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Phase Sensitivity Improvement in Correlation-Enhanced Nonlinear Interferometers. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14122684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferometers are widely used as sensors in precision measurement. Compared with a conventional Mach–Zehnder interferometer, the sensitivity of a correlation-enhanced nonlinear interferometer can break the standard quantum limit. Phase sensitivity plays a significant role in the enhanced performance. In this paper, we review improvement in phase estimation technologies in correlation-enhanced nonlinear interferometers, including SU(1,1) interferometer and SU(1,1)-SU(2) hybrid interferometer, and so on, and the applications in quantum metrology and quantum sensing networks.
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Multi-Way Noiseless Signal Amplification in a Symmetrical Cascaded Four-Wave Mixing Process. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
According to the fundamental laws of quantum optics, vacuum noise is inevitably added to the signal when one tries to amplify a signal. However, it has been recently shown that noiseless signal amplification can be realized when a phase-sensitive process is involved. Two phase-sensitive schemes, a correlation injection scheme and a two-beam phase-sensitive amplifier scheme, are both proposed to realize multi-way noiseless signal amplification in a symmetrical cascaded four-wave mixing process. We theoretically study the possibility of the realization of four-way noiseless signal amplification by using these two schemes. The results show that the correlation injection scheme can only realize one-way noiseless signal amplification, but that the two-beam phase-sensitive amplifier scheme can lead to four-way noise figure values below 1. Our results here may find potential applications in quantum information processing, e.g., the realization of quantum information tap and quantum non-demolition measurement, etc.
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Du W, Kong J, Bao G, Yang P, Jia J, Ming S, Yuan CH, Chen JF, Ou ZY, Mitchell MW, Zhang W. SU(2)-in-SU(1,1) Nested Interferometer for High Sensitivity, Loss-Tolerant Quantum Metrology. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:033601. [PMID: 35119880 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental and theoretical results on a new interferometer topology that nests a SU(2) interferometer, e.g., a Mach-Zehnder or Michelson interferometer, inside a SU(1,1) interferometer, i.e., a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with parametric amplifiers in place of beam splitters. This SU(2)-in-SU(1,1) nested interferometer (SISNI) simultaneously achieves a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit (SQL) and tolerance to photon losses external to the interferometer, e.g., in detectors. We implement a SISNI using parametric amplification by four-wave mixing (FWM) in Rb vapor and a laser-fed Mach-Zehnder SU(2) interferometer. We observe path-length sensitivity with SNR 2.2 dB beyond the SQL at power levels (and thus SNR) 2 orders of magnitude beyond those of previous loss-tolerant interferometers. We find experimentally the optimal FWM gains and find agreement with a minimal quantum noise model for the FWM process. The results suggest ways to boost the in-practice sensitivity of high-power interferometers, e.g., gravitational wave interferometers, and may enable high-sensitivity, quantum-enhanced interferometry at wavelengths for which efficient detectors are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jia Kong
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guzhi Bao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jia
- Department of Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sheng Ming
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hua Yuan
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute of Light and Atoms, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - J F Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Y Ou
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Morgan W Mitchell
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Weiping Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Liu Y, Huo N, Cui L, Feng C, Ou ZY, Li X. Pulsed entanglement measured by parametric amplifier assisted homodyne detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:30552-30562. [PMID: 31684300 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Balanced homodyne detection relies on a beam splitter to superpose the weak signal input and strong local oscillator. However, recent investigation shows that a high gain phase sensitive amplifier (PSA) can be viewed as homodyne detector, in which the strong pump of PSA serves as the local oscillator [1]. Here, we analyze a new method of measuring the continuous variable entanglement by assisting a balanced homodyne detector with the PSA and implement it experimentally. Before measuring quadrature amplitude with the balanced homodyne detectors, two entangled fields generated from a pulse pumped fiber optical parametric amplifier are simultaneously coupled into the PSA. We find that the normalized noise for both the difference and sum of the quadrature amplitudes of the two entangled fields fall below the shot noise limit by about 4.6 dB, which is the record degree of entanglement measured in optical fiber systems. The experimental results illustrate that the advantages of the new measurement method include but not limit to tolerance to detection loss and characterizing entanglement with only one homodyne detector. The influence of mode-mismatching due to multi-mode property of entanglement on the measured noise reduction can also be greatly mitigated, indicating the new method is advantageous over the traditional measurement in multi-mode case.
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Guo LL, Yu YF, Zhang ZM. Improving the phase sensitivity of an SU(1,1) interferometer with photon-added squeezed vacuum light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29099-29109. [PMID: 30470076 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the phase sensitivity of an SU(1,1) interferometer from two aspects, i.e., the phase estimation determined by the error propagation formula and that by the quantum Cramér-Rao bound (QCRB). The results show that the phase sensitivity by using the intensity detection reaches the sub-shot-noise limit with a coherent state and an m-photon-added squeezed vacuum state (m-PA-SVS) as inputs. The phase sensitivity gradually approaches the Heisenberg limit for increasing m, and the ultimate phase precision improves with the increase of m. In addition, the QCRB can be saturated by the intensity detection with inputting the m-PA-SVS.
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Liu Y, Li J, Cui L, Huo N, Assad SM, Li X, Ou ZY. Loss-tolerant quantum dense metrology with SU(1,1) interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:27705-27715. [PMID: 30469832 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heisenberg uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics sets the limit on the measurement precision of non-commuting observables in one system, which prevents us from measuring them accurately at the same time. However, quantum entanglement between two systems allows us to infer through Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations two conjugate observables with precision better than what is allowed by Heisenberg uncertainty relation. With the help of the newly developed SU(1,) interferometer, we implement a scheme to jointly measure information encoded in multiple non-commuting observables of an optical field with a signal-to-noise ratio improvement of about 20% over the classical limit on all measured quantities simultaneously. This scheme can be generalized to the joint measurement of information in arbitrary number of non-commuting observables.
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Ma X, You C, Adhikari S, Matekole ES, Glasser RT, Lee H, Dowling JP. Sub-shot-noise-limited phase estimation via SU(1,1) interferometer with thermal states. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:18492-18504. [PMID: 30114028 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.018492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study the phase sensitivity of an SU(1,1) interferometer with a thermal state and a squeezed vacuum state as inputs and parity detection as the measurement. We find that the phase sensitivity can beat the shot-noise limit and approaches the Heisenberg limit, with increasing input photon number, in an ideal situation. We also consider the effect of various noises, including photon loss, dark counts, and thermal photon noise. Our results show that the phase sensitivity is below the shot-noise limit with photon loss and dark counts, but cannot beat the shot-noise limit in the presence of thermal noise.
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Guo X, Li X, Liu N, Ou ZY. Quantum information tapping using a fiber optical parametric amplifier with noise figure improved by correlated inputs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30214. [PMID: 27458089 PMCID: PMC4960621 DOI: 10.1038/srep30214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the important functions in a communication network is the distribution of information. It is not a problem to accomplish this in a classical system since classical information can be copied at will. However, challenges arise in quantum system because extra quantum noise is often added when the information content of a quantum state is distributed to various users. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a quantum information tap by using a fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA) with correlated inputs, whose noise is reduced by the destructive quantum interference through quantum entanglement between the signal and the idler input fields. By measuring the noise figure of the FOPA and comparing with a regular FOPA, we observe an improvement of 0.7 ± 0.1 dB and 0.84 ± 0.09 dB from the signal and idler outputs, respectively. When the low noise FOPA functions as an information splitter, the device has a total information transfer coefficient of Ts+Ti = 1.5 ± 0.2, which is greater than the classical limit of 1. Moreover, this fiber based device works at the 1550 nm telecom band, so it is compatible with the current fiber-optical network for quantum information distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshi Guo
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Liu
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Z Y Ou
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Linnemann D, Strobel H, Muessel W, Schulz J, Lewis-Swan RJ, Kheruntsyan KV, Oberthaler MK. Quantum-Enhanced Sensing Based on Time Reversal of Nonlinear Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:013001. [PMID: 27419565 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a nonlinear detection scheme exploiting time-reversal dynamics that disentangles continuous variable entangled states for feasible readout. Spin-exchange dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates is used as the nonlinear mechanism which not only generates entangled states but can also be time reversed by controlled phase imprinting. For demonstration of a quantum-enhanced measurement we construct an active atom SU(1,1) interferometer, where entangled state preparation and nonlinear readout both consist of parametric amplification. This scheme is capable of exhausting the quantum resource by detecting solely mean atom numbers. Controlled nonlinear transformations widen the spectrum of useful entangled states for applied quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Linnemann
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Strobel
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Muessel
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Schulz
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R J Lewis-Swan
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - K V Kheruntsyan
- The University of Queensland, School of Mathematics and Physics, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - M K Oberthaler
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Loss resilience for two-qubit state transmission using distributed phase sensitive amplification. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16296. [PMID: 26559465 PMCID: PMC4642296 DOI: 10.1038/srep16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We transmit phase-encoded non-orthogonal quantum states through a 5-km long fibre-based distributed optical phase-sensitive amplifier (OPSA) using telecom-wavelength photonic qubit pairs. The gain is set to equal the transmission loss to probabilistically preserve input states during transmission. While neither state is optimally aligned to the OPSA, each input state is equally amplified with no measurable degradation in state quality. These results promise a new approach to reduce the effects of loss by encoding quantum information in a two-qubit Hilbert space which is designed to benefit from transmission through an OPSA.
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Chen B, Qiu C, Chen S, Guo J, Chen LQ, Ou ZY, Zhang W. Atom-Light Hybrid Interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:043602. [PMID: 26252684 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.043602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new type of hybrid atom-light interferometer is demonstrated with atomic Raman amplification processes replacing the beam splitting elements in a traditional interferometer. This nonconventional interferometer involves correlated optical and atomic waves in the two arms. The correlation between atoms and light developed with the Raman process makes this interferometer different from conventional interferometers with linear beam splitters. It is observed that the high-contrast interference fringes are sensitive to the optical phase via a path change as well as the atomic phase via a magnetic field change. This new atom-light correlated hybrid interferometer is a sensitive probe of the atomic internal state and should find wide applications in precision measurement and quantum control with atoms and photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Chen
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxian Guo
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - L Q Chen
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Y Ou
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Physics, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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12
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Hudelist F, Kong J, Liu C, Jing J, Ou Z, Zhang W. Quantum metrology with parametric amplifier-based photon correlation interferometers. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3049. [PMID: 24476950 PMCID: PMC3916837 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional interferometers usually utilize beam splitters for wave splitting and recombination. These interferometers are widely used for precision measurement. Their sensitivity for phase measurement is limited by the shot noise, which can be suppressed with squeezed states of light. Here we study a new type of interferometer in which the beam splitting and recombination elements are parametric amplifiers. We observe an improvement of 4.1±0.3 dB in signal-to-noise ratio compared with a conventional interferometer under the same operating condition, which is a 1.6-fold enhancement in rms phase measurement sensitivity beyond the shot noise limit. The improvement is due to signal enhancement. Combined with the squeezed state technique for shot noise suppression, this interferometer promises further improvement in sensitivity. Furthermore, because nonlinear processes are involved in this interferometer, we can couple a variety of different waves and form new types of hybrid interferometers, opening a door for many applications in metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Hudelist
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jia Kong
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Cunjin Liu
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Z.Y. Ou
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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