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Barrat J, Cherbunin R, Sedov E, Aladinskaia E, Liubomirov A, Litvyak V, Petrov M, Zhou X, Hatzopoulos Z, Kavokin A, Savvidis PG. Stochastic circular persistent currents of exciton polaritons. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12953. [PMID: 38839986 PMCID: PMC11153513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
We monitor the orbital degree of freedom of exciton-polariton condensates confined within an optical trap and unveil the stochastic switching of persistent annular polariton currents under pulse-periodic excitation. Within an elliptical trap, the low-lying in energy polariton current states manifest as a two-petaled density distribution with a swirling phase. In the stochastic regime, the density distribution, averaged over multiple excitation pulses, becomes homogenized in the azimuthal direction. Meanwhile, the weighted phase, extracted from interference experiments, exhibits two compensatory jumps when varied around the center of the trap. Introducing a supplemental control optical pulse to break the reciprocity of the system enables the transition from a stochastic to a deterministic regime, allowing for controlled polariton circulation direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barrat
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Roman Cherbunin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Evgeny Sedov
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
- Stoletov Vladimir State University, Gorky str. 87, Vladimir, 600000, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Aladinskaia
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Alexey Liubomirov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Valentina Litvyak
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Mikhail Petrov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Z Hatzopoulos
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per. 9, Moscow Region, Dolgoprudnyi, 141701, Russia
| | - P G Savvidis
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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2
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Ricco LS, Shelykh IA, Kavokin A. Qubit gate operations in elliptically trapped polariton condensates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4211. [PMID: 38378989 PMCID: PMC10879284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We consider bosonic condensates of exciton-polaritons optically confined in elliptical traps. A superposition of two non-degenerated p-type states of the condensate oriented along the two main axes of the trap is represented by a point on a Bloch sphere, being considered as an optically tunable qubit. We describe a set of universal single-qubit gates resulting in a controllable shift of the Bloch vector by means of an auxiliary laser beam. Moreover, we consider interaction mechanisms between two neighboring traps that enable designing two-qubit operations such as CPHASE and CNOT gates. Both the single- and two-qubit gates are analyzed in the presence of error sources in the context of polariton traps, such as pure dephasing and spontaneous relaxation mechanisms, leading to a fidelity reduction of the final qubit states and quantum concurrence, as well as the increase of Von Neumann entropy. We also discuss the applicability of our qubit proposal in the context of DiVincenzo's criteria for the realization of local quantum computing processes. Altogether, the developed set of quantum operations would pave the way to the realization of a variety of quantum algorithms in a planar microcavity with a set of optically induced elliptical traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano S Ricco
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ivan A Shelykh
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo IC, Bolshoy Bulvar 30 bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141707, Russia
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
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Smirnova DA, Nori F, Bliokh KY. Water-Wave Vortices and Skyrmions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:054003. [PMID: 38364154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.054003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Topological wave structures-phase vortices, skyrmions, merons, etc.-are attracting enormous attention in a variety of quantum and classical wave fields. Surprisingly, these structures have never been properly explored in the most obvious example of classical waves: water-surface (gravity-capillary) waves. Here, we fill this gap and describe (i) water-wave vortices of different orders carrying quantized angular momentum with orbital and spin contributions, (ii) skyrmion lattices formed by the instantaneous displacements of the water-surface particles in wave interference, and (iii) meron (half-skyrmion) lattices formed by the spin-density vectors, as well as (iv) spatiotemporal water-wave vortices and skyrmions. We show that all these topological entities can be readily generated in linear water-wave interference experiments. Our findings can find applications in microfluidics and show that water waves can be employed as an attainable playground for emulating universal topological wave phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Smirnova
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Konstantin Y Bliokh
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Centre of Excellence ENSEMBLE3 Sp. z o.o., 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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4
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Del Valle-Inclan Redondo Y, Schneider C, Klembt S, Höfling S, Tarucha S, Fraser MD. Optically Driven Rotation of Exciton-Polariton Condensates. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4564-4571. [PMID: 37129463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The rotational response of quantum condensed fluids is strikingly distinct from rotating classical fluids, especially notable for the excitation and ordering of quantized vortex ensembles. Although widely studied in conservative systems, the dynamics of rotating open-dissipative superfluids such as exciton-polariton condensates remains largely unexplored, as it requires high-frequency rotation while avoiding resonantly driving the condensate. We create a rotating polariton condensate at gigahertz frequencies by off-resonantly pumping with a rotating optical stirrer composed of the time-dependent interference of two frequency-offset, structured laser modes. Acquisition of angular momentum exceeding the critical 1ℏ/particle is directly measured, accompanied by the deterministic nucleation and capture of quantized vortices with a handedness controlled by the pump rotation direction. The demonstration of controlled optical rotation of a spontaneously formed polariton condensate enables new opportunities for the study of open dissipative superfluidity, ordering of non-Hermitian quantized vortex matter, and topological states in a highly nonlinear, photonic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Del Valle-Inclan Redondo
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics & Informatics Laboratories (PHI Lab), NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | | | - Sebastian Klembt
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen-Research Center for Complex Material System, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen-Research Center for Complex Material System, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Seigo Tarucha
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michael D Fraser
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics & Informatics Laboratories (PHI Lab), NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
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5
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Lukoshkin V, Sedov E, Kalevich V, Hatzopoulos Z, Savvidis PG, Kavokin A. Steady state oscillations of circular currents in concentric polariton condensates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4607. [PMID: 36944664 PMCID: PMC10030576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentric ring exciton polariton condensates emerging under non-resonant laser pump in an annular trapping potential support persistent circular currents of polaritons. The trapping potential is formed by a cylindrical micropillar etched in a semiconductor microcavity with embedded quantum wells and a repulsive cloud of optically excited excitons under the pump spot. The symmetry of the potential is subject to external control via manipulation by its pump-induced component. In the manuscript, we demonstrate excitation of concentric ring polariton current states with predetermined vorticity which we trace using interferometry measurements with a spherical reference wave. We also observe the polariton condensate dynamically changing its vorticity during observation, which results in pairs of fork-like dislocations on the time-averaged interferogram coexisting with azimuthally homogeneous photoluminescence distribution in the micropillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lukoshkin
- Ioffe Institute,Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politechnicheskaya, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194021
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504
| | - Evgeny Sedov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504.
- Russian Quantum Center, 100 Novaya Street, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia, 143025.
- Stoletov Vladimir State University, Gorky str. 87, Vladimir, Russia, 600000.
| | - Vladimir Kalevich
- Ioffe Institute,Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politechnicheskaya, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194021
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504
| | - Z Hatzopoulos
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P G Savvidis
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
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6
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Lüders C, Pukrop M, Barkhausen F, Rozas E, Schneider C, Höfling S, Sperling J, Schumacher S, Aßmann M. Tracking Quantum Coherence in Polariton Condensates with Time-Resolved Tomography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:113601. [PMID: 37001069 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Long-term quantum coherence constitutes one of the main challenges when engineering quantum devices. However, easily accessible means to quantify complex decoherence mechanisms are not readily available, nor are sufficiently stable systems. We harness novel phase-space methods-expressed through non-Gaussian convolutions of highly singular Glauber-Sudarshan quasiprobabilities-to dynamically monitor quantum coherence in polariton condensates with significantly enhanced coherence times. Via intensity- and time-resolved reconstructions of such phase-space functions from homodyne detection data, we probe the systems' resourcefulness for quantum information processing up to the nanosecond regime. Our experimental findings are confirmed through numerical simulations, for which we develop an approach that renders established algorithms compatible with our methodology. In contrast to commonly applied phase-space functions, our distributions can be directly sampled from measured data, including uncertainties, and yield a simple operational measure of quantum coherence via the distribution's variance in phase. Therefore, we present a broadly applicable framework and a platform to explore time-dependent quantum phenomena and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lüders
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Pukrop
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Franziska Barkhausen
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Elena Rozas
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Sperling
- Theoretical Quantum Science, Institute for Photonic Quantum Systems (PhoQS), Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Marc Aßmann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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7
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Gnusov I, Harrison S, Alyatkin S, Sitnik K, Töpfer J, Sigurdsson H, Lagoudakis P. Quantum vortex formation in the "rotating bucket" experiment with polariton condensates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1299. [PMID: 36696501 PMCID: PMC9876539 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of quantized vortices in the classical "rotating bucket" experiments of liquid helium and ultracold dilute gases provides the means for fundamental and comparative studies of different superfluids. Here, we realize the rotating bucket experiment for optically trapped quantum fluid of light based on exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensate in semiconductor microcavity. We use the beating note of two frequency-stabilized single-mode lasers to generate an asymmetric time-periodic rotating, nonresonant excitation profile that both injects and stirs the condensate through its interaction with a background exciton reservoir. The pump-induced external rotation of the condensate results in the appearance of a corotating quantized vortex. We investigate the rotation frequency dependence and reveal the range of stirring frequencies (from 1 to 4 GHz) that favors quantized vortex formation. We describe the phenomenology using the generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Our results enable the study of polariton superfluidity on a par with other superfluids, as well as deterministic, all-optical control over structured nonlinear light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gnusov
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stella Harrison
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sergey Alyatkin
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Sitnik
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Julian Töpfer
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi Sigurdsson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pavlos Lagoudakis
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Sigurdsson H, Gnusov I, Alyatkin S, Pickup L, Gippius NA, Lagoudakis PG, Askitopoulos A. Persistent Self-Induced Larmor Precession Evidenced through Periodic Revivals of Coherence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:155301. [PMID: 36269967 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.155301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interferometric measurements of an optically trapped exciton-polariton condensate reveal a regime where the condensate pseudo-spin precesses persistently within the driving optical pulse. For a single 20 μs optical pulse, the condensate pseudo-spin undergoes over 10^{5} full precessions with striking frequency stability. The emergence of the precession is traced to polariton nonlinear interactions that give rise to a self-induced out-of-plane magnetic field, which in turn drives the system spin dynamics. The Larmor precession frequency and trajectory are directly influenced by the condensate density, enabling the control of this effect with optical means. Our results accentuate the system's potential for the realization of magnetometry devices and can lead to the emergence of spin-squeezed polariton condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sigurdsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, United Kingdom
| | - I Gnusov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - S Alyatkin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - L Pickup
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, United Kingdom
| | - N A Gippius
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Lagoudakis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO171BJ, United Kingdom
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Askitopoulos
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- QUBITECH, Thessalias 10, Chalandri, 15231 Athens, Greece
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9
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Wurdack M, Estrecho E, Todd S, Schneider C, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Enhancing Ground-State Population and Macroscopic Coherence of Room-Temperature WS_{2} Polaritons through Engineered Confinement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:147402. [PMID: 36240404 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.147402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons (polaritons herein) in transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers have attracted significant attention due to their potential for polariton-based optoelectronics. Many of the proposed applications rely on the ability to trap polaritons and to reach macroscopic occupation of their ground energy state. Here, we engineer a trap for room-temperature polaritons in an all-dielectric optical microcavity by locally increasing the interactions between the WS_{2} excitons and cavity photons. The resulting confinement enhances the population and the first-order coherence of the polaritons in the ground state, with the latter effect related to dramatic suppression of disorder-induced inhomogeneous dephasing. We also demonstrate efficient population transfer into the trap when optically injecting free polaritons outside of its periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wurdack
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E Estrecho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S Todd
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - C Schneider
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26126 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - A G Truscott
- Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies and Department of Quantum Science and Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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10
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Jheng SD, Chen TW, Cheng SC. Spontaneous giant vortices and circular supercurrents in a trapped exciton-polariton condensate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:35325-35337. [PMID: 36258486 DOI: 10.1364/oe.468330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study an exciton-polariton condensate trapped in a harmonic potential with an annular pump. With a circular pump, predictions were made for a spontaneous rotating vortex lattice packed by singly quantized vortices. If the circular pump is replaced by an annular pump, singly quantized vortices are absorbed into the central hole and form a multiply quantized vortex. For a sufficiently narrow annular width, all vortices are absorbed into the central hole, ultimately forming a giant vortex with supersonic circular supercurrents flowing around it. Vortex-antivortex pairs can be generated if a defect is present in these supersonic circular supercurrents. We further discover that the motion of the vortex-antivortex pairs depends on the position at which they were generated. We suggest that this property can be used to control whether the velocity of the circular supercurrents is above or below the sound velocity.
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11
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Gao X, Hu W, Schumacher S, Ma X. Unidirectional vortex waveguides and multistable vortex pairs in polariton condensates. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3235-3238. [PMID: 35776594 DOI: 10.1364/ol.457724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vortices carrying quantized topological charges have potential applications in information processing. In this work, we investigate vortex carriers and waveguides in microcavity polariton condensates, nonresonantly excited by a homogeneous pump with intensity grooves. An intensity groove with a ring shape in the pump gives rise to dark-ring states of the condensate with a π-phase jump, akin to dark solitons. The dark-ring states can be destroyed by a stronger density of the surrounding condensate and reduce into vortex-antivortex pairs. Multiple vortex-pair states are found to be stable in the same dark ring of the pump. When the pump ring is broader, higher-order dark states with multiple π-phase jumps can be obtained, and interestingly they can be used to construct vortex waveguides. If a single vortex is imprinted in such waveguides, it can travel in a particular direction, showing one-way transportation. In other words, an imprinted vortex with a certain charge in a specifically designed higher-order dark state is only allowed to propagate unidirectionally.
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12
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Sitnik KA, Alyatkin S, Töpfer JD, Gnusov I, Cookson T, Sigurdsson H, Lagoudakis PG. Spontaneous Formation of Time-Periodic Vortex Cluster in Nonlinear Fluids of Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:237402. [PMID: 35749201 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.237402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate spontaneous formation of a nonlinear vortex cluster state in a microcavity exciton-polariton condensate with time-periodic sign flipping of its topological charges at the GHz scale. When optically pumped with a ring-shaped nonresonant laser, the trapped condensate experiences intricate high-order mode competition and fractures into two distinct trap levels. The resulting mode interference leads to robust condensate density beatings with periodic appearance of orderly arranged phase singularities. Our work opens new perspectives on creating structured free-evolving light, and singular optics in the strong light-matter coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Sitnik
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Alyatkin
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Julian D Töpfer
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Gnusov
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamsin Cookson
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi Sigurdsson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Pavlos G Lagoudakis
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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13
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Xiong L, Li Y, Halbertal D, Sammon M, Sun Z, Liu S, Edgar JH, Low T, Fogler MM, Dean CR, Millis AJ, Basov DN. Polaritonic Vortices with a Half-Integer Charge. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9256-9261. [PMID: 34709832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Topological spin textures are field arrangements that cannot be continuously deformed to a fully polarized state. In particular, merons are topological textures characterized by half-integer topological charge ±1/2 and vortex-like swirling patterns at large distances. Merons have been studied previously in the context of cosmology, fluid dynamics, condensed matter physics and plasmonics. Here, we visualized optical spin angular momentum of phonon polaritons that resembles nanoscale meron spin textures. Phonon polaritons, hybrids of infrared photons and phonons in hexagonal boron nitride, were excited by circularly polarized light incident on a ring-shaped antenna and imaged using infrared near-field techniques. The polariton field reveals a half-integer topological charge determined by the handedness of the incident beam. Our phonon polaritonic platform opens up new pathways to create, control, and visualize topological textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yutao Li
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dorri Halbertal
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Sammon
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Song Liu
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, New York 66506, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, New York 66506, United States
| | - Tony Low
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael M Fogler
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, The Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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14
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Cookson T, Kalinin K, Sigurdsson H, Töpfer JD, Alyatkin S, Silva M, Langbein W, Berloff NG, Lagoudakis PG. Geometric frustration in polygons of polariton condensates creating vortices of varying topological charge. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2120. [PMID: 33837211 PMCID: PMC8035188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vorticity is a key ingredient to a broad variety of fluid phenomena, and its quantised version is considered to be the hallmark of superfluidity. Circulating flows that correspond to vortices of a large topological charge, termed giant vortices, are notoriously difficult to realise and even when externally imprinted, they are unstable, breaking into many vortices of a single charge. In spite of many theoretical proposals on the formation and stabilisation of giant vortices in ultra-cold atomic Bose-Einstein condensates and other superfluid systems, their experimental realisation remains elusive. Polariton condensates stand out from other superfluid systems due to their particularly strong interparticle interactions combined with their non-equilibrium nature, and as such provide an alternative testbed for the study of vortices. Here, we non-resonantly excite an odd number of polariton condensates at the vertices of a regular polygon and we observe the formation of a stable discrete vortex state with a large topological charge as a consequence of antibonding frustration between nearest neighbouring condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin Cookson
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kirill Kalinin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helgi Sigurdsson
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Julian D Töpfer
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sergey Alyatkin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | - Matteo Silva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Natalia G Berloff
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation. .,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Pavlos G Lagoudakis
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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15
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Wang J, Xu H, Su R, Peng Y, Wu J, Liew TCH, Xiong Q. Spontaneously coherent orbital coupling of counterrotating exciton polaritons in annular perovskite microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:45. [PMID: 33649295 PMCID: PMC7921445 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00478-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polariton condensation is regarded as a spontaneous macroscopic quantum phenomenon with phase ordering and collective coherence. By engineering artificial annular potential landscapes in halide perovskite semiconductor microcavities, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate the room-temperature spontaneous formation of a coherent superposition of exciton-polariton orbital states with symmetric petal-shaped patterns in real space, resulting from symmetry breaking due to the anisotropic effective potential of the birefringent perovskite crystals. The lobe numbers of such petal-shaped polariton condensates can be precisely controlled by tuning the annular potential geometry. These petal-shaped condensates form in multiple orbital states, carrying locked alternating π phase shifts and vortex-antivortex superposition cores, arising from the coupling of counterrotating exciton-polaritons in the confined circular waveguide. Our geometrically patterned microcavity exhibits promise for realizing room-temperature topological polaritonic devices and optical polaritonic switches based on periodic annular potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huawen Xu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Su
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yutian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqi Wu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- MajuLab, International Joint Research Unit UMI 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China.
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16
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Barkhausen F, Schumacher S, Ma X. Multistable circular currents of polariton condensates trapped in ring potentials. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1192-1195. [PMID: 32108803 DOI: 10.1364/ol.386250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation and trapping of different stationary solutions, oscillatory solutions, and rotating solutions of a polariton condensate in a planar semiconductor microcavity with a built-in ring-shaped potential well. Multistable ring-shaped solutions are trapped in shallow potential wells. These solutions have the same ring-shaped density distribution but different topological charges, corresponding to different orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the emitted light. For stronger confinement potentials, besides the fundamental modes, higher excited (dipole) modes can also be trapped. If two modes are excited simultaneously, their beating produces a complex oscillation or rotation dynamics. When the two modes have the same OAM, a double-ring solution forms for which the density oscillates between the inner and the outer ring. When the two modes have different OAM, a rotating solution with fractional OAM is created.
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17
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Ma X, Berger B, Aßmann M, Driben R, Meier T, Schneider C, Höfling S, Schumacher S. Realization of all-optical vortex switching in exciton-polariton condensates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:897. [PMID: 32060289 PMCID: PMC7021691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vortices are topological objects representing the circular motion of a fluid. With their additional degree of freedom, the vorticity, they have been widely investigated in many physical systems and different materials for fundamental interest and for applications in data storage and information processing. Vortices have also been observed in non-equilibrium exciton-polariton condensates in planar semiconductor microcavities. There they appear spontaneously or can be created and pinned in space using ring-shaped optical excitation profiles. However, using the vortex state for information processing not only requires creation of a vortex but also efficient control over the vortex after its creation. Here we demonstrate a simple approach to control and switch a localized polariton vortex between opposite states. In our scheme, both the optical control of vorticity and its detection through the orbital angular momentum of the emitted light are implemented in a robust and practical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Ma
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Bernd Berger
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Aßmann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rodislav Driben
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Torsten Meier
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.,College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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18
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Kochetov BA, Chelpanova OG, Tuz VR, Yakimenko AI. Spontaneous and engineered transformations of topological structures in nonlinear media with gain and loss. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:062202. [PMID: 31962499 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to conservative systems, in nonlinear media with gain and loss the dynamics of localized topological structures exhibit many unique features that can be controlled externally. We propose a robust mechanism to perform topological transformations changing characteristics of dissipative vortices and their complexes in a controllable way. We show that a properly chosen potential carries out the evolution of dissipative structures to regime with spontaneous transformation of the topological excitations or drives generation of vortices with control over the topological charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Kochetov
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - O G Chelpanova
- Department of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - V R Tuz
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.,Institute of Radio Astronomy, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4, Mystetstv Street, Kharkiv 61002, Ukraine
| | - A I Yakimenko
- Department of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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19
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Kartashov YV, Zezyulin DA. Rotating patterns in polariton condensates in ring-shaped potentials under a bichromatic pump. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4805-4808. [PMID: 31568447 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We consider a polariton condensate in a microcavity driven by a bichromatic resonant pump formed by two vortical laser beams carrying different topological charges. The system is additionally confined in a ring-shaped potential. We show that in this system, steadily rotating nonlinear localized modes can be excited, whose angular rotation frequency is determined by optical frequencies and topological charges of the pump beams. When pump frequencies approach eigenfrequencies of the modes of the ring potential, resonant growth of peak amplitude of the excited states occurs. Repulsive polariton-polariton interactions lead to tilting of the resonance curves and appearance of bistability of rotating patterns.
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20
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Kwon MS, Oh BY, Gong SH, Kim JH, Kang HK, Kang S, Song JD, Choi H, Cho YH. Direct Transfer of Light's Orbital Angular Momentum onto a Nonresonantly Excited Polariton Superfluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:045302. [PMID: 30768308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.045302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity were found to condense into a coherent ground state much like a Bose-Einstein condensate and a superfluid. They have become a unique testbed for generating and manipulating quantum vortices in a driven-dissipative superfluid. Here, we generate an exciton-polariton condensate with a nonresonant Laguerre-Gaussian optical beam and verify the direct transfer of light's orbital angular momentum to an exciton-polariton quantum fluid. Quantized vortices are found in spite of the large energy relaxation involved in nonresonant pumping. We identified phase singularity, density distribution, and energy eigenstates for the vortex states. Our observations confirm that nonresonant optical Laguerre-Gaussian beam can be used to manipulate chirality, topological charge, and stability of the nonequilibrium quantum fluid. These vortices are quite robust, only sensitive to the orbital angular momentum of light and not other parameters such as energy, intensity, size, or shape of the pump beam. Therefore, optical information can be transferred between the photon and exciton-polariton with ease and the technique is potentially useful to form the controllable network of multiple topological charges even in the presence of spectral randomness in a solid state system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sik Kwon
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Yong Oh
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Gong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea University, 45 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hyung Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Kyu Kang
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooseok Kang
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Dong Song
- Center for Opto-Electronic Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsoon Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ma X, Schumacher S. Vortex Multistability and Bessel Vortices in Polariton Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:227404. [PMID: 30547643 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.227404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vortices are topological objects formed in coherent nonlinear systems. As such they are studied in a wide number of physical systems and promise applications in information storage, processing, and communication. In semiconductor microcavities, vortices in polariton condensates can be conveniently created, studied, and manipulated using solely optical means. For nonresonant excitation with a ring-shaped pump a stable vortex can be formed, leading to bistability with left- and right-handed vorticity. In the present work we report on a much richer vortex multistability, with optically addressable vortices with topological charges m=±1, ±2, and ±3, all stable for the same system and excitation parameters. This unusual multistable behavior is rooted in the inherent nonlinear feedback between reservoir excitations and condensate in the microcavity. For larger radius of the ring-shaped pump we also find a Bessel vortex with its characteristic spiralling phase in the high density region and pronounced self-stabilization ability. Our theoretical results open up exciting possibilities for optical manipulation of vortex multiplets in a compact semiconductor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Ma
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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22
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Single-shot condensation of exciton polaritons and the hole burning effect. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2944. [PMID: 30093641 PMCID: PMC6085311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A bosonic condensate of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity is a macroscopic quantum state subject to pumping and decay. The fundamental nature of this driven-dissipative condensate is still under debate. Here, we gain an insight into spontaneous condensation by imaging long-lifetime exciton polaritons in a high-quality inorganic microcavity in a single-shot optical excitation regime, without averaging over multiple condensate realisations. We demonstrate that condensation is strongly influenced by an incoherent reservoir and that the reservoir depletion, the so-called spatial hole burning, is critical for the transition to the ground state. Condensates of photon-like polaritons exhibit strong shot-to-shot fluctuations and density filamentation due to the effective self-focusing associated with the reservoir depletion. In contrast, condensates of exciton-like polaritons display smoother spatial density distributions and are second-order coherent. Our observations show that the single-shot measurements offer a unique opportunity to study fundamental properties of non-equilibrium condensation in the presence of a reservoir.
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23
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Gao T, Li G, Estrecho E, Liew TCH, Comber-Todd D, Nalitov A, Steger M, West K, Pfeiffer L, Snoke DW, Kavokin AV, Truscott AG, Ostrovskaya EA. Chiral Modes at Exceptional Points in Exciton-Polariton Quantum Fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:065301. [PMID: 29481285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of chiral modes-vortex flows with fixed handedness in exciton-polariton quantum fluids. The chiral modes arise in the vicinity of exceptional points (non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies) in an optically induced resonator for exciton polaritons. In particular, a vortex is generated by driving two dipole modes of the non-Hermitian ring resonator into degeneracy. Transition through the exceptional point in the space of the system's parameters is enabled by precise manipulation of real and imaginary parts of the closed-wall potential forming the resonator. As the system is driven to the vicinity of the exceptional point, we observe the formation of a vortex state with a fixed orbital angular momentum (topological charge). This method can be extended to generate higher-order orbital angular momentum states through coalescence of multiple non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies. Our Letter demonstrates the possibility of exploiting nontrivial and counterintuitive properties of waves near exceptional points in macroscopic quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gao
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - G Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - E Estrecho
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies
| | - T C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - D Comber-Todd
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - A Nalitov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - M Steger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - K West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - L Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - D W Snoke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - A V Kavokin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
- SPIN-CNR, Viale del Politecnico 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St-Petersburg State University, 1 Ulianovskaya St., St-Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - A G Truscott
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies
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24
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Luk SMH, Kwong NH, Lewandowski P, Schumacher S, Binder R. Optically Controlled Orbital Angular Momentum Generation in a Polaritonic Quantum Fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:113903. [PMID: 28949243 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.113903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Applications of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light range from the next generation of optical communication systems to optical imaging and optical manipulation of particles. Here we propose a micron-sized semiconductor source that emits light with predefined OAM pairs. This source is based on a polaritonic quantum fluid. We show how in this system modulational instabilities can be controlled and harnessed for the spontaneous formation of OAM pairs not present in the pump laser source. Once created, the OAM states exhibit exotic flow patterns in the quantum fluid, characterized by generation-annihilation pairs. These can only occur in open systems, not in equilibrium condensates, in contrast to well-established vortex-antivortex pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M H Luk
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - N H Kwong
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - P Lewandowski
- Physics Department and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - S Schumacher
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Physics Department and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - R Binder
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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25
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Bulgakov EN, Sadreev AF. Propagating Bloch bound states with orbital angular momentum above the light line in the array of dielectric spheres. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2017; 34:949-952. [PMID: 29036077 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.34.000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present propagating Bloch bound states in the radiation continuum with orbital angular momentum in an infinite linear periodical array of dielectric spheres. The bound states in the continuum demonstrate a giant Poynting vector spiraling around the array. They can be excited by a plane wave with incident linear polarization with a small tilt relative to the axis of the array.
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Light Trapping above the Light Cone in One-Dimensional Arrays of Dielectric Spheres. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schneider C, Winkler K, Fraser MD, Kamp M, Yamamoto Y, Ostrovskaya EA, Höfling S. Exciton-polariton trapping and potential landscape engineering. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:016503. [PMID: 27841166 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/80/1/016503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities have become a model system for the studies of dynamical Bose-Einstein condensation, macroscopic coherence, many-body effects, nonclassical states of light and matter, and possibly quantum phase transitions in a solid state. These low-mass bosonic quasiparticles can condense at comparatively high temperatures up to 300 K, and preserve the fundamental properties of the condensate, such as coherence in space and time domain, even when they are out of equilibrium with the environment. Although the presence of a confining potential is not strictly necessary in order to observe Bose-Einstein condensation, engineering of the polariton confinement is a key to controlling, shaping, and directing the flow of polaritons. Prototype polariton-based optoelectronic devices rely on ultrafast photon-like velocities and strong nonlinearities exhibited by polaritons, as well as on their tailored confinement. Nanotechnology provides several pathways to achieving polariton confinement, and the specific features and advantages of different methods are discussed in this review. Being hybrid exciton-photon quasiparticles, polaritons can be trapped via their excitonic as well as photonic component, which leads to a wide choice of highly complementary trapping techniques. Here, we highlight the almost free choice of the confinement strengths and trapping geometries that provide powerful means for control and manipulation of the polariton systems both in the semi-classical and quantum regimes. Furthermore, the possibilities to observe effects of the polariton blockade, Mott insulator physics, and population of higher-order energy bands in sophisticated lattice potentials are discussed. Observation of such effects could lead to realization of novel polaritonic non-classical light sources and quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Visualising Berry phase and diabolical points in a quantum exciton-polariton billiard. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37653. [PMID: 27886222 PMCID: PMC5122880 DOI: 10.1038/srep37653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabolical points (spectral degeneracies) can naturally occur in spectra of two-dimensional quantum systems and classical wave resonators due to simple symmetries. Geometric Berry phase is associated with these spectral degeneracies. Here, we demonstrate a diabolical point and the corresponding Berry phase in the spectrum of hybrid light-matter quasiparticles-exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. It is well known that sufficiently strong optical pumping can drive exciton-polaritons to quantum degeneracy, whereby they form a macroscopically populated quantum coherent state similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate. By pumping a microcavity with a spatially structured light beam, we create a two-dimensional quantum billiard for the exciton-polariton condensate and demonstrate a diabolical point in the spectrum of the billiard eigenstates. The fully reconfigurable geometry of the potential walls controlled by the optical pump enables a striking experimental visualization of the Berry phase associated with the diabolical point. The Berry phase is observed and measured by direct imaging of the macroscopic exciton-polariton probability densities.
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Far-field radially polarized focal spot from plasmonic spiral structure combined with central aperture antenna. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23751. [PMID: 27009383 PMCID: PMC4806319 DOI: 10.1038/srep23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of a vector micro-beam with an optical antenna has significant potentials for nano-optical technology applications including bio-optics, optical fabrication, and quantum information processing. We have designed and demonstrated a central aperture antenna within an Archimedean spiral that extracts the bonding plasmonic field from a surface to produce a new vector focal spot in far-field. The properties of this vector focal field are revealed by confocal microscopy and theoretical simulations. The pattern, polarization and phase of the focal field are determined by the incident light and by the chirality of the Archimedean spiral. For incident light with right-handed circular polarization, the left-handed spiral (one-order chirality) outputs a micro-radially polarized focal field. Our results reveal the relationship between the near-field and far-field distributions of the plasmonic spiral structure, and the structure has the potential to lead to advances in diverse applications such as plasmonic lenses, near-field angular momentum detection, and optical tweezers.
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Boulier T, Cancellieri E, Sangouard ND, Glorieux Q, Kavokin AV, Whittaker DM, Giacobino E, Bramati A. Injection of Orbital Angular Momentum and Storage of Quantized Vortices in Polariton Superfluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:116402. [PMID: 27035313 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental investigation and theoretical modeling of a rotating polariton superfluid relying on an innovative method for the injection of angular momentum. This novel, multipump injection method uses four coherent lasers arranged in a square, resonantly creating four polariton populations propagating inwards. The control available over the direction of propagation of the superflows allows injecting a controllable nonquantized amount of optical angular momentum. When the density at the center is low enough to neglect polariton-polariton interactions, optical singularities, associated with an interference pattern, are visible in the phase. In the superfluid regime resulting from the strong nonlinear polariton-polariton interaction, the interference pattern disappears and only vortices with the same sign are persisting in the system. Remarkably, the number of vortices inside the superfluid region can be controlled by controlling the angular momentum injected by the pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boulier
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E Cancellieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - N D Sangouard
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Q Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A V Kavokin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- CNR-SPIN, Viale del Politecnico 1, Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - D M Whittaker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E Giacobino
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
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Dufferwiel S, Li F, Cancellieri E, Giriunas L, Trichet AAP, Whittaker DM, Walker PM, Fras F, Clarke E, Smith JM, Skolnick MS, Krizhanovskii DN. Spin Textures of Exciton-Polaritons in a Tunable Microcavity with Large TE-TM Splitting. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:246401. [PMID: 26705642 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.246401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report an extended family of spin textures of zero-dimensional exciton-polaritons spatially confined in tunable open microcavity structures. The transverse-electric-transverse-magnetic (TE-TM) splitting, which is enhanced in the open cavity structures, leads to polariton eigenstates carrying quantized spin vortices. Depending on the strength and anisotropy of the cavity confining potential and of the TE-TM induced splitting, which can be tuned via the excitonic or photonic fractions, the exciton-polariton emissions exhibit either spin-vortex-like patterns or linear polarization, in good agreement with theoretical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dufferwiel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E Cancellieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - L Giriunas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - A A P Trichet
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - D M Whittaker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - P M Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - F Fras
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- IPCMS UMR 7504, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - E Clarke
- EPSRC National Centre for III-V Technologies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - J M Smith
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - D N Krizhanovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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Dominici L, Dagvadorj G, Fellows JM, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Marchetti FM, Piccirillo B, Marrucci L, Bramati A, Gigli G, Szymańska MH, Sanvitto D. Vortex and half-vortex dynamics in a nonlinear spinor quantum fluid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500807. [PMID: 26665174 PMCID: PMC4672757 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vortices are archetypal objects that recur in the universe across the scale of complexity, from subatomic particles to galaxies and black holes. Their appearance is connected with spontaneous symmetry breaking and phase transitions. In Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluids, vortices are both point-like and quantized quasiparticles. We use a two-dimensional (2D) fluid of polaritons, bosonic particles constituted by hybrid photonic and electronic oscillations, to study quantum vortex dynamics. Polaritons benefit from easiness of wave function phase detection, a spinor nature sustaining half-integer vorticity, strong nonlinearity, and tuning of the background disorder. We can directly generate by resonant pulsed excitations a polariton condensate carrying either a full or half-integer vortex as initial condition and follow their coherent evolution using ultrafast imaging on the picosecond scale. The observations highlight a rich phenomenology, such as the spiraling of the half-vortex and the joint path of the twin charges of a full vortex, until the moment of their splitting. Furthermore, we observe the ordered branching into newly generated secondary couples, associated with the breaking of radial and azimuthal symmetries. This allows us to devise the interplay of nonlinearity and sample disorder in shaping the fluid and driving the vortex dynamics. In addition, our observations suggest that phase singularities may be seen as fundamental particles whose quantized events span from pair creation and recombination to 2D+t topological vortex strings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dominici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi,” Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Dario Ballarini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca M. Marchetti
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Piccirillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marrucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL, Research University, Collàge de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi,” Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzena H. Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E6BT London, UK
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Gao T, Estrecho E, Bliokh KY, Liew TCH, Fraser MD, Brodbeck S, Kamp M, Schneider C, Höfling S, Yamamoto Y, Nori F, Kivshar YS, Truscott AG, Dall RG, Ostrovskaya EA. Observation of non-Hermitian degeneracies in a chaotic exciton-polariton billiard. Nature 2015; 526:554-8. [PMID: 26458102 DOI: 10.1038/nature15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid light-matter quasiparticles formed by strongly interacting photons and excitons (electron-hole pairs) in semiconductor microcavities. They have emerged as a robust solid-state platform for next-generation optoelectronic applications as well as for fundamental studies of quantum many-body physics. Importantly, exciton-polaritons are a profoundly open (that is, non-Hermitian) quantum system, which requires constant pumping of energy and continuously decays, releasing coherent radiation. Thus, the exciton-polaritons always exist in a balanced potential landscape of gain and loss. However, the inherent non-Hermitian nature of this potential has so far been largely ignored in exciton-polariton physics. Here we demonstrate that non-Hermiticity dramatically modifies the structure of modes and spectral degeneracies in exciton-polariton systems, and, therefore, will affect their quantum transport, localization and dynamical properties. Using a spatially structured optical pump, we create a chaotic exciton-polariton billiard--a two-dimensional area enclosed by a curved potential barrier. Eigenmodes of this billiard exhibit multiple non-Hermitian spectral degeneracies, known as exceptional points. Such points can cause remarkable wave phenomena, such as unidirectional transport, anomalous lasing/absorption and chiral modes. By varying parameters of the billiard, we observe crossing and anti-crossing of energy levels and reveal the non-trivial topological modal structure exclusive to non-Hermitian systems. We also observe mode switching and a topological Berry phase for a parameter loop encircling the exceptional point. Our findings pave the way to studies of non-Hermitian quantum dynamics of exciton-polaritons, which may uncover novel operating principles for polariton-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gao
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - E Estrecho
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - K Y Bliokh
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T C H Liew
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - M D Fraser
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Brodbeck
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Kamp
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Höfling
- Technische Physik and Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.,SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Y Yamamoto
- ImPACT Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.,Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4085, USA
| | - F Nori
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Y S Kivshar
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - A G Truscott
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - R G Dall
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - E A Ostrovskaya
- Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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