1
|
Aguilar M, Ambrosi G, Anderson H, Arruda L, Attig N, Bagwell C, Barao F, Barbanera M, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Battiston R, Belyaev N, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, Bollweg K, Bolster J, Borchiellini M, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cai XD, Capell M, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chang YH, Chen GM, Chen GR, Chen H, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Chouridou S, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Cui Z, Dadzie K, D'Angelo F, Dass A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Felice V, Díaz C, Dimiccoli F, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, Egorov A, Eline A, Faldi F, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Gámez C, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gervasi M, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guracho AN, Haino S, Han KC, Hashmani RK, He ZH, Heber B, Hsieh TH, Hu JY, Huang BW, Ionica M, Incagli M, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Karagöz G, Khan S, Khiali B, Kirn T, Klipfel AP, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krasnopevtsev D, Kuhlman A, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, LaVecchia G, Lazzizzera I, Lee HT, Lee SC, Li HL, Li JQ, Li M, Li M, Li Q, Li Q, Li QY, Li S, Li SL, Li JH, Li ZH, Liang J, Liang MJ, Lin CH, Lippert T, Liu JH, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo JZ, Luo SD, Luo X, Mañá C, Marín J, Marquardt J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Medvedeva T, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Molero M, Mott P, Mussolin L, Jozani YN, Negrete J, Nicolaidis R, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Ocampo-Peleteiro J, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Ottupara MA, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Paniccia M, Pashnin A, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Plyaskin V, Poluianov S, Qin X, Qu ZY, Quadrani L, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Conde AR, Robyn E, Rodríguez-García I, Romaneehsen L, Rossi F, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Savin E, Schael S, von Dratzig AS, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Siedenburg T, Silvestre G, Song JW, Song XJ, Sonnabend R, Strigari L, Su T, Sun Q, Sun ZT, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tian J, Tian Y, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Urban T, Usoskin I, Vagelli V, Vainio R, Valencia-Otero M, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wang CX, Wang L, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang S, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang ZM, Wei J, Weng ZL, Wu H, Wu Y, Xiao JN, Xiong RQ, Xiong XZ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang HT, Yang Y, Yelland A, Yi H, You YH, Yu YM, Yu ZQ, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang FZ, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang Z, Zhao F, Zheng C, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zuccon P. Temporal Structures in Positron Spectra and Charge-Sign Effects in Galactic Cosmic Rays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:151002. [PMID: 37897756 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.151002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
We present the precision measurements of 11 years of daily cosmic positron fluxes in the rigidity range from 1.00 to 41.9 GV based on 3.4×10^{6} positrons collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station. The positron fluxes show distinctly different time variations from the electron fluxes at short and long timescales. A hysteresis between the electron fluxes and the positron fluxes is observed with a significance greater than 5σ at rigidities below 8.5 GV. On the contrary, the positron fluxes and the proton fluxes show similar time variation. Remarkably, we found that positron fluxes are modulated more than proton fluxes with a significance greater than 5σ for rigidities below 7 GV. These continuous daily positron fluxes, together with AMS daily electron, proton, and helium fluxes over an 11-year solar cycle, provide unique input to the understanding of both the charge-sign and mass dependencies of cosmic rays in the heliosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aguilar
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G Ambrosi
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - H Anderson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L Arruda
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N Attig
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Bagwell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Barao
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Barbanera
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - L Barrin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | | | - R Battiston
- INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - N Belyaev
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Berdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Bertucci
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - V Bindi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - K Bollweg
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - J Bolster
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Borchiellini
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - B Borgia
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - M J Boschini
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Bourquin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - J Burger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - X D Cai
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Capell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Casaus
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Y H Chang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - G M Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - G R Chen
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - H Chen
- Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - H S Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Chen
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - L Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - H Y Chou
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - S Chouridou
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - V Choutko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C H Chung
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Clark
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - G Coignet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France
| | - C Consolandi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Contin
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Corti
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Z Cui
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - K Dadzie
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F D'Angelo
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Dass
- INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - C Delgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M B Demirköz
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - L Derome
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - V Di Felice
- INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - P von Doetinchem
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - F Dong
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - F Donnini
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - M Duranti
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Egorov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Eline
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Faldi
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Feng
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - E Fiandrini
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - P Fisher
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Formato
- INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C Gámez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R J García-López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - C Gargiulo
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - H Gast
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Gervasi
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - F Giovacchini
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D M Gómez-Coral
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 01000 Mexico
| | - J Gong
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - C Goy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France
| | - D Grandi
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Graziani
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - S Haino
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - K C Han
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - R K Hashmani
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Z H He
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - B Heber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - T H Hsieh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Y Hu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - B W Huang
- Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - M Ionica
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - M Incagli
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Yi Jia
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Jinchi
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - G Karagöz
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
| | - S Khan
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - B Khiali
- INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Th Kirn
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A P Klipfel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - O Kounina
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Kounine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Koutsenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Krasnopevtsev
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Kuhlman
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Kulemzin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G La Vacca
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - E Laudi
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - G Laurenti
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - G LaVecchia
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - I Lazzizzera
- INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - H T Lee
- Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - S C Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - H L Li
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - J Q Li
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - M Li
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - M Li
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q Li
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Q Li
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q Y Li
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - S Li
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S L Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - J H Li
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Z H Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Liang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - M J Liang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - C H Lin
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - T Lippert
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - J H Liu
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - S Q Lu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Y S Lu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - K Luebelsmeyer
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Z Luo
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - S D Luo
- Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - C Mañá
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Marín
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Marquardt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - T Martin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - G Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Masi
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Maurin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Medvedeva
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Menchaca-Rocha
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 01000 Mexico
| | - Q Meng
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - M Molero
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - P Mott
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - L Mussolin
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Y Najafi Jozani
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Negrete
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - R Nicolaidis
- INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - N Nikonov
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | | | - J Ocampo-Peleteiro
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Oliva
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Orcinha
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M A Ottupara
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - M Palermo
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - F Palmonari
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Paniccia
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A Pashnin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Pauluzzi
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - S Pensotti
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - V Plyaskin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Poluianov
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - X Qin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z Y Qu
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - L Quadrani
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - P G Rancoita
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - D Rapin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | | | - E Robyn
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - I Rodríguez-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Romaneehsen
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - F Rossi
- INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - A Rozhkov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Rozza
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - R Sagdeev
- East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E Savin
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S Schael
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - G Schwering
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E S Seo
- IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B S Shan
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - T Siedenburg
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Silvestre
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - J W Song
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - X J Song
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - R Sonnabend
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Strigari
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - T Su
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q Sun
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Z T Sun
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Tacconi
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - X W Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z C Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Tian
- INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Y Tian
- Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Samuel C C Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - S M Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Tomassetti
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Torsti
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - T Urban
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - I Usoskin
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - V Vagelli
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - R Vainio
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M Valencia-Otero
- Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field Physics, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - E Valente
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - E Valtonen
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M Vázquez Acosta
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Vecchi
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M Velasco
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J P Vialle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France
| | - C X Wang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - L Wang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - L Q Wang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - N H Wang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q L Wang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - S Wang
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - X Wang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Z M Wang
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - J Wei
- DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Z L Weng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Wu
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Y Wu
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - J N Xiao
- Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - R Q Xiong
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - X Z Xiong
- Zhejiang University (ZJU), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - W Xu
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q Yan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H T Yang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Yang
- National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - A Yelland
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Yi
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Y H You
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y M Yu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z Q Yu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Z Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Zhang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - J H Zhang
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Zhao
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - C Zheng
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Z M Zheng
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - H L Zhuang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - V Zhukov
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Zichichi
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - P Zuccon
- INFN TIFPA, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cholis I, Krommydas I. Utilizing cosmic-ray positron and electron observations to probe the averaged properties of Milky Way pulsars. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.105.023015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
3
|
Xing CY, Zhu SH. Dark Matter Freeze-Out via Catalyzed Annihilation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:061101. [PMID: 34420347 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a new paradigm of dark matter freeze-out, where the annihilation of dark matter particles is catalyzed. We discuss in detail the regime in which the depletion of dark matter proceeds via 2χ→2A^{'} and 3A^{'}→2χ processes, where χ and A^{'} denote dark matter and the catalyst, respectively. In this regime, the dark matter number density is depleted polynomially rather than exponentially (Boltzmann suppression) as in classical weakly interacting massive particles and strongly interacting massive particles. The paradigm applies for a secluded weakly interacting dark sector with dark matter in the MeV-TeV mass range. The catalyzed annihilation paradigm is compatible with cosmic microwave background and big bang nucleosynthesis constraints, with enhanced indirect detection signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yang Xing
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shou-Hua Zhu
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Evoli C, Amato E, Blasi P, Aloisio R. Galactic factories of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.103.083010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
Indirect searches for dark matter are based on detecting an anomalous flux of photons, neutrinos or cosmic-rays produced in annihilations or decays of dark matter candidates gravitationally accumulated in heavy cosmological objects, like galaxies, the Sun or the Earth. Additionally, evidence for dark matter that can also be understood as indirect can be obtained from early universe probes, like fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background temperature, the primordial abundance of light elements or the Hydrogen 21-cm line. The techniques needed to detect these different signatures require very different types of detectors: Air shower arrays, gamma- and X-ray telescopes, neutrino telescopes, radio telescopes or particle detectors in balloons or satellites. While many of these detectors were not originally intended to search for dark matter, they have proven to be unique complementary tools for direct search efforts. In this review we summarize the current status of indirect searches for dark matter, mentioning also the challenges and limitations that these techniques encounter.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cosmic-Ray Database Update: Ultra-High Energy, Ultra-Heavy, and Antinuclei Cosmic-Ray Data (CRDB v4.0). UNIVERSE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/universe6080102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present an update on CRDB, the cosmic-ray database for charged species. CRDB is based on MySQL, queried and sorted by jquery and table-sorter libraries, and displayed via PHP web pages through the AJAX protocol. We review the modifications made on the structure and outputs of the database since the first release (Maurin et al., 2014). For this update, the most important feature is the inclusion of ultra-heavy nuclei (Z>30), ultra-high energy nuclei (from 1015 to 1020 eV), and limits on antinuclei fluxes (Z≤−1 for A>1); more than 100 experiments, 350 publications, and 40,000 data points are now available in CRDB. We also revisited and simplified how users can retrieve data and submit new ones. For questions and requests, please contact crdb@lpsc.in2p3.fr.
Collapse
|
7
|
Schael S, Atanasyan A, Berdugo J, Bretz T, Czupalla M, Dachwald B, von Doetinchem P, Duranti M, Gast H, Karpinski W, Kirn T, Lübelsmeyer K, Maña C, Marrocchesi PS, Mertsch P, Moskalenko IV, Schervan T, Schluse M, Schröder KU, Schultz von Dratzig A, Senatore C, Spies L, Wakely SP, Wlochal M, Uglietti D, Zimmermann J. AMS-100: The Next Generation Magnetic Spectrometer in Space - An International Science Platform for Physics and Astrophysics at Lagrange Point 2. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2019; 944:162561. [PMID: 34646055 PMCID: PMC8506902 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2019.162561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The next generation magnetic spectrometer in space, AMS-100, is designed to have a geometrical acceptance of 100 m2 sr and to be operated for at least ten years at the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 2. Compared to existing experiments, it will improve the sensitivity for the observation of new phenomena in cosmic rays, and in particular in cosmic antimatter, by at least a factor of 1000. The magnet design is based on high temperature superconductor tapes, which allow the construction of a thin solenoid with a homogeneous magnetic field of 1 Tesla inside. The inner volume is instrumented with a silicon tracker reaching a maximum detectable rigidity of 100 TV and a calorimeter system that is 70 radiation lengths deep, equivalent to four nuclear interaction lengths, which extends the energy reach for cosmic-ray nuclei up to the PeV scale, i.e. beyond the cosmic-ray knee. Covering most of the sky continuously, AMS-100 will detect high-energy gamma rays in the calorimeter system and by pair conversion in the thin solenoid, reconstructed with excellent angular resolution in the silicon tracker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Schael
- I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Atanasyan
- Institut für Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion, RWTH Aachen University, Ahornstr. 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Berdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Bretz
- III. Physikalisches Institut A, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Czupalla
- Fachbereich Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Fachhochschule Aachen, Hohenstaufenallee 6, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Dachwald
- Fachbereich Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Fachhochschule Aachen, Hohenstaufenallee 6, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - P. von Doetinchem
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - M. Duranti
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - H. Gast
- I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - W. Karpinski
- I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Kirn
- I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Lübelsmeyer
- I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Maña
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. S. Marrocchesi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena and INFN Sezione di Pisa, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P. Mertsch
- Institut für Theoretische Teilchenphysik und Kosmologie, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, U.S.A
| | - T. Schervan
- Institut für Strukturmechanik und Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstr. 7, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Schluse
- Institut für Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion, RWTH Aachen University, Ahornstr. 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - K.-U. Schröder
- Institut für Strukturmechanik und Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstr. 7, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Schultz von Dratzig
- I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Senatore
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, Université de Genève, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L. Spies
- Fachbereich Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Fachhochschule Aachen, Hohenstaufenallee 6, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. P. Wakely
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, U.S.A
| | - M. Wlochal
- I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 14, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Uglietti
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - J. Zimmermann
- Institut für Strukturmechanik und Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstr. 7, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diesing R, Caprioli D. Spectrum of Electrons Accelerated in Supernova Remnants. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:071101. [PMID: 31491115 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using a semianalytic model of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration, we model the total spectrum of cosmic ray (CR) electrons accelerated by supernova remnants (SNRs). Because electrons experience synchrotron losses in the amplified magnetic fields characteristic of SNRs, they exhibit substantially steeper spectra than protons. In particular, we find that the difference between the electron and proton spectral index (power law slope) ranges from 0.1 to 0.4. Our findings must be reckoned with theories of Galactic CR transport, which often assume that electrons and protons are injected with the same slope, and may especially have implications for the observed "positron excess".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Diesing
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Damiano Caprioli
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Recchia S, Gabici S, Aharonian F, Vink J. Local fading accelerator and the origin of TeV cosmic ray electrons. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
On the Gamma-Ray Nebula of Vela Pulsar. I. Very Slow Diffusion of Energetic Electrons within the TeV Nebula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
We present the results of the analysis of η → e+e−γ and η → e+e− decays. The experimental data were collected in proton-proton collisions at incident proton kinetic energy 1.4 GeV using the WASA detector and the COSY storage ring. We describe the extraction procedure of the η meson transition form factor, based on a sample of around 108 η mesons, and show an attempt to search for physics beyond the Standard Model that led to the setting of an upper limit on the coupling between photons and hypothetical dark bosons. We also provide an estimate of the branching ratio upper limit for the very rare η → e+e− decay.
Collapse
|
12
|
Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chang YH, Chen GM, Chen HS, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Incagli M, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li ZH, Light C, Lin CH, Lippert T, Liu FZ, Liu H, Liu Z, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Luo X, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Molero M, Mott P, Mussolin L, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Paniccia M, Pashnin A, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Popkow A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Conde AR, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Solano C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Song JW, Sun ZT, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tian J, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vizán J, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei J, Weng ZL, Wu H, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang JH, Zhang Z, Zhao F, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P. Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:041102. [PMID: 30768313 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Precision measurements of cosmic ray positrons are presented up to 1 TeV based on 1.9 million positrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The positron flux exhibits complex energy dependence. Its distinctive properties are (a) a significant excess starting from 25.2±1.8 GeV compared to the lower-energy, power-law trend, (b) a sharp dropoff above 284_{-64}^{+91} GeV, (c) in the entire energy range the positron flux is well described by the sum of a term associated with the positrons produced in the collision of cosmic rays, which dominates at low energies, and a new source term of positrons, which dominates at high energies, and (d) a finite energy cutoff of the source term of E_{s}=810_{-180}^{+310} GeV is established with a significance of more than 4σ. These experimental data on cosmic ray positrons show that, at high energies, they predominantly originate either from dark matter annihilation or from other astrophysical sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aguilar
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Ali Cavasonza
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Ambrosi
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - L Arruda
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N Attig
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - P Azzarello
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A Bachlechner
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Barao
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Barrau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - L Barrin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | | | - L Basara
- INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - S Başeğmez-du Pree
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Battiston
- INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - U Becker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Behlmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Beischer
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Berdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Bertucci
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - V Bindi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - W de Boer
- Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Bollweg
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - B Borgia
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - M J Boschini
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Bourquin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - E F Bueno
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J Burger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - X D Cai
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Capell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Caroff
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
| | - J Casaus
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - F Cervelli
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Y H Chang
- Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - G M Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - H S Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Chen
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - L Cheng
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - H Y Chou
- Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - V Choutko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C H Chung
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Clark
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - G Coignet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
| | - C Consolandi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Contin
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Corti
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - M Crispoltoni
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Z Cui
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - K Dadzie
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y M Dai
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - A Datta
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - C Delgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Della Torre
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M B Demirköz
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - L Derome
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Di Falco
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Dimiccoli
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - C Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P von Doetinchem
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - F Dong
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - F Donnini
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - M Duranti
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Egorov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Eline
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Eronen
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - J Feng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E Fiandrini
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - P Fisher
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Formato
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Y Galaktionov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R J García-López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - C Gargiulo
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - H Gast
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - I Gebauer
- Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Gervasi
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - F Giovacchini
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D M Gómez-Coral
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico
| | - J Gong
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - C Goy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
| | - V Grabski
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico
| | - D Grandi
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Graziani
- Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K H Guo
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - S Haino
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - K C Han
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Z H He
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - M Heil
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T H Hsieh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Huang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Z C Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - M Incagli
- INFN Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Yi Jia
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Jinchi
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan
| | | | - B Khiali
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Th Kirn
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Konak
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Kounina
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Kounine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Koutsenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Kulemzin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G La Vacca
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - E Laudi
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - G Laurenti
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Lazzizzera
- INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - A Lebedev
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H T Lee
- Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - S C Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - C Leluc
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - J Q Li
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Q Li
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - T X Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Z H Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - C Light
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - C H Lin
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - T Lippert
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F Z Liu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Hu Liu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - Z Liu
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - S Q Lu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Y S Lu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - K Luebelsmeyer
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Luo
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - J Z Luo
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S S Lyu
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - F Machate
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Mañá
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Marín
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Martin
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - G Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Masi
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Maurin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Menchaca-Rocha
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D. F., 01000 Mexico
| | - Q Meng
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - D C Mo
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - M Molero
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Mott
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - L Mussolin
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - T Nelson
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Q Ni
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - N Nikonov
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Nozzoli
- INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - A Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Orcinha
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Palermo
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - F Palmonari
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Paniccia
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A Pashnin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Pauluzzi
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - S Pensotti
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - C Perrina
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - H D Phan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - V Plyaskin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Pohl
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - V Poireau
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
| | - A Popkow
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - L Quadrani
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - X M Qi
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - X Qin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z Y Qu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - P G Rancoita
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - D Rapin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A Reina Conde
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - S Rosier-Lees
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
| | - A Rozhkov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Rozza
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - R Sagdeev
- East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - C Solano
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Schael
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S M Schmidt
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - A Schulz von Dratzig
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Schwering
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E S Seo
- IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B S Shan
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - T Siedenburg
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J W Song
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Z T Sun
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Tacconi
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - X W Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z C Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J Tian
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuel C C Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - S M Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Tomassetti
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Torsti
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - T Urban
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Jacobs Engineering, and Business Integra, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - V Vagelli
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
- Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Valente
- INFN Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - E Valtonen
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M Vázquez Acosta
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - M Vecchi
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, the Netherlands
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Velasco
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J P Vialle
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
| | - J Vizán
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Q Wang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - N H Wang
- Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q L Wang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X Wang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Q Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z X Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - J Wei
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Z L Weng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Wu
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - R Q Xiong
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - W Xu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Q Yan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y Yang
- National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - H Yi
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Y J Yu
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Z Q Yu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Zannoni
- INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - S Zeissler
- Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - J H Zhang
- Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Zhao
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z M Zheng
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - H L Zhuang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - V Zhukov
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Zichichi
- INFN Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - N Zimmermann
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Zuccon
- INFN TIFPA, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
- Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gelmini GB. Light weakly interacting massive particles. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:082201. [PMID: 28612761 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa6e5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are dark matter particle candidates with weak scale interaction with the known particles, and mass in the GeV to tens of GeV range. Hints of light WIMPs have appeared in several dark matter searches in the last decade. The unprecedented possible coincidence into tantalizingly close regions of mass and cross section of four separate direct detection experimental hints and a potential indirect detection signal in gamma rays from the galactic center, aroused considerable interest in our field. Even if these hints did not so far result in a discovery, they have had a significant impact in our field. Here we review the evidence for and against light WIMPs as dark matter candidates and discuss future relevant experiments and observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graciela B Gelmini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 475 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Roberts B, Dzuba V, Flambaum V, Pospelov M, Stadnik Y. Dark matter scattering on electrons: Accurate calculations of atomic excitations and implications for the DAMA signal. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.93.115037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Adriani O, Barbarino GC, Bazilevskaya GA, Bellotti R, Boezio M, Bogomolov EA, Bongi M, Bonvicini V, Bottai S, Bruno A, Cafagna F, Campana D, Carlson P, Casolino M, Castellini G, De Santis C, Di Felice V, Galper AM, Karelin AV, Koldashov SV, Koldobskiy SA, Krutkov SY, Kvashnin AN, Leonov A, Malakhov V, Marcelli L, Martucci M, Mayorov AG, Menn W, Mergé M, Mikhailov VV, Mocchiutti E, Monaco A, Mori N, Munini R, Osteria G, Panico B, Papini P, Pearce M, Picozza P, Ricci M, Ricciarini SB, Simon M, Sparvoli R, Spillantini P, Stozhkov YI, Vacchi A, Vannuccini E, Vasilyev GI, Voronov SA, Yurkin YT, Zampa G, Zampa N, Potgieter MS, Vos EE. Time Dependence of the Electron and Positron Components of the Cosmic Radiation Measured by the PAMELA Experiment between July 2006 and December 2015. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:241105. [PMID: 27367381 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.241105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic-ray electrons and positrons are a unique probe of the propagation of cosmic rays as well as of the nature and distribution of particle sources in our Galaxy. Recent measurements of these particles are challenging our basic understanding of the mechanisms of production, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. Particularly striking are the differences between the low energy results collected by the space-borne PAMELA and AMS-02 experiments and older measurements pointing to sign-charge dependence of the solar modulation of cosmic-ray spectra. The PAMELA experiment has been measuring the time variation of the positron and electron intensity at Earth from July 2006 to December 2015 covering the period for the minimum of solar cycle 23 (2006-2009) until the middle of the maximum of solar cycle 24, through the polarity reversal of the heliospheric magnetic field which took place between 2013 and 2014. The positron to electron ratio measured in this time period clearly shows a sign-charge dependence of the solar modulation introduced by particle drifts. These results provide the first clear and continuous observation of how drift effects on solar modulation have unfolded with time from solar minimum to solar maximum and their dependence on the particle rigidity and the cyclic polarity of the solar magnetic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Adriani
- University of Florence, Department of Physics, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - G C Barbarino
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Physics, I-80126 Naples, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - R Bellotti
- University of Bari, Department of Physics, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Boezio
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E A Bogomolov
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RU-194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Bongi
- University of Florence, Department of Physics, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - V Bonvicini
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Bottai
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - A Bruno
- University of Bari, Department of Physics, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Cafagna
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Campana
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - P Carlson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, and the Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Casolino
- INFN, Sezione di Rome "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - C De Santis
- INFN, Sezione di Rome "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Rome, Italy
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Physics, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - V Di Felice
- INFN, Sezione di Rome "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - A M Galper
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Karelin
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Koldashov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Koldobskiy
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - S Y Krutkov
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RU-194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A N Kvashnin
- Lebedev Physical Institute, RU-119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Leonov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Malakhov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - L Marcelli
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Physics, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Martucci
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Physics, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A G Mayorov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - W Menn
- Universität Siegen, Department of Physics, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - M Mergé
- INFN, Sezione di Rome "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Rome, Italy
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Physics, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - V V Mikhailov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - E Mocchiutti
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Monaco
- University of Bari, Department of Physics, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - N Mori
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - R Munini
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Department of Physics, I-34147 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Osteria
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - B Panico
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - P Papini
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Pearce
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, and the Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Picozza
- INFN, Sezione di Rome "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Rome, Italy
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Physics, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Ricci
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - S B Ricciarini
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Simon
- Universität Siegen, Department of Physics, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - R Sparvoli
- INFN, Sezione di Rome "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Rome, Italy
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Physics, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - P Spillantini
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y I Stozhkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, RU-119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Vacchi
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- University of Udine, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - E Vannuccini
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - G I Vasilyev
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RU-194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S A Voronov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Y T Yurkin
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - G Zampa
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - N Zampa
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M S Potgieter
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - E E Vos
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Freese K, Rindler-Daller T, Spolyar D, Valluri M. Dark stars: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:066902. [PMID: 27214049 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/6/066902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dark stars are stellar objects made (almost entirely) of hydrogen and helium, but powered by the heat from dark matter annihilation, rather than by fusion. They are in hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium, but with an unusual power source. Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), among the best candidates for dark matter, can be their own antimatter and can annihilate inside the star, thereby providing a heat source. Although dark matter constitutes only [Formula: see text]0.1% of the stellar mass, this amount is sufficient to power the star for millions to billions of years. Thus, the first phase of stellar evolution in the history of the Universe may have been dark stars. We review how dark stars come into existence, how they grow as long as dark matter fuel persists, and their stellar structure and evolution. The studies were done in two different ways, first assuming polytropic interiors and more recently using the MESA stellar evolution code; the basic results are the same. Dark stars are giant, puffy (∼10 AU) and cool (surface temperatures ∼10 000 K) objects. We follow the evolution of dark stars from their inception at ∼[Formula: see text] as they accrete mass from their surroundings to become supermassive stars, some even reaching masses >[Formula: see text] and luminosities >[Formula: see text], making them detectable with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope. Once the dark matter runs out and the dark star dies, it may collapse to a black hole; thus dark stars may provide seeds for the supermassive black holes observed throughout the Universe and at early times. Other sites for dark star formation may exist in the Universe today in regions of high dark matter density such as the centers of galaxies. The current review briefly discusses dark stars existing today, but focuses on the early generation of dark stars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Freese
- Nordita (Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. The Oskar Klein Center for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Center, University of Stockholm, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Physics and Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Narici L, Berger T, Matthiä D, Reitz G. Radiation Measurements Performed with Active Detectors Relevant for Human Space Exploration. Front Oncol 2015; 5:273. [PMID: 26697408 PMCID: PMC4672055 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable radiation risk assessment in space is a mandatory step for the development of countermeasures and long-duration mission planning in human spaceflight. Research in radiobiology provides information about possible risks linked to radiation. In addition, for a meaningful risk evaluation, the radiation exposure has to be assessed to a sufficient level of accuracy. Consequently, both the radiation models predicting the risks and the measurements used to validate such models must have an equivalent precision. Corresponding measurements can be performed both with passive and active devices. The former is easier to handle, cheaper, lighter, and smaller but they measure neither the time dependence of the radiation environment nor some of the details useful for a comprehensive radiation risk assessment. Active detectors provide most of these details and have been extensively used in the International Space Station. To easily access such an amount of data, a single point access is becoming essential. This review presents an ongoing work on the development of a tool that allows obtaining information about all relevant measurements performed with active detectors providing reliable inputs for radiation model validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Narici
- Department of Physics University of Rome Tor Vergata and INFN-Roma2 , Rome , Italy ; Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| | - Daniel Matthiä
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| | - Günther Reitz
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kachelrieß M, Neronov A, Semikoz DV. Signatures of a Two Million Year Old Supernova in the Spectra of Cosmic Ray Protons, Antiprotons, and Positrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:181103. [PMID: 26565453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.181103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The locally observed cosmic ray spectrum has several puzzling features, such as the excess of positrons and antiprotons above ~20 GeV and the discrepancy in the slopes of the spectra of cosmic ray protons and heavier nuclei in the TeV-PeV energy range. We show that these features are consistently explained by a nearby source which was active approximately two million years ago and has injected (2-3)×10^{50} erg in cosmic rays. The transient nature of the source and its overall energy budget point to the supernova origin of this local cosmic ray source. The age of the supernova suggests that the local cosmic ray injection was produced by the same supernova that has deposited ^{60}Fe isotopes in the deep ocean crust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Neronov
- Astronomy Department, University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, Versoix 1290, Switzerland
| | - D V Semikoz
- Astroparticules et Cosmologie, 10 rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aaij R, Adeva B, Adinolfi M, Affolder A, Ajaltouni Z, Akar S, Albrecht J, Alessio F, Alexander M, Ali S, Alkhazov G, Alvarez Cartelle P, Alves AA, Amato S, Amerio S, Amhis Y, An L, Anderlini L, Anderson J, Andreassi G, Andreotti M, Andrews JE, Appleby RB, Aquines Gutierrez O, Archilli F, d'Argent P, Artamonov A, Artuso M, Aslanides E, Auriemma G, Baalouch M, Bachmann S, Back JJ, Badalov A, Baesso C, Baldini W, Barlow RJ, Barschel C, Barsuk S, Barter W, Batozskaya V, Battista V, Bay A, Beaucourt L, Beddow J, Bedeschi F, Bediaga I, Bel LJ, Bellee V, Belloli N, Belyaev I, Ben-Haim E, Bencivenni G, Benson S, Benton J, Berezhnoy A, Bernet R, Bertolin A, Bettler MO, van Beuzekom M, Bien A, Bifani S, Billoir P, Bird T, Birnkraut A, Bizzeti A, Blake T, Blanc F, Blouw J, Blusk S, Bocci V, Bondar A, Bondar N, Bonivento W, Borghi S, Borsato M, Bowcock TJV, Bowen E, Bozzi C, Braun S, Britsch M, Britton T, Brodzicka J, Brook NH, Buchanan E, Bursche A, Buytaert J, Cadeddu S, Calabrese R, Calvi M, Calvo Gomez M, Campana P, Campora Perez D, Capriotti L, Carbone A, Carboni G, Cardinale R, Cardini A, Carniti P, Carson L, Carvalho Akiba K, Casse G, Cassina L, Castillo Garcia L, Cattaneo M, Cauet C, Cavallero G, Cenci R, Charles M, Charpentier P, Chefdeville M, Chen S, Cheung SF, Chiapolini N, Chrzaszcz M, Cid Vidal X, Ciezarek G, Clarke PEL, Clemencic M, Cliff HV, Closier J, Coco V, Cogan J, Cogneras E, Cogoni V, Cojocariu L, Collazuol G, Collins P, Comerma-Montells A, Contu A, Cook A, Coombes M, Coquereau S, Corti G, Corvo M, Couturier B, Cowan GA, Craik DC, Crocombe A, Cruz Torres M, Cunliffe S, Currie R, D'Ambrosio C, Dall'Occo E, Dalseno J, David PNY, Davis A, De Bruyn K, De Capua S, De Cian M, De Miranda JM, De Paula L, De Simone P, Dean CT, Decamp D, Deckenhoff M, Del Buono L, Déléage N, Demmer M, Derkach D, Deschamps O, Dettori F, Dey B, Di Canto A, Di Ruscio F, Dijkstra H, Donleavy S, Dordei F, Dorigo M, Dosil Suárez A, Dossett D, Dovbnya A, Dreimanis K, Dufour L, Dujany G, Dupertuis F, Durante P, Dzhelyadin R, Dziurda A, Dzyuba A, Easo S, Egede U, Egorychev V, Eidelman S, Eisenhardt S, Eitschberger U, Ekelhof R, Eklund L, El Rifai I, Elsasser C, Ely S, Esen S, Evans HM, Evans T, Falabella A, Färber C, Farley N, Farry S, Fay R, Ferguson D, Fernandez Albor V, Ferrari F, Ferreira Rodrigues F, Ferro-Luzzi M, Filippov S, Fiore M, Fiorini M, Firlej M, Fitzpatrick C, Fiutowski T, Fohl K, Fol P, Fontana M, Fontanelli F, Forty R, Francisco O, Frank M, Frei C, Frosini M, Fu J, Furfaro E, Gallas Torreira A, Galli D, Gallorini S, Gambetta S, Gandelman M, Gandini P, Gao Y, García Pardiñas J, Garra Tico J, Garrido L, Gascon D, Gaspar C, Gauld R, Gavardi L, Gazzoni G, Gerick D, Gersabeck E, Gersabeck M, Gershon T, Ghez P, Gianelle A, Gianì S, Gibson V, Girard OG, Giubega L, Gligorov VV, Göbel C, Golubkov D, Golutvin A, Gomes A, Gotti C, Grabalosa Gándara M, Graciani Diaz R, Granado Cardoso LA, Graugés E, Graverini E, Graziani G, Grecu A, Greening E, Gregson S, Griffith P, Grillo L, Grünberg O, Gui B, Gushchin E, Guz Y, Gys T, Hadavizadeh T, Hadjivasiliou C, Haefeli G, Haen C, Haines SC, Hall S, Hamilton B, Han X, Hansmann-Menzemer S, Harnew N, Harnew ST, Harrison J, He J, Head T, Heijne V, Hennessy K, Henrard P, Henry L, Hernando Morata JA, van Herwijnen E, Heß M, Hicheur A, Hill D, Hoballah M, Hombach C, Hulsbergen W, Humair T, Hussain N, Hutchcroft D, Hynds D, Idzik M, Ilten P, Jacobsson R, Jaeger A, Jalocha J, Jans E, Jawahery A, Jing F, John M, Johnson D, Jones CR, Joram C, Jost B, Jurik N, Kandybei S, Kanso W, Karacson M, Karbach TM, Karodia S, Kecke M, Kelsey M, Kenyon IR, Kenzie M, Ketel T, Khairullin E, Khanji B, Khurewathanakul C, Klaver S, Klimaszewski K, Kochebina O, Kolpin M, Komarov I, Koopman RF, Koppenburg P, Kozeiha M, Kravchuk L, Kreplin K, Kreps M, Krocker G, Krokovny P, Kruse F, Krzemien W, Kucewicz W, Kucharczyk M, Kudryavtsev V, Kuonen AK, Kurek K, Kvaratskheliya T, Lacarrere D, Lafferty G, Lai A, Lambert D, Lanfranchi G, Langenbruch C, Langhans B, Latham T, Lazzeroni C, Le Gac R, van Leerdam J, Lees JP, Lefèvre R, Leflat A, Lefrançois J, Lemos Cid E, Leroy O, Lesiak T, Leverington B, Li Y, Likhomanenko T, Liles M, Lindner R, Linn C, Lionetto F, Liu B, Liu X, Loh D, Longstaff I, Lopes JH, Lucchesi D, Lucio Martinez M, Luo H, Lupato A, Luppi E, Lupton O, Lusiani A, Machefert F, Maciuc F, Maev O, Maguire K, Malde S, Malinin A, Manca G, Mancinelli G, Manning P, Mapelli A, Maratas J, Marchand JF, Marconi U, Marin Benito C, Marino P, Marks J, Martellotti G, Martin M, Martinelli M, Martinez Santos D, Martinez Vidal F, Martins Tostes D, Massafferri A, Matev R, Mathad A, Mathe Z, Matteuzzi C, Mauri A, Maurin B, Mazurov A, McCann M, McCarthy J, McNab A, McNulty R, Meadows B, Meier F, Meissner M, Melnychuk D, Merk M, Michielin E, Milanes DA, Minard MN, Mitzel DS, Molina Rodriguez J, Monroy IA, Monteil S, Morandin M, Morawski P, Mordà A, Morello MJ, Moron J, Morris AB, Mountain R, Muheim F, Müller D, Müller J, Müller K, Müller V, Mussini M, Muster B, Naik P, Nakada T, Nandakumar R, Nandi A, Nasteva I, Needham M, Neri N, Neubert S, Neufeld N, Neuner M, Nguyen AD, Nguyen TD, Nguyen-Mau C, Niess V, Niet R, Nikitin N, Nikodem T, Ninci D, Novoselov A, O'Hanlon DP, Oblakowska-Mucha A, Obraztsov V, Ogilvy S, Okhrimenko O, Oldeman R, Onderwater CJG, Osorio Rodrigues B, Otalora Goicochea JM, Otto A, Owen P, Oyanguren A, Palano A, Palombo F, Palutan M, Panman J, Papanestis A, Pappagallo M, Pappalardo LL, Pappenheimer C, Parkes C, Passaleva G, Patel GD, Patel M, Patrignani C, Pearce A, Pellegrino A, Penso G, Pepe Altarelli M, Perazzini S, Perret P, Pescatore L, Petridis K, Petrolini A, Petruzzo M, Picatoste Olloqui E, Pietrzyk B, Pilař T, Pinci D, Pistone A, Piucci A, Playfer S, Plo Casasus M, Poikela T, Polci F, Poluektov A, Polyakov I, Polycarpo E, Popov A, Popov D, Popovici B, Potterat C, Price E, Price JD, Prisciandaro J, Pritchard A, Prouve C, Pugatch V, Puig Navarro A, Punzi G, Qian W, Quagliani R, Rachwal B, Rademacker JH, Rama M, Rangel MS, Raniuk I, Rauschmayr N, Raven G, Redi F, Reichert S, Reid MM, dos Reis AC, Ricciardi S, Richards S, Rihl M, Rinnert K, Rives Molina V, Robbe P, Rodrigues AB, Rodrigues E, Rodriguez Lopez JA, Rodriguez Perez P, Roiser S, Romanovsky V, Romero Vidal A, Ronayne JW, Rotondo M, Rouvinet J, Ruf T, Ruiz Valls P, Saborido Silva JJ, Sagidova N, Sail P, Saitta B, Salustino Guimaraes V, Sanchez Mayordomo C, Sanmartin Sedes B, Santacesaria R, Santamarina Rios C, Santimaria M, Santovetti E, Sarti A, Satriano C, Satta A, Saunders DM, Savrina D, Schiller M, Schindler H, Schlupp M, Schmelling M, Schmelzer T, Schmidt B, Schneider O, Schopper A, Schubiger M, Schune MH, Schwemmer R, Sciascia B, Sciubba A, Semennikov A, Serra N, Serrano J, Sestini L, Seyfert P, Shapkin M, Shapoval I, Shcheglov Y, Shears T, Shekhtman L, Shevchenko V, Shires A, Siddi BG, Silva Coutinho R, Silva de Oliveira L, Simi G, Sirendi M, Skidmore N, Skillicorn I, Skwarnicki T, Smith E, Smith E, Smith IT, Smith J, Smith M, Snoek H, Sokoloff MD, Soler FJP, Soomro F, Souza D, Souza De Paula B, Spaan B, Spradlin P, Sridharan S, Stagni F, Stahl M, Stahl S, Stefkova S, Steinkamp O, Stenyakin O, Stevenson S, Stoica S, Stone S, Storaci B, Stracka S, Straticiuc M, Straumann U, Sun L, Sutcliffe W, Swientek K, Swientek S, Syropoulos V, Szczekowski M, Szumlak T, T'Jampens S, Tayduganov A, Tekampe T, Teklishyn M, Tellarini G, Teubert F, Thomas C, Thomas E, van Tilburg J, Tisserand V, Tobin M, Todd J, Tolk S, Tomassetti L, Tonelli D, Topp-Joergensen S, Torr N, Tournefier E, Tourneur S, Trabelsi K, Tran MT, Tresch M, Trisovic A, Tsaregorodtsev A, Tsopelas P, Tuning N, Ukleja A, Ustyuzhanin A, Uwer U, Vacca C, Vagnoni V, Valenti G, Vallier A, Vazquez Gomez R, Vazquez Regueiro P, Vázquez Sierra C, Vecchi S, Velthuis JJ, Veltri M, Veneziano G, Vesterinen M, Viaud B, Vieira D, Vieites Diaz M, Vilasis-Cardona X, Vollhardt A, Volyanskyy D, Voong D, Vorobyev A, Vorobyev V, Voß C, de Vries JA, Waldi R, Wallace C, Wallace R, Walsh J, Wandernoth S, Wang J, Ward DR, Watson NK, Websdale D, Weiden A, Whitehead M, Wilkinson G, Wilkinson M, Williams M, Williams MP, Williams M, Williams T, Wilson FF, Wimberley J, Wishahi J, Wislicki W, Witek M, Wormser G, Wotton SA, Wright S, Wyllie K, Xie Y, Xu Z, Yang Z, Yu J, Yuan X, Yushchenko O, Zangoli M, Zavertyaev M, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhelezov A, Zhokhov A, Zhong L, Zucchelli S. Search for Hidden-Sector Bosons in B(0)→K(*0)μ(+)μ(-) Decays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:161802. [PMID: 26550866 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.161802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A search is presented for hidden-sector bosons, χ, produced in the decay B(0)→K*(892)(0)χ, with K*(892)(0)→K(+)π(-) and χ→μ(+)μ(-). The search is performed using pp-collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb(-1) collected with the LHCb detector. No significant signal is observed in the accessible mass range 214≤m(χ)≤4350 MeV, and upper limits are placed on the branching fraction product B(B(0)→K*(892)(0)χ)×B(χ→μ(+)μ(-)) as a function of the mass and lifetime of the χ boson. These limits are of the order of 10(-9) for χ lifetimes less than 100 ps over most of the m(χ) range, and place the most stringent constraints to date on many theories that predict the existence of additional low-mass bosons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Aaij
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Adeva
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Adinolfi
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A Affolder
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Z Ajaltouni
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S Akar
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - J Albrecht
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Alessio
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Alexander
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S Ali
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Alkhazov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
| | | | - A A Alves
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - S Amato
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Amerio
- Sezione INFN di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Y Amhis
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - L An
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - J Anderson
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G Andreassi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - J E Andrews
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R B Appleby
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - F Archilli
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P d'Argent
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Artamonov
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - M Artuso
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - E Aslanides
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - G Auriemma
- Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - M Baalouch
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S Bachmann
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J J Back
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A Badalov
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Baesso
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (associated with Institution Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
| | - W Baldini
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R J Barlow
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - C Barschel
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Barsuk
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - W Barter
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - V Batozskaya
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - V Battista
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Bay
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Beaucourt
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - J Beddow
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - I Bediaga
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L J Bel
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Bellee
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Belloli
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - I Belyaev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
| | - E Ben-Haim
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - G Bencivenni
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - S Benson
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Benton
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A Berezhnoy
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia
| | - R Bernet
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - M-O Bettler
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M van Beuzekom
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Bien
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Bifani
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - P Billoir
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - T Bird
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A Birnkraut
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Bizzeti
- Sezione INFN di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - T Blake
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - F Blanc
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Blouw
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Blusk
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - V Bocci
- Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - A Bondar
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N Bondar
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - S Borghi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M Borsato
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - T J V Bowcock
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E Bowen
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Bozzi
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Braun
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Britsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Britton
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - J Brodzicka
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - N H Brook
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - E Buchanan
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A Bursche
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Buytaert
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Cadeddu
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - M Calvi
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - P Campana
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - D Campora Perez
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Capriotti
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A Carbone
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Carboni
- Sezione INFN di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | | | - A Cardini
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Carniti
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - L Carson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - K Carvalho Akiba
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Casse
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - L Cassina
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - L Castillo Garcia
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Cattaneo
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ch Cauet
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - R Cenci
- Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Charles
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - Ph Charpentier
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Chefdeville
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - S Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - S-F Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N Chiapolini
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Chrzaszcz
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - X Cid Vidal
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Ciezarek
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P E L Clarke
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Clemencic
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H V Cliff
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J Closier
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - V Coco
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Cogan
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - E Cogneras
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - V Cogoni
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Cojocariu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | | - P Collins
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Comerma-Montells
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Contu
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cook
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Coombes
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S Coquereau
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - G Corti
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Corvo
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - B Couturier
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G A Cowan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D C Craik
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A Crocombe
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - M Cruz Torres
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (associated with Institution Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
| | - S Cunliffe
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Currie
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C D'Ambrosio
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Dall'Occo
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Dalseno
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - P N Y David
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Davis
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - K De Bruyn
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S De Capua
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M De Cian
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J M De Miranda
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L De Paula
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P De Simone
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - C-T Dean
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - D Decamp
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - M Deckenhoff
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - L Del Buono
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - N Déléage
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - M Demmer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Derkach
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - O Deschamps
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - F Dettori
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Dey
- Sezione INFN di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - A Di Canto
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Di Ruscio
- Sezione INFN di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - H Dijkstra
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Donleavy
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - F Dordei
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Dorigo
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Dosil Suárez
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Dossett
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A Dovbnya
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - K Dreimanis
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - L Dufour
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Dujany
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - F Dupertuis
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Durante
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Dzhelyadin
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - A Dziurda
- Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Dzyuba
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
| | - S Easo
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - U Egede
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - V Egorychev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
| | - S Eidelman
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S Eisenhardt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - U Eitschberger
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Ekelhof
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - L Eklund
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - I El Rifai
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ch Elsasser
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Ely
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - S Esen
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H M Evans
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - T Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Färber
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - N Farley
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S Farry
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - R Fay
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Ferguson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - V Fernandez Albor
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Ferrari
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - M Ferro-Luzzi
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Filippov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAN), Moscow, Russia
| | - M Fiore
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Fiorini
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Firlej
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - C Fitzpatrick
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Fiutowski
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Fohl
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Fol
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Fontana
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - R Forty
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Francisco
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Frank
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Frei
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Frosini
- Sezione INFN di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - J Fu
- Sezione INFN di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - E Furfaro
- Sezione INFN di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - A Gallas Torreira
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Galli
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - S Gambetta
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Gandelman
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P Gandini
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Y Gao
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - J García Pardiñas
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Garra Tico
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - L Garrido
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Gascon
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Gaspar
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Gauld
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L Gavardi
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Gazzoni
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Gerick
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Gersabeck
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Gersabeck
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T Gershon
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ph Ghez
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | | | - S Gianì
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Gibson
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - O G Girard
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Giubega
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - V V Gligorov
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Göbel
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (associated with Institution Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
| | - D Golubkov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
| | - A Golutvin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Gomes
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Gotti
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Grabalosa Gándara
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - E Graugés
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Graverini
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - A Grecu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - E Greening
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Gregson
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P Griffith
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - L Grillo
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O Grünberg
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany (associated with Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany)
| | - B Gui
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - E Gushchin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAN), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu Guz
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Gys
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Hadavizadeh
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Haefeli
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Haen
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S C Haines
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S Hall
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - B Hamilton
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - X Han
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Hansmann-Menzemer
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Harnew
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S T Harnew
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J Harrison
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J He
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Head
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Heijne
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Hennessy
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - P Henrard
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - L Henry
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | | | - E van Herwijnen
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Heß
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany (associated with Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany)
| | - A Hicheur
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M Hoballah
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Hombach
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - W Hulsbergen
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Humair
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - N Hussain
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - D Hutchcroft
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Hynds
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M Idzik
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - P Ilten
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Jacobsson
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Jaeger
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Jalocha
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E Jans
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Jawahery
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Jing
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - M John
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - D Johnson
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C R Jones
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C Joram
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Jost
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - N Jurik
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - S Kandybei
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - W Kanso
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - M Karacson
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T M Karbach
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Karodia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M Kecke
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kelsey
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - I R Kenyon
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M Kenzie
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Ketel
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Khairullin
- Yandex School of Data Analysis, Moscow, Russia (associated with Institution Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia)
| | - B Khanji
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Khurewathanakul
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Klaver
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - K Klimaszewski
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - O Kochebina
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - M Kolpin
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Komarov
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R F Koopman
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Koppenburg
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kozeiha
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - L Kravchuk
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAN), Moscow, Russia
| | - K Kreplin
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kreps
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - G Krocker
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Krokovny
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - F Kruse
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - W Krzemien
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Kucewicz
- Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Kucharczyk
- Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - V Kudryavtsev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A K Kuonen
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Kurek
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Kvaratskheliya
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
| | - D Lacarrere
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Lafferty
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A Lai
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - D Lambert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - G Lanfranchi
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - C Langenbruch
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - B Langhans
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Latham
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - C Lazzeroni
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - R Le Gac
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - J van Leerdam
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J-P Lees
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - R Lefèvre
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Leflat
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Lefrançois
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - E Lemos Cid
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - O Leroy
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - T Lesiak
- Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - B Leverington
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Li
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - T Likhomanenko
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia (associated with Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia)
- Yandex School of Data Analysis, Moscow, Russia (associated with Institution Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia)
| | - M Liles
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - R Lindner
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Linn
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Lionetto
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Liu
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - X Liu
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - D Loh
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - I Longstaff
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - J H Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - M Lucio Martinez
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - H Luo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A Lupato
- Sezione INFN di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Luppi
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - O Lupton
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - F Machefert
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - F Maciuc
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - O Maev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
| | - K Maguire
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - S Malde
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Malinin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia (associated with Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia)
| | - G Manca
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - G Mancinelli
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - P Manning
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - A Mapelli
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Maratas
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J F Marchand
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - U Marconi
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - P Marino
- Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Marks
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - M Martin
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - M Martinelli
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Martinez Santos
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Martinez Vidal
- Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain (associated with Institution Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain)
| | - D Martins Tostes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Massafferri
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Matev
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Mathad
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Z Mathe
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Matteuzzi
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - A Mauri
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Maurin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Mazurov
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M McCann
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J McCarthy
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A McNab
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R McNulty
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Meadows
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - F Meier
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Meissner
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Melnychuk
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Merk
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - D A Milanes
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (associated with LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France)
| | - M-N Minard
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - D S Mitzel
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Molina Rodriguez
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (associated with Institution Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
| | - I A Monroy
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (associated with LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France)
| | - S Monteil
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - P Morawski
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Mordà
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | | | - J Moron
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - A B Morris
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Mountain
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - F Muheim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Müller
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J Müller
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - K Müller
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V Müller
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Mussini
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - B Muster
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Naik
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - T Nakada
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Nandakumar
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - A Nandi
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - I Nasteva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Needham
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - N Neri
- Sezione INFN di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Neubert
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Neufeld
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Neuner
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A D Nguyen
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T D Nguyen
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Nguyen-Mau
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Niess
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - R Niet
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - N Nikitin
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia
| | - T Nikodem
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Ninci
- Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Novoselov
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - D P O'Hanlon
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A Oblakowska-Mucha
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - V Obraztsov
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - S Ogilvy
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - O Okhrimenko
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences (KINR), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - R Oldeman
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C J G Onderwater
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (associated with Institution Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
| | | | | | - A Otto
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Owen
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Oyanguren
- Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain (associated with Institution Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain)
| | - A Palano
- Sezione INFN di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - F Palombo
- Sezione INFN di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M Palutan
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - J Panman
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Papanestis
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - M Pappagallo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - C Parkes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - G D Patel
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M Patel
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - A Pearce
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A Pellegrino
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Penso
- Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - M Pepe Altarelli
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - P Perret
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - L Pescatore
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - K Petridis
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - B Pietrzyk
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - T Pilař
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - D Pinci
- Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - A Pistone
- Sezione INFN di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - A Piucci
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Playfer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M Plo Casasus
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T Poikela
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Polci
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - A Poluektov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - I Polyakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
| | - E Polycarpo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A Popov
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - D Popov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Popovici
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - C Potterat
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Price
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J D Price
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J Prisciandaro
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Pritchard
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C Prouve
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - V Pugatch
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences (KINR), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - A Puig Navarro
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Punzi
- Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - W Qian
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - R Quagliani
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - B Rachwal
- Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - J H Rademacker
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Rama
- Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M S Rangel
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I Raniuk
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - N Rauschmayr
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Raven
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Redi
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Reichert
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M M Reid
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - A C dos Reis
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Ricciardi
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - S Richards
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Rihl
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Rinnert
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - P Robbe
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A B Rodrigues
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Rodrigues
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J A Rodriguez Lopez
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (associated with LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France)
| | - P Rodriguez Perez
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - S Roiser
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - V Romanovsky
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - A Romero Vidal
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J W Ronayne
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Rotondo
- Sezione INFN di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - J Rouvinet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Ruf
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Ruiz Valls
- Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain (associated with Institution Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain)
| | | | - N Sagidova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
| | - P Sail
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - B Saitta
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - C Sanchez Mayordomo
- Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain (associated with Institution Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain)
| | - B Sanmartin Sedes
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - M Santimaria
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | | | - A Sarti
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - C Satriano
- Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - A Satta
- Sezione INFN di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - D M Saunders
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - D Savrina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia
| | - M Schiller
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Schindler
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Schlupp
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Schmelling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Schmelzer
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Schmidt
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Schneider
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Schopper
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Schubiger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M-H Schune
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - R Schwemmer
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Sciascia
- Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - A Sciubba
- Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - A Semennikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
| | - N Serra
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Serrano
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - L Sestini
- Sezione INFN di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - P Seyfert
- Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - M Shapkin
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - I Shapoval
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Y Shcheglov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
| | - T Shears
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - L Shekhtman
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V Shevchenko
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia (associated with Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia)
| | - A Shires
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - B G Siddi
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Silva Coutinho
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Simi
- Sezione INFN di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Sirendi
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - N Skidmore
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - I Skillicorn
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - T Skwarnicki
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - E Smith
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E Smith
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - I T Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Smith
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - H Snoek
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M D Sokoloff
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - F J P Soler
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - F Soomro
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Souza
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - B Souza De Paula
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - B Spaan
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - P Spradlin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S Sridharan
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Stagni
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Stahl
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Stahl
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Stefkova
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Steinkamp
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Stenyakin
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - S Stevenson
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Stoica
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - S Stone
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - B Storaci
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - M Straticiuc
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - U Straumann
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Sun
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - W Sutcliffe
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Swientek
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - S Swientek
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - V Syropoulos
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Szczekowski
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Szumlak
- AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - S T'Jampens
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - A Tayduganov
- CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
| | - T Tekampe
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Teklishyn
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | | | - F Teubert
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Thomas
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E Thomas
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J van Tilburg
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Tisserand
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - M Tobin
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Todd
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - S Tolk
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - D Tonelli
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - N Torr
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E Tournefier
- LAPP, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
| | - S Tourneur
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Trabelsi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M T Tran
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Tresch
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Trisovic
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - P Tsopelas
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Tuning
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Ukleja
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Ustyuzhanin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia (associated with Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia)
- Yandex School of Data Analysis, Moscow, Russia (associated with Institution Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia)
| | - U Uwer
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Vacca
- Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - V Vagnoni
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Valenti
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Vallier
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - C Vázquez Sierra
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Vecchi
- Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J J Velthuis
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Veltri
- Sezione INFN di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - G Veneziano
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Vesterinen
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Viaud
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - D Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Vieites Diaz
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - A Vollhardt
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Volyanskyy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Voong
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A Vorobyev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
| | - V Vorobyev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - C Voß
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany (associated with Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany)
| | - J A de Vries
- Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Waldi
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany (associated with Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany)
| | - C Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - R Wallace
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Walsh
- Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Wandernoth
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Wang
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - D R Ward
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - N K Watson
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D Websdale
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Weiden
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Whitehead
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - G Wilkinson
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M Wilkinson
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - M Williams
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M P Williams
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - M Williams
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Williams
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - F F Wilson
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - J Wimberley
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Wishahi
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - W Wislicki
- National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Witek
- Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - G Wormser
- LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - S A Wotton
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S Wright
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K Wyllie
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y Xie
- Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (associated with Institution Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China)
| | - Z Xu
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Z Yang
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - J Yu
- Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (associated with Institution Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China)
| | - X Yuan
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O Yushchenko
- Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
| | - M Zangoli
- Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Zavertyaev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Zhang
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - A Zhelezov
- Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Zhokhov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
| | - L Zhong
- Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Adriani O, Barbarino GC, Bazilevskaya GA, Bellotti R, Boezio M, Bogomolov EA, Bongi M, Bonvicini V, Bottai S, Bruno A, Cafagna F, Campana D, Carlson P, Casolino M, Castellini G, De Donato C, De Santis C, De Simone N, Di Felice V, Formato V, Galper AM, Karelin AV, Koldashov SV, Koldobskiy S, Krutkov SY, Kvashnin AN, Leonov A, Malakhov V, Marcelli L, Martucci M, Mayorov AG, Menn W, Mergè M, Mikhailov VV, Mocchiutti E, Monaco A, Mori N, Munini R, Osteria G, Palma F, Panico B, Papini P, Pearce M, Picozza P, Ricci M, Ricciarini SB, Sarkar R, Scotti V, Simon M, Sparvoli R, Spillantini P, Stozhkov YI, Vacchi A, Vannuccini E, Vasilyev G, Voronov SA, Yurkin YT, Zampa G, Zampa N. New upper limit on strange quark matter abundance in cosmic rays with the PAMELA space experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:111101. [PMID: 26406816 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present results of a direct search for strange quark matter (SQM) in cosmic rays with the PAMELA space spectrometer. If this state of matter exists it may be present in cosmic rays as particles, called strangelets, having a high density and an anomalously high mass-to-charge (A/Z) ratio. A direct search in space is complementary to those from ground-based spectrometers. Furthermore, it has the advantage of being potentially capable of directly identifying these particles, without any assumption on their interaction model with Earth's atmosphere and the long-term stability in terrestrial and lunar rocks. In the rigidity range from 1.0 to ∼1.0×10^{3} GV, no such particles were found in the data collected by PAMELA between 2006 and 2009. An upper limit on the strangelet flux in cosmic rays was therefore set for particles with charge 1≤Z≤8 and mass 4≤A≤1.2×10^{5}. This limit as a function of mass and as a function of magnetic rigidity allows us to constrain models of SQM production and propagation in the Galaxy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Adriani
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - G C Barbarino
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - R Bellotti
- Department of Physc,s University of Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Boezio
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E A Bogomolov
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RU-194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Bongi
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - V Bonvicini
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Bottai
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - A Bruno
- Department of Physc,s University of Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Cafagna
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Campana
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - P Carlson
- Department of Physics, KTH, and the Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Casolino
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- RIKEN, Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shi 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - C De Donato
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - C De Santis
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - N De Simone
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - V Di Felice
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V Formato
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, I-34147 Trieste, Italy
| | - A M Galper
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Karelin
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Koldashov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Koldobskiy
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Y Krutkov
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RU-194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A N Kvashnin
- Lebedev Physical Institute, RU-119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Leonov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Malakhov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - L Marcelli
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Martucci
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A G Mayorov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - W Menn
- Department of Physics, Universitat Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - M Mergè
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - V V Mikhailov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Mocchiutti
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Monaco
- Department of Physc,s University of Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - N Mori
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Centro Siciliano di Fisica Nucleare e Struttura della Materia (CSFNSM), Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - R Munini
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, I-34147 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Osteria
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - F Palma
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - B Panico
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - P Papini
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Pearce
- Department of Physics, KTH, and the Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Picozza
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Ricci
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - S B Ricciarini
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- IFAC, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - R Sarkar
- Indian Centre for Physics, 43, Chalantika, Garia Station Road, Kolkata 700 084, West Bengal, India
| | - V Scotti
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Naples, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - M Simon
- Department of Physics, Universitat Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - R Sparvoli
- INFN, Sezione di Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - P Spillantini
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Y I Stozhkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, RU-119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Vacchi
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Vannuccini
- INFN, Sezione di Florence, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - G Vasilyev
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RU-194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S A Voronov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y T Yurkin
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, RU-115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Zampa
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - N Zampa
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adriani O, Barbarino GC, Bazilevskaya GA, Bellotti R, Boezio M, Bogomolov EA, Bongi M, Bonvicini V, Bottai S, Bruno A, Cafagna F, Campana D, Carlson P, Casolino M, Castellini G, Donato CD, Santis CD, Simone ND, Felice VD, Formato V, Galper AM, Karelin AV, Koldashov SV, Koldobskiy S, Krutkov SY, Kvashnin AN, Leonov A, Malakhov V, Marcelli L, Martucci M, Mayorov AG, Menn W, Mergè M, Mikhailov VV, Mocchiutti E, Monaco A, Mori N, Munini R, Osteria G, Palma F, Panico B, Papini P, Pearce M, Picozza P, Ricci M, Ricciarini SB, Sarkar R, Scotti V, Simon M, Sparvoli R, Spillantini P, Stozhkov YI, Vacchi A, Vannuccini E, Vasilyev G, Voronov SA, Yurkin YT, Zampa G, Zampa N, Potgieter MS, Vos EE. TIME DEPENDENCE OF THEe−FLUX MEASURED BYPAMELADURING THE 2006 JULY–2009 DECEMBER SOLAR MINIMUM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/810/2/142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Kachelriess M, Moskalenko IV, Ostapchenko SS. NEW CALCULATION OF ANTIPROTON PRODUCTION BY COSMIC RAY PROTONS AND NUCLEI. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 2015; 803:54. [PMID: 34646040 PMCID: PMC8506943 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/803/2/54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A dramatic increase in the accuracy and statistics of space-borne cosmic ray (CR) measurements has yielded several breakthroughs over the last several years. The most puzzling is the rise in the positron fraction above ~10 GeV over the predictions of the propagation models assuming pure secondary production. The accuracy of the antiproton production cross section is critical for astrophysical applications and searches for new physics since antiprotons in CRs seem to hold the keys to many puzzles including the origin of those excess positrons. However, model calculations of antiproton production in CR interactions with interstellar gas are often employing parameterizations that are out of date or are using outdated physical concepts. This may lead to an incorrect interpretation of antiproton data which could have broad consequences for other areas of astrophysics. In this work, we calculate antiproton production in pp-, pA-, and AA-interactions using EPOS-LHC and QGSJET-II-04, two of the most advanced Monte Carlo (MC) generators tuned to numerous accelerator data including those from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We show that the antiproton yields obtained with these MC generators differ by up to an order of magnitude from yields of parameterizations commonly used in astrophysics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor V Moskalenko
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory & Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sergey S Ostapchenko
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory & Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Delahaye T, Kotera K, Silk J. What can we learn from a sharply falling positron fraction? EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201510502003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
Abstract
The creation of cold antihydrogen atoms by the controlled combination of positrons and antiprotons has opened up a new window on fundamental physics. More recently, techniques have been developed that allow some antihydrogen atoms to be created at low enough kinetic energies that they can be held inside magnetic minimum neutral atom traps. With confinement times of many minutes possible, it has become feasible to perform experiments to probe the properties of the antiatom for the first time. We review the experimental progress in this area, outline some of the motivation for studying basic aspects of antimatter physics and provide an outlook of where we might expect this field to go in the coming years.
Collapse
|
26
|
Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bigongiari G, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Cascioli V, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen H, Cheng GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chikanian A, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Coste B, Cui Z, Dai M, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Du WJ, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Gillard W, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, Kunz S, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HL, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Malinin A, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Postaci E, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Sbarra C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schuckardt D, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Wang LQ, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xin GM, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P, Zurbach C. Electron and positron fluxes in primary cosmic rays measured with the alpha magnetic spectrometer on the international space station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:121102. [PMID: 25279617 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the primary cosmic-ray electron flux in the range 0.5 to 700 GeV and the positron flux in the range 0.5 to 500 GeV are presented. The electron flux and the positron flux each require a description beyond a single power-law spectrum. Both the electron flux and the positron flux change their behavior at ∼30 GeV but the fluxes are significantly different in their magnitude and energy dependence. Between 20 and 200 GeV the positron spectral index is significantly harder than the electron spectral index. The determination of the differing behavior of the spectral indices versus energy is a new observation and provides important information on the origins of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aguilar
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Aisa
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Alvino
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Ambrosi
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - K Andeen
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Arruda
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N Attig
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - P Azzarello
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Bachlechner
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Barao
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Barrau
- Laboratoire de Physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - L Barrin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | | | - L Basara
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France and INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - M Battarbee
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - R Battiston
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - J Bazo
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - U Becker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Behlmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Beischer
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Berdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Bertucci
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Bigongiari
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy and Università di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Bindi
- University of Hawaii, Physics and Astronomy Department, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S Bizzaglia
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - M Bizzarri
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Boella
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - W de Boer
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Bollweg
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - V Bonnivard
- Laboratoire de Physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - B Borgia
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy and Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - S Borsini
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - M J Boschini
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Bourquin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - J Burger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Cadoux
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - X D Cai
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Capell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Caroff
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - J Casaus
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Cascioli
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - I Cernuda
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Cervelli
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - M J Chae
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Y H Chang
- National Central University (NCU), Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - A I Chen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Chen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G M Cheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - H S Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - L Cheng
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - A Chikanian
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - H Y Chou
- National Central University (NCU), Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - E Choumilov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Choutko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C H Chung
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Clark
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - R Clavero
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - G Coignet
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - C Consolandi
- University of Hawaii, Physics and Astronomy Department, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Contin
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Corti
- University of Hawaii, Physics and Astronomy Department, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - B Coste
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Z Cui
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - M Dai
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - C Delgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Della Torre
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M B Demirköz
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - L Derome
- Laboratoire de Physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - S Di Falco
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Di Masso
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - F Dimiccoli
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - C Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P von Doetinchem
- University of Hawaii, Physics and Astronomy Department, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - W J Du
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - M Duranti
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - D D'Urso
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Eline
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F J Eppling
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Eronen
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Y Y Fan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - L Farnesini
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Feng
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - E Fiandrini
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Fiasson
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - E Finch
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - P Fisher
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y Galaktionov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Gallucci
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - B García
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R García-López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - H Gast
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - I Gebauer
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Gervasi
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - A Ghelfi
- Laboratoire de Physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - W Gillard
- National Central University (NCU), Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - F Giovacchini
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Goglov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Gong
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - C Goy
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - V Grabski
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F., 01000 México
| | - D Grandi
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - M Graziani
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - C Guandalini
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Guerri
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy and Università di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - K H Guo
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - M Habiby
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - S Haino
- National Central University (NCU), Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - K C Han
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 325, Taiwan
| | - Z H He
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - M Heil
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA and Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Hoffman
- National Central University (NCU), Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan
| | - T H Hsieh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z C Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - C Huh
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Korea
| | - M Incagli
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Ionica
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - W Y Jang
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Korea
| | - H Jinchi
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 325, Taiwan
| | - K Kanishev
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - G N Kim
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Korea
| | - K S Kim
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Korea
| | - Th Kirn
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Kossakowski
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - O Kounina
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Kounine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Koutsenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M S Krafczyk
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Kunz
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G La Vacca
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - E Laudi
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Laurenti
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Lazzizzera
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - A Lebedev
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H T Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - S C Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - C Leluc
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - H L Li
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - J Q Li
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Q Li
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Q Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T X Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - W Li
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y Li
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Z H Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Z Y Li
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - S Lim
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - C H Lin
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - P Lipari
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - T Lippert
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - H Liu
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - T Lomtadze
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - M J Lu
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Y S Lu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - K Luebelsmeyer
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Luo
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - J Z Luo
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - S S Lv
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - R Majka
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Malinin
- IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - C Mañá
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Marín
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Martin
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - G Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Masi
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Maurin
- Laboratoire de Physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - A Menchaca-Rocha
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F., 01000 México
| | - Q Meng
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - D C Mo
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | - P Mott
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - M Müller
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Q Ni
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - N Nikonov
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Nozzoli
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - P Nunes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Obermeier
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Orcinha
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Palmonari
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Palomares
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Paniccia
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A Papi
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - S Pensotti
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - R Pereira
- University of Hawaii, Physics and Astronomy Department, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA and Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Pilo
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Piluso
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - V Plyaskin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Pohl
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - V Poireau
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - E Postaci
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Putze
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - L Quadrani
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - X M Qi
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - P G Rancoita
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - D Rapin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - J S Ricol
- Laboratoire de Physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - I Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Rosier-Lees
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - A Rozhkov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Rozza
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - R Sagdeev
- East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Sandweiss
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - P Saouter
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - C Sbarra
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S Schael
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S M Schmidt
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D Schuckardt
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Schulz von Dratzig
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Schwering
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Scolieri
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - E S Seo
- IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B S Shan
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y H Shan
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - X Y Shi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y M Shi
- Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - T Siedenburg
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Son
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Korea
| | - F Spada
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - F Spinella
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - W Sun
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W H Sun
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Tacconi
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - C P Tang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - X W Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Z C Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - L Tao
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - D Tescaro
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Samuel C C Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S M Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Tomassetti
- Laboratoire de Physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - J Torsti
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - C Türkoğlu
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - T Urban
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Johnson Space Center and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - V Vagelli
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E Valente
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italy and Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - C Vannini
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Valtonen
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - S Vaurynovich
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Vecchi
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - M Velasco
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J P Vialle
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - L Q Wang
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q L Wang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - R S Wang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - X Wang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z X Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Z L Weng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Whitman
- University of Hawaii, Physics and Astronomy Department, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Wienkenhöver
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Wu
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - X Xia
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Xie
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Xie
- Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - R Q Xiong
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - G M Xin
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - N S Xu
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - W Xu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Q Yan
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - J Yang
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - M Yang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Q H Ye
- Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - H Yi
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Y J Yu
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Z Q Yu
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - S Zeissler
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J H Zhang
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - M T Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - X B Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Z M Zheng
- Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - H L Zhuang
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - V Zhukov
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Zichichi
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - N Zimmermann
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Zuccon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Zurbach
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Accardo L, Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bigongiari G, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Carosi G, Casaus J, Cascioli V, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cerreta D, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen H, Cheng GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chikanian A, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Cindolo F, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Coste B, Cui Z, Dai M, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Du WJ, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Gillard W, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Haas D, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Henning R, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, Kunz S, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Levi G, Li HL, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lolli M, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Malinin A, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Massera F, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Monreal B, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pauluzzi M, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Pilastrini R, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Postaci E, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rossi L, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Rybka G, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Sbarra C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schuckardt D, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Volpini G, Wang LQ, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Wu KY, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xin GM, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhou F, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P, Zurbach C. High statistics measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5-500 GeV with the alpha magnetic spectrometer on the international space station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:121101. [PMID: 25279616 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.121101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A precision measurement by AMS of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays in the energy range from 0.5 to 500 GeV based on 10.9 million positron and electron events is presented. This measurement extends the energy range of our previous observation and increases its precision. The new results show, for the first time, that above ∼200 GeV the positron fraction no longer exhibits an increase with energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Accardo
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - M Aguilar
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - D Aisa
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - B Alpat
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - A Alvino
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - G Ambrosi
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - K Andeen
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - L Arruda
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N Attig
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, GermanyA
| | - P Azzarello
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - A Bachlechner
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - F Barao
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Barrau
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - L Barrin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - A Bartoloni
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italyx
| | - L Basara
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France and INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italyx
| | - M Battarbee
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - R Battiston
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italyx
| | - J Bazo
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - U Becker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Behlmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Beischer
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - J Berdugo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - B Bertucci
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Bigongiari
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx and Università di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Bindi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - S Bizzaglia
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - M Bizzarri
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Boella
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - W de Boer
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - K Bollweg
- NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, JSC, and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - V Bonnivard
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - B Borgia
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italyx and Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - S Borsini
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - M J Boschini
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx
| | - M Bourquin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - J Burger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Cadoux
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - X D Cai
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Capell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Caroff
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - G Carosi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Casaus
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - V Cascioli
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | | | - I Cernuda
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - D Cerreta
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - F Cervelli
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - M J Chae
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, KoreaE
| | - Y H Chang
- National Central University, NCU, Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwany
| | - A I Chen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Chen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G M Cheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - H S Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - L Cheng
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - A Chikanian
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - H Y Chou
- National Central University, NCU, Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwany
| | - E Choumilov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Choutko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C H Chung
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - F Cindolo
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Clark
- NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, JSC, and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - R Clavero
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, IAC, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - G Coignet
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - C Consolandi
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - A Contin
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Corti
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - B Coste
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italyx
| | - Z Cui
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - M Dai
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, IEE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - C Delgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - S Della Torre
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx
| | - M B Demirköz
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, METU, 06800 Ankara, Turkeyv
| | - L Derome
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - S Di Falco
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - L Di Masso
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - F Dimiccoli
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italyx
| | - C Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - P von Doetinchem
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - W J Du
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - M Duranti
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - D D'Urso
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - A Eline
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F J Eppling
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Eronen
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Y Y Fan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - L Farnesini
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - J Feng
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - E Fiandrini
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Fiasson
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - E Finch
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - P Fisher
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y Galaktionov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Gallucci
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - B García
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - R García-López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, IAC, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - H Gast
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - I Gebauer
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - M Gervasi
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - A Ghelfi
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - W Gillard
- National Central University, NCU, Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwany
| | - F Giovacchini
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - P Goglov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Gong
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - C Goy
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - V Grabski
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, México D.F. 01000, MéxicoD
| | - D Grandi
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx
| | - M Graziani
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - C Guandalini
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Guerri
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx and Università di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - K H Guo
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - D Haas
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - M Habiby
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - S Haino
- National Central University, NCU, Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwany and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - K C Han
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, NCSIST, Longtan, Tao Yuan 325, Taiwan
| | - Z H He
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - M Heil
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA and Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - R Henning
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Hoffman
- National Central University, NCU, Chung-Li, Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwany
| | - T H Hsieh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z C Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - C Huh
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Koreaz
| | - M Incagli
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - M Ionica
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - W Y Jang
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Koreaz
| | - H Jinchi
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, NCSIST, Longtan, Tao Yuan 325, Taiwan
| | - K Kanishev
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italyx
| | - G N Kim
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Koreaz
| | - K S Kim
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Koreaz
| | - Th Kirn
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - R Kossakowski
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - O Kounina
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Kounine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Koutsenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M S Krafczyk
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Kunz
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - G La Vacca
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx
| | - E Laudi
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - G Laurenti
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - I Lazzizzera
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italyx
| | - A Lebedev
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H T Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - S C Lee
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - C Leluc
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - G Levi
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - H L Li
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - J Q Li
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Q Li
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Q Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T X Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - W Li
- Beihang University, BUAA, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y Li
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Z H Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - Z Y Li
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - S Lim
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, KoreaE
| | - C H Lin
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - P Lipari
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italyx
| | - T Lippert
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, GermanyA
| | - D Liu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - H Liu
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - M Lolli
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - T Lomtadze
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - M J Lu
- INFN-TIFPA and Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italyx
| | - Y S Lu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - K Luebelsmeyer
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - F Luo
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - J Z Luo
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - S S Lv
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - R Majka
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Malinin
- IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - C Mañá
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - J Marín
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - T Martin
- NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, JSC, and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - G Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - N Masi
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Massera
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Maurin
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - A Menchaca-Rocha
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, México D.F. 01000, MéxicoD
| | - Q Meng
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - D C Mo
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - B Monreal
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - P Mott
- NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, JSC, and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - M Müller
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - J Q Ni
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - N Nikonov
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - F Nozzoli
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - P Nunes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Obermeier
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - A Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - M Orcinha
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Palmonari
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C Palomares
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - M Paniccia
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - A Papi
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - M Pauluzzi
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - S Pensotti
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - R Pereira
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA and Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, LIP, P-1000 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Pilastrini
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - F Pilo
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - A Piluso
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx and Università di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - C Pizzolotto
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - V Plyaskin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Pohl
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - V Poireau
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - E Postaci
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, METU, 06800 Ankara, Turkeyv
| | - A Putze
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - L Quadrani
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - X M Qi
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - P G Rancoita
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx
| | - D Rapin
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - J S Ricol
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - I Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - S Rosier-Lees
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - L Rossi
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - A Rozhkov
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Rozza
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx
| | - G Rybka
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Sagdeev
- East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Sandweiss
- Physics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - P Saouter
- DPNC, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - C Sbarra
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S Schael
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - S M Schmidt
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, GermanyA
| | - D Schuckardt
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - A Schulz von Dratzig
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - G Schwering
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - G Scolieri
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - E S Seo
- IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B S Shan
- Beihang University, BUAA, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Y H Shan
- Beihang University, BUAA, Beijing 100191, China
| | - J Y Shi
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - X Y Shi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y M Shi
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, SJTU, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - T Siedenburg
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - D Son
- CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Daegu, Koreaz
| | - F Spada
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italyx
| | - F Spinella
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - W Sun
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W H Sun
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Tacconi
- INFN-Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italyx and Università di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - C P Tang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - X W Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - Z C Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - L Tao
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - D Tescaro
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, IAC, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Samuel C C Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S M Ting
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Tomassetti
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, LPSC, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France
| | - J Torsti
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - C Türkoğlu
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, METU, 06800 Ankara, Turkeyv
| | - T Urban
- NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, JSC, and Jacobs-Sverdrup, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
| | - V Vagelli
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - E Valente
- INFN-Sezione di Roma 1, I-00185 Roma, Italyx and Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - C Vannini
- INFN-Sezione di Pisa, I-56100 Pisa, Italyx
| | - E Valtonen
- Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - S Vaurynovich
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Vecchi
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - M Velasco
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - J P Vialle
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-Le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - V Vitale
- INFN-Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italyx
| | - G Volpini
- INFN-Sezione di Milano and Università di Milano, I-20090 Milano, Italy
| | - L Q Wang
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Q L Wang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, IEE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - R S Wang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, SJTU, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - X Wang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Z X Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Z L Weng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Whitman
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, 2505 Correa Road, WAT 432, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - J Wienkenhöver
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - H Wu
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - K Y Wu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwany
| | - X Xia
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, SpainC
| | - M Xie
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Xie
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, SJTU, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - R Q Xiong
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - G M Xin
- Shandong University, SDU, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - N S Xu
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - W Xu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Q Yan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - J Yang
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, KoreaE
| | - M Yang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - Q H Ye
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, SJTU, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - H Yi
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Y J Yu
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, IEE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Z Q Yu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - S Zeissler
- Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT, D-76128 Karlsruhe, GermanyB
| | - J H Zhang
- Southeast University, SEU, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - M T Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - X B Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, SYSU, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Z M Zheng
- Beihang University, BUAA, Beijing 100191, China
| | - F Zhou
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H L Zhuang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, Chinaw
| | - V Zhukov
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - A Zichichi
- INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italyx and Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - N Zimmermann
- I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germanyu
| | - P Zuccon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Zurbach
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, LUPM, IN2P3/CNRS and Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dev PB, Ghosh DK, Okada N, Saha I. Neutrino mass and dark matter in light of recent AMS-02 results. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.89.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Ricciarini SB, Adriani O, Barbarino G, Bazilevskaya G, Bellotti R, Boezio M, Bogomolov E, Bongi M, Bonvicini V, Bottai S, Bruno A, Cafagna F, Campana D, Carbone R, Carlson P, Casolino M, Castellini G, De Donato C, De Pascale M, De Santis C, De Simone N, Di Felice V, Formato V, Galper A, Karelin A, Kheymits M, Koldashov S, Koldobskiy S, Krutkov S, Kvashnin A, Leonov A, Malakhov V, Marcelli L, Martucci M, Mayorov A, Menn W, Mergè M, Mikhailov V, Mocchiutti E, Monaco A, Mori N, Munini R, Osteria G, Palma F, Panico B, Papini P, Pearce M, Picozza P, Pizzolotto C, Ricci M, Sarkar R, Simon M, Scotti V, Sparvoli R, Spillantini P, Stozhkov Y, Vacchi A, Vannuccini E, Vasilyev G, Voronov S, Yurkin Y, Zampa G, Zampa N, Zverev V. PAMELA mission: heralding a new era in cosmic ray physics. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20147100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
31
|
Morselli A. Dark Matter Signals in the gamma-ray sky. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20147100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|