructures. Several experiments on ultrafast dynamics, magnetic imaging, photoemission electron microscopy, soft X-ray holography and resonant magnetic hard and soft X-ray scattering are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Radaelli
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S S Dhesi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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18
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Sando D, Barthélémy A, Bibes M. BiFeO3 epitaxial thin films and devices: past, present and future. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:473201. [PMID: 25352066 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/47/473201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The celebrated renaissance of the multiferroics family over the past ten years has also been that of its most paradigmatic member, bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3). Known since the 1960s to be a high temperature antiferromagnet and since the 1970s to be ferroelectric, BiFeO3 only had its bulk ferroic properties clarified in the mid-2000s. It is however the fabrication of BiFeO3 thin films and their integration into epitaxial oxide heterostructures that have fully revealed its extraordinarily broad palette of functionalities. Here we review the first decade of research on BiFeO3 films, restricting ourselves to epitaxial structures. We discuss how thickness and epitaxial strain influence not only the unit cell parameters, but also the crystal structure, illustrated for instance by the discovery of the so-called T-like phase of BiFeO3. We then present its ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties and their evolution near morphotropic phase boundaries. Magnetic properties and their modification by thickness and strain effects, as well as optical parameters, are covered. Finally, we highlight various types of devices based on BiFeO3 in electronics, spintronics, and optics, and provide perspectives for the development of further multifunctional devices for information technology and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sando
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, 1 Avenue Fresnel, Campus de l'Ecole Polytechnique, 91767 Palaiseau, France, and Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France. Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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19
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Park JG, Le MD, Jeong J, Lee S. Structure and spin dynamics of multiferroic BiFeO3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:433202. [PMID: 25299241 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/43/433202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic materials have attracted much interest due to the unusual coexistence of ferroelectric and (anti-)ferromagnetic ground states in a single compound. They offer an exciting platform for new physics and potentially novel devices. BiFeO3 is one of the most celebrated multiferroic materials and has highly desirable properties. It is the only known room-temperature multiferroic with TC ≈ 1100 K and TN ≈ 650 K, and exhibits one of the largest spontaneous electric polarisations, P ≈ 80 µC cm(-2). At the same time, it has a magnetic cycloid structure with an extremely long period of 620 Å, which arises from competition between the usual symmetric exchange interaction and the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction. There is also an intriguing interplay between the DM interaction and single ion anisotropy K. In this review, we have attempted to paint a complete picture of bulk BiFeO3 by summarising the structural and dynamic properties of both the spin and lattice parts and their magneto-electric coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Geun Park
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-747, Korea. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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