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Gotardo F, Carey BJ, Greenall H, Harris GI, Romero E, Bulla D, Bridge EM, Bennett JS, Foster S, Bowen WP. Waveguide-integrated chip-scale optomechanical magnetometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37663-37672. [PMID: 38017892 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical magnetometers enable highly sensitive magnetic field sensing. However, all such magnetometers to date have been optically excited and read-out either via free space or a tapered optical fiber. This limits their scalability and integrability, and ultimately their range of applications. Here, we present an optomechanical magnetometer that is excited and read-out via a suspended optical waveguide fabricated on the same silicon chip as the magnetometer. Moreover, we demonstrate that thermomechanical noise limited sensitivity is possible using portable electronics and laser. The magnetometer employs a silica microdisk resonator selectively sputtered with a magnetostrictive film of galfenol (FeGa) which induces a resonant frequency shift in response to an external magnetic field. Experimental results reveal the retention of high quality-factor optical whispering gallery mode resonances whilst also demonstrating high sensitivity and dynamic range in ambient conditions. The use of off-the-shelf portable electronics without compromising sensor performance demonstrates promise for applications.
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Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165568. [PMID: 34451010 PMCID: PMC8402258 DOI: 10.3390/s21165568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
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Manley J, Chowdhury MD, Grin D, Singh S, Wilson DJ. Searching for Vector Dark Matter with an Optomechanical Accelerometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:061301. [PMID: 33635693 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We consider using optomechanical accelerometers as resonant detectors for ultralight dark matter. As a concrete example, we describe a detector based on a silicon nitride membrane fixed to a beryllium mirror, forming an optical cavity. The use of different materials gives access to forces proportional to baryon (B) and lepton (L) charge, which are believed to be coupling channels for vector dark matter particles ("dark photons"). The cavity meanwhile provides access to quantum-limited displacement measurements. For a centimeter-scale membrane precooled to 10 mK, we argue that sensitivity to vector B-L dark matter can exceed that of the Eöt-Wash experiment in integration times of minutes, over a fractional bandwidth of ∼0.1% near 10 kHz (corresponding to a particle mass of 10^{-10} eV/c^{2}). Our analysis can be translated to alternative systems, such as levitated particles, and suggests the possibility of a new generation of tabletop experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Manley
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Mitul Dey Chowdhury
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Daniel Grin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
| | - Swati Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Dalziel J Wilson
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Meng C, Brawley GA, Bennett JS, Vanner MR, Bowen WP. Mechanical Squeezing via Fast Continuous Measurement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:043604. [PMID: 32794807 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.043604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We revisit quantum state preparation of an oscillator by continuous linear position measurement. Quite general analytical expressions are derived for the conditioned state of the oscillator. Remarkably, we predict that quantum squeezing is possible outside of both the backaction dominated and quantum coherent oscillation regimes, relaxing experimental requirements even compared to ground-state cooling. This provides a new way to generate nonclassical states of macroscopic mechanical oscillators, and opens the door to quantum sensing and tests of quantum macroscopicity at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - George A Brawley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S Bennett
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael R Vanner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Guarrera V, Gartman R, Bevilacqua G, Barontini G, Chalupczak W. Parametric Amplification and Noise Squeezing in Room Temperature Atomic Vapors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:033601. [PMID: 31386453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of parametric excitation to coherently manipulate the collective spin state of an atomic vapor at room temperature. Signatures of the parametric excitation are detected in the ground-state spin evolution. These include the excitation spectrum of the atomic coherences, which contains resonances at frequencies characteristic of the parametric process. The amplitudes of the signal quadratures show amplification and attenuation, and their noise distribution is characterized by a strong asymmetry, similar to those observed in mechanical oscillators. The parametric excitation is produced by periodic modulation of the pumping beam, exploiting a Bell-Bloom-like technique widely used in atomic magnetometry. Notably, we find that the noise squeezing obtained by this technique enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurements up to a factor of 10, and improves the performance of a Bell-Bloom magnetometer by a factor of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Guarrera
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - R Gartman
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - G Bevilacqua
- DIISM, Università di Siena, via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Barontini
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - W Chalupczak
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Miao H, Ma Y, Zhao C, Chen Y. Enhancing the Bandwidth of Gravitational-Wave Detectors with Unstable Optomechanical Filters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:211104. [PMID: 26636839 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.211104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advanced interferometric gravitational-wave detectors use optical cavities to resonantly enhance their shot-noise-limited sensitivity. Because of positive dispersion of these cavities-signals at different frequencies pick up different phases, there is a tradeoff between the detector bandwidth and peak sensitivity, which is a universal feature for quantum measurement devices having resonant cavities. We consider embedding an active unstable filter inside the interferometer to compensate the phase, and using feedback control to stabilize the entire system. We show that this scheme in principle can enhance the bandwidth without sacrificing the peak sensitivity. However, the unstable filter under our current consideration is a cavity-assisted optomechanical device operating in the instability regime, and the thermal fluctuation of the mechanical oscillator puts a very stringent requirement on the environmental temperature and the mechanical quality factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Miao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yiqiu Ma
- School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Chunnong Zhao
- School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Yanbei Chen
- Theoretical Astrophysics 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Foreman MR, Swaim JD, Vollmer F. Whispering gallery mode sensors. ADVANCES IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS 2015; 7:168-240. [PMID: 26973759 PMCID: PMC4786191 DOI: 10.1364/aop.7.000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview of sensor technology exploiting optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. After a short introduction we begin by detailing the fundamental principles and theory of WGMs in optical microcavities and the transduction mechanisms frequently employed for sensing purposes. Key recent theoretical contributions to the modeling and analysis of WGM systems are highlighted. Subsequently we review the state of the art of WGM sensors by outlining efforts made to date to improve current detection limits. Proposals in this vein are numerous and range, for example, from plasmonic enhancements and active cavities to hybrid optomechanical sensors, which are already working in the shot noise limited regime. In parallel to furthering WGM sensitivity, efforts to improve the time resolution are beginning to emerge. We therefore summarize the techniques being pursued in this vein. Ultimately WGM sensors aim for real-world applications, such as measurements of force and temperature, or alternatively gas and biosensing. Each such application is thus reviewed in turn, and important achievements are discussed. Finally, we adopt a more forward-looking perspective and discuss the outlook of WGM sensors within both a physical and biological context and consider how they may yet push the detection envelope further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Foreman
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jon D. Swaim
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Biosensing, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Hosseini M, Guccione G, Slatyer HJ, Buchler BC, Lam PK. Multimode laser cooling and ultra-high sensitivity force sensing with nanowires. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4663. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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