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Farain K, Bonn D. Perturbation-induced granular fluidization as a model for remote earthquake triggering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7302. [PMID: 38630813 PMCID: PMC11023513 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Studying the effect of mechanical perturbations on granular systems is crucial for understanding soil stability, avalanches, and earthquakes. We investigate a granular system as a laboratory proxy for fault gouge. When subjected to a slow shear, granular materials typically exhibit a stress overshoot before reaching a steady state. We find that short seismic pulses can reset a granular system flowing in steady state so that the stress overshoot is regenerated. This feature is shown to determine the stability of the granular system under different applied stresses in the wake of a perturbation pulse and the resulting dynamics when it fails. Using an analytical aging-rejuvenation model for describing the overshoot response, we show that our laboratory-derived theoretical framework can quantitatively explain data from two fault slip events triggered by seismic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Farain
- Van der Waals–Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Farain K, Bonn D. Quantitative Understanding of the Onset of Dense Granular Flows. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:108201. [PMID: 36962056 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The question of when and how dense granular materials start to flow under stress, despite many industrial and geophysical applications, remains largely unresolved. We develop and test a simple equation for the onset of quasistatic flows of granular materials which is based on the frictional aging of the granular packing. The result is a nonmonotonic stress-strain relation which-akin to classical friction-is independent of the shear rate. This relation suffices to understand the quasistatic deformations of aging granular media, and its solid-to-liquid transition. Our results also elucidate the (flow) history dependence of the mechanical properties, and the sensitivity to the initial preparation of granular media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Farain
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Zhu L, Lu H, Guo X, Liu H. Triggering flow of jammed cohesive granular materials using modulated pulsed airflow. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhuo Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Coal Gasification East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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4
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Berzi D, Buzzaccaro S. A heavy intruder in a locally-shaken granular solid. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3921-3928. [PMID: 32222749 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02498k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the gravitational-driven motion of a heavy object inside a vertical 2D assembly of identical, plastic cylinders arranged in a regular, triangular lattice. The bottom of the assembly is in contact with a rough plate whose horizontal, sinusoidal motion induces the formation of shear bands in the granular solid, aligned with the edges of the lattice. The intruder sinks when the width of the shear band is as large as its size and halts once the regular configuration of the grains is recovered. The resulting vertical motion of the intruder is random and intermittent, as in disordered granular or colloidal systems near jamming, with alternate flows and blockades. We show, in analogy with earthquakes, that the relation between the size and the duration of the flowing events follows a power-law with an exponent larger than one, and that the statistics of their size is compatible with the Gutenberg-Richter law. We also show that the probability density function of times between flowing events is similar to the Omori law governing the distribution of aftershock sequences following large earthquakes. Finally, the analysis of the velocity fluctuations of the intruder points to a transition from a strong to a weak contact network in the ordered granular assembly, similar to the transition from jammed to fragile states in disordered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Berzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano Buzzaccaro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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5
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Chattoraj J, Gendelman O, Ciamarra MP, Procaccia I. Noise amplification in frictional systems: Oscillatory instabilities. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042901. [PMID: 31770870 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It was discovered recently that frictional granular materials can exhibit an important mechanism for instabilities, i.e., the appearance of pairs of complex eigenvalues in their stability matrix. The consequence is an oscillatory exponential growth of small perturbations which are tamed by dynamical nonlinearities. The amplification can be giant, many orders of magnitude, and it ends with a catastrophic system-spanning plastic event. Here we follow up on this discovery, explore the scaling laws characterizing the onset of the instability, the scenarios of the development of the instability with and without damping, and the nature of the eventual system-spanning events. The possible relevance to earthquake physics and to the transition from static to dynamic friction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyjit Chattoraj
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Oleg Gendelman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Massimo Pica Ciamarra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
- CNR-SPIN, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Itamar Procaccia
- Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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6
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Chattoraj J, Gendelman O, Pica Ciamarra M, Procaccia I. Oscillatory Instabilities in Frictional Granular Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:098003. [PMID: 31524452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.098003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frictional granular matter is shown to be fundamentally different in its plastic responses to external strains from generic glasses and amorphous solids without friction. While regular glasses exhibit plastic instabilities due to the vanishing of a real eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix, frictional granular materials can exhibit a previously unnoticed additional mechanism for instabilities, i.e., the appearance of a pair of complex eigenvalues leading to oscillatory exponential growth of perturbations that are tamed by dynamical nonlinearities. This fundamental difference appears crucial for the understanding of plasticity and failure in frictional granular materials. The possible relevance to earthquake physics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyjit Chattoraj
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Oleg Gendelman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Massimo Pica Ciamarra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
- CNR-SPIN, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Itamar Procaccia
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Vidal V, Oliver C, Lastakowski H, Varas G, Géminard JC. Friction weakening by mechanical vibrations: A velocity-controlled process. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:91. [PMID: 31313027 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frictional weakening by vibrations was first invoked in the 70s to explain unusual fault slips and earthquakes, low viscosity during the collapse of impact craters or the extraordinary mobility of sturzstroms, peculiar rock avalanches which travels large horizontal distances. This mechanism was further invoked to explain the remote triggering of earthquakes or the abnormally large runout of landslides or pyroclastic flows. Recent experimental and theoretical works pointed out that the key parameter which governs frictional weakening in sheared granular media is the characteristic velocity of the vibrations. Here we show that the mobility of the grains is not mandatory and that the vibration velocity governs the weakening of both granular and solid friction. The critical velocity leading to the transition from stick-slip motion to continuous sliding is in both cases of the same order of magnitude, namely a hundred microns per second. It is linked to the roughness of the surfaces in contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vidal
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physique, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - C Oliver
- Instituto de Fisica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - H Lastakowski
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physique, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - G Varas
- Instituto de Fisica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - J -C Géminard
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physique, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, F-69342, Lyon, France.
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Zuñiga R, Job S, Santibanez F. Effect of an interstitial fluid on the dynamics of three-dimensional granular media. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:032905. [PMID: 30999475 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.032905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The propagation of mechanical energy in granular materials has been intensively studied in recent years given the wide range of fields that have processes related to this phenomena, from geology to impact mitigation and protection of buildings and structures. In this paper, we experimentally explore the effect of an interstitial fluid on the dynamics of the propagation of a mechanical pulse in a granular packing under controlled confinement pressure. The experimental results reveal the occurrence of an elastohydrodynamic mechanism at the scale of the contacts between wet particles. We describe our results in terms of an effective medium theory, including the presence of the viscous fluid. Finally, we study the nonlinear weakening of the granular packing as a function of the amplitude of the pulses. Our observations demonstrate that the softening of the material can be impeded by adjusting the viscosity of the interstitial fluid above a threshold at which the elastohydrodynamic interaction overcomes the elastic repulsion due to the confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Zuñiga
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile.,Laboratoire Quartz, EA 7393, Supméca, 3 rue Fernand Hainaut 93400 Saint-Ouen, France
| | - Stéphane Job
- Laboratoire Quartz, EA 7393, Supméca, 3 rue Fernand Hainaut 93400 Saint-Ouen, France
| | - Francisco Santibanez
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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de Arcangelis L, Lippiello E, Pica Ciamarra M, Sarracino A. Induced and endogenous acoustic oscillations in granular faults. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 377:20170389. [PMID: 30478201 PMCID: PMC6282408 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The frictional properties of disordered systems are affected by external perturbations. These perturbations usually weaken the system by reducing the macroscopic friction coefficient. This friction reduction is of particular interest in the case of disordered systems composed of granular particles confined between two plates, as this is a simple model of seismic fault. Indeed, in the geophysical context frictional weakening could explain the unexpected weakness of some faults, as well as earthquake remote triggering. In this manuscript, we review recent results concerning the response of confined granular systems to external perturbations, considering the different mechanisms by which the perturbation could weaken a system, the relevance of the frictional reduction to earthquakes, as well as discussing the intriguing scenario whereby the weakening is not monotonic in the perturbation frequency, so that a re-entrant transition is observed, as the system first enters a fluidized state and then returns to a frictional state.This article is part of the theme issue 'Statistical physics of fracture and earthquakes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Arcangelis
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy
| | - E Lippiello
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - M Pica Ciamarra
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang, Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- CNR-SPIN, Department of Physics, University 'Federico II', Naples, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - A Sarracino
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy
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10
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Gnoli A, de Arcangelis L, Giacco F, Lippiello E, Ciamarra MP, Puglisi A, Sarracino A. Controlled Viscosity in Dense Granular Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:138001. [PMID: 29694230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.138001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the fluidization of a granular material subject to mechanical vibrations by monitoring the angular velocity of a vane suspended in the medium and driven by an external motor. On increasing the frequency, we observe a reentrant transition, as a jammed system first enters a fluidized state, where the vane rotates with high constant velocity, and then returns to a frictional state, where the vane velocity is much lower. While the fluidization frequency is material independent, the viscosity recovery frequency shows a clear dependence on the material that we rationalize by relating this frequency to the balance between dissipative and inertial forces in the system. Molecular dynamics simulations well reproduce the experimental data, confirming the suggested theoretical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gnoli
- Institute for Complex Systems-CNR, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - L de Arcangelis
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Aversa (CE) 81031, Italy
| | - F Giacco
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - E Lippiello
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - M Pica Ciamarra
- CNR-SPIN, Department of Physics, University "Federico II," Naples, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang, Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - A Puglisi
- Institute for Complex Systems-CNR, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Sarracino
- Institute for Complex Systems-CNR, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
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11
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Giacco F, de Arcangelis L, Ciamarra MP, Lippiello E. Synchronized oscillations and acoustic fluidization in confined granular materials. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:010901. [PMID: 29448316 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
According to the acoustic fluidization hypothesis, elastic waves at a characteristic frequency form inside seismic faults even in the absence of an external perturbation. These waves are able to generate a normal stress which contrasts the confining pressure and promotes failure. Here, we study the mechanisms responsible for this wave activation via numerical simulations of a granular fault model. We observe the particles belonging to the percolating backbone, which sustains the stress, to perform synchronized oscillations over ellipticlike trajectories in the fault plane. These oscillations occur at the characteristic frequency of acoustic fluidization. As the applied shear stress increases, these oscillations become perpendicular to the fault plane just before the system fails, opposing the confining pressure, consistently with the acoustic fluidization scenario. The same change of orientation can be induced by external perturbations at the acoustic fluidization frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giacco
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - L de Arcangelis
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy
| | - M Pica Ciamarra
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637371, Singapore
- CNR-SPIN, Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II," 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - E Lippiello
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
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12
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Giacco F, de Arcangelis L, Pica Ciamarra M, Lippiello E. Rattler-induced aging dynamics in jammed granular systems. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:9132-9137. [PMID: 29184951 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Granular materials jam when developing a network of contact forces able to resist the applied stresses. Through numerical simulations of the dynamics of the jamming process, we show that the jamming transition does not occur when the kinetic energy vanishes. Rather, as the system jams, the kinetic energy becomes dominated by rattler particles, which scatter within their cages. The relaxation of the kinetic energy in the jammed configuration exhibits a double power-law decay, which we interpret in terms of the interplay between backbone and rattler particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Giacco
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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Santibanez F, Zuñiga R, Melo F. Mechanical impulse propagation in a three-dimensional packing of spheres confined at constant pressure. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:012908. [PMID: 26871144 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.012908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical impulse propagation in granular media depends strongly on the imposed confinement conditions. In this work, the propagation of sound in a granular packing contained by flexible walls that enable confinement under hydrostatic pressure conditions is investigated. This configuration also allows the form of the input impulse to be controlled by means of an instrumented impact pendulum. The main characteristics of mechanical wave propagation are analyzed, and it is found that the wave speed as function of the wave amplitude of the propagating pulse obeys the predictions of the Hertz contact law. Upon increasing the confinement pressure, a continuous transition from nonlinear to linear propagation is observed. Our results show that in the low-confinement regime, the attenuation increases with an increasing impulse amplitude for nonlinear pulses, whereas it is a weak function of the confinement pressure for linear waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Santibanez
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rene Zuñiga
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisco Melo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
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