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Wu LY, Zhang KY, Peng M, Gong J, Yan H. New Limits on Exotic Spin-Dependent Interactions at Astronomical Distances. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:091002. [PMID: 37721836 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Exotic spin-dependent interactions involving new light particles address key questions in modern physics. Interactions between polarized neutrons (n) and unpolarized nucleons (N) occur in three forms: g_{S}^{N}g_{P}^{n}σ·r, g_{V}^{N}g_{A}^{n}σ·v, and g_{A}^{N}g_{A}^{n}σ·v×r, where σ is the spin and g's are the corresponding coupling constants for scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and axial-vector vertexes. If such interactions exist, the Sun and Moon could induce sidereal variations of effective fields in laboratories. By analyzing existing data from laboratory measurements on Lorentz and CPT violation, we derive new experimental upper limits on these exotic spin-dependent interactions at astronomical ranges. Our limits on g_{S}^{N}g_{P}^{n} surpass the previous combined astrophysical-laboratory limits, setting the most stringent experimental constraints to date. We also report new constraints on vector-axial-vector and axial-axial-vector interactions at astronomical scales, with vector-axial-vector limits improved by ∼12 orders of magnitude. We extend our analysis to Hari Dass interactions and obtain new constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - K Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - M Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - J Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - H Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
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2
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Ji W, Li W, Fadeev P, Ficek F, Qin J, Wei K, Liu YC, Budker D. Constraints on Spin-Spin Velocity-Dependent Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:133202. [PMID: 37067299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.133202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The existence of exotic spin-dependent forces may shine light on new physics beyond the standard model. We utilize two iron shielded SmCo_{5} electron-spin sources and two optically pumped magnetometers to search for exotic long-range spin-spin velocity-dependent force. The orientations of spin sources and magnetometers are optimized such that the exotic force is enhanced and common-mode noise is effectively subtracted. We set direct limit on proton-electron interaction in the force range from 1 cm to 1 km. Our experiment represents more than 10 orders of magnitude improvement than previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pavel Fadeev
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Filip Ficek
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jianan Qin
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education of China, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kai Wei
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yong-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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3
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Zhang X, Hu J, Zhao N. Stable Atomic Magnetometer in Parity-Time Symmetry Broken Phase. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:023201. [PMID: 36706400 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.023201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Random motion of spins is usually detrimental in magnetic resonance experiments. The spin diffusion in nonuniform magnetic fields causes broadening of the resonance and limits the sensitivity and the spectral resolution in applications like magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here, by observation of the parity-time (PT) phase transition of diffusive spins in gradient magnetic fields, we show that the spatial degrees of freedom of atoms could become a resource, rather than harmful, for high-precision measurement of weak signals. In the normal phase with zero or low gradient fields, the diffusion results in dissipation of spin precession. However, by increasing the field gradient, the spin system undergoes a PT transition, and enters the PT symmetry broken phase. In this novel phase, the spin precession frequency splits due to spatial localization of the eigenmodes. We demonstrate that, using these spatial-motion-induced split frequencies, the spin system can serve as a stable magnetometer, whose output is insensitive to the inevitable long-term drift of control parameters. This opens a door to detect extremely weak signals in imperfectly controlled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center
| | - Nan Zhao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center
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4
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Wu KY, Chen SY, Sun GA, Peng SM, Peng M, Yan H. Experimental Limits on Exotic Spin and Velocity Dependent Interactions Using Rotationally Modulated Source Masses and an Atomic-Magnetometer Array. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:051802. [PMID: 35960570 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.051802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various theories beyond the standard model predict new interactions mediated by new light particles with very weak couplings to ordinary matter. Interactions between polarized electrons and unpolarized nucleons proportional to g_{V}^{N}g_{A}^{e}σ[over →]·v[over →] and g_{A}^{N}g_{A}^{e}σ[over →]·v[over →]×r[over →] are two such examples, where σ[over →] is the spin of the electrons, r[over →] and v[over →] are position and relative velocity between the polarized electrons and nucleons, g_{V}^{N}/g_{A}^{N} is the vector or axial-vector coupling constant of the nucleon, and g_{A}^{e} is the axial-vector coupling constant of the electron. Such interactions involving a vector or axial-vector coupling g_{V}^{N}/g_{A}^{N} at one vertex and an axial-vector coupling g_{A}^{e} at the polarized electron vertex can be induced by the exchange of spin-1 bosons. We report new experimental upper limits on such exotic spin-velocity-dependent interactions of the electron with nucleons from dedicated experiments based on a recently proposed scheme. We rotationally modulated two ∼6 Kg source masses at a frequency of 20 Hz. We used four identical atomic magnetometers in an array form to increase the statistics and cancel the common-mode noise. We applied a data processing method based on high precision numerical integration for the four harmonic frequencies of the signal. We reverse the rotation direction of the source masses to flip the signal due to the new interactions; thus, we can apply the [+1,-3,+3,-1] weighting method to remove possible slow drifting. Our constraint on the product of vector and axial-vector couplings is |g_{V}^{N}g_{A}^{e}|<2.1×10^{-34} and on the product of axial-vector and axial-vector couplings is |g_{A}^{N}g_{A}^{e}|<2.4×10^{-22} for an interaction range of 10 m. The new constraints on vector-axial-vector interaction improved by as much as more than 4 orders of magnitude and on axial-axial interaction by as much as 2 orders of magnitude in the corresponding interaction range, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Wu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - S Y Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - G A Sun
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - S M Peng
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - M Peng
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - H Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
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Su H, Wang Y, Jiang M, Ji W, Fadeev P, Hu D, Peng X, Budker D. Search for exotic spin-dependent interactions with a spin-based amplifier. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi9535. [PMID: 34788098 PMCID: PMC8597990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi9535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of new techniques to search for particles beyond the standard model is crucial for understanding the ultraviolet completion of particle physics. Several hypothetical particles are predicted to mediate exotic spin-dependent interactions between standard-model particles that may be accessible to laboratory experiments. However, laboratory searches are mostly conducted for static spin-dependent interactions, with a few experiments addressing spin- and velocity-dependent interactions. Here, we demonstrate a search for these interactions with a spin-based amplifier. Our technique uses hyperpolarized nuclear spins as an amplifier for pseudo-magnetic fields produced by exotic interactions by a factor of more than 100. Using this technique, we establish constraints on the spin- and velocity-dependent interactions between polarized neutrons and unpolarized nucleons for the force range of 0.03 to 100 meters, improving previous constraints by at least two orders of magnitude in partial force range. This technique can be further extended to investigate other exotic spin-dependent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Su
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Corresponding author. (M.J.); (X.P.)
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pavel Fadeev
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinhua Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Corresponding author. (M.J.); (X.P.)
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA
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Ren X, Wang J, Luo R, Yin L, Ding J, Zeng G, Luo P. Search for an exotic parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction using a magnetic force microscope. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.104.032008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ding J, Wang J, Zhou X, Liu Y, Sun K, Adeyeye AO, Fu H, Ren X, Li S, Luo P, Lan Z, Yang S, Luo J. Constraints on the Velocity and Spin Dependent Exotic Interaction at the Micrometer Range. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:161801. [PMID: 32383957 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.161801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on an experimental test of the velocity and spin dependent exotic interaction that can be mediated by new light bosons. The interaction is searched by measuring the force between a gold sphere and a microfabricated magnetic structure using a cantilever. The magnetic structure consists of stripes with antiparallel electron spin polarization so that the exotic interaction between the polarized electrons in the magnetic structure and the unpolarized nucleons in the gold sphere varies periodically, which helps to suppress the spurious background signals. The experiment sets the strongest laboratory constraints on the coupling constant between electrons and nucleons at the micrometer range with f_{⊥}<5.3×10^{-8} at λ=5 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ke Sun
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Adekunle Olusola Adeyeye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Huixing Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaofang Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sumin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pengshun Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhongwen Lan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shanqing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- TIANQIN Research Center for Gravitational Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jun Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- TIANQIN Research Center for Gravitational Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
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Kim YJ, Chu PH, Savukov I, Newman S. Experimental limit on an exotic parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction using an optically polarized vapor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2245. [PMID: 31113943 PMCID: PMC6529407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic spin-dependent interactions between fermions have recently attracted attention in relation to theories beyond the Standard Model. The exotic interactions can be mediated by hypothetical fundamental bosons which may explain several unsolved mysteries in physics. Here we expand this area of research by probing an exotic parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction between the axial-vector electron coupling and the vector nucleon coupling for polarized electrons. This experiment utilizes a high-sensitivity atomic magnetometer, based on an optically polarized vapor that is a source of polarized electrons, and a solid-state mass containing unpolarized nucleons. The atomic magnetometer can detect an effective magnetic field induced by the exotic interaction between unpolarized nucleons and polarized electrons. We set an experimental limit on the electron-nucleon coupling \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$g_{\mathrm{A}}^{\mathrm{e}}g_{\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{N}} \, < \, 10^{ - 30}$$\end{document}gAegVN<10-30 at the mediator boson mass below 10−4 eV, significantly improving the current limit by up to 17 orders of magnitude. Symmetry breaking is an important process in fundamental understanding of matter and dark matter. Here the authors discuss an experimental bound on an exotic parity odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction between electron and nucleon by using a sensitive spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic magnetometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Kim
- P-21, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, MS-D454, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Ping-Han Chu
- P-21, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, MS-D454, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Igor Savukov
- P-21, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, MS-D454, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Shaun Newman
- P-21, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, MS-D454, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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Ji W, Chen Y, Fu C, Ding M, Fang J, Xiao Z, Wei K, Yan H. New Experimental Limits on Exotic Spin-Spin-Velocity-Dependent Interactions by Using SmCo_{5} Spin Sources. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:261803. [PMID: 30636143 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.261803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great success of the standard model (SM), there still exist mysteries like the nature of dark matter, the strong CP problems, etc. To solve them, many theories proposed new bosons beyond the SM that can mediate new forces. Here, we report the latest results of searching for possible new long-range spin-spin-velocity-dependent forces (SSVDFs), based on specially designed iron-shielded SmCo_{5} spin sources and a spin exchange relaxation free comagnetometer. With help from the similarity analysis method, new constraints on some forms of SSVDFs between electrons have been obtained, which represent up to more than 11 orders of magnitude tighter limits than previous experiments for the force range of 5 cm-1 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Changbo Fu
- INPAC and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ming Ding
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiancheng Fang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhigang Xiao
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kai Wei
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haiyang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
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10
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Rong X, Wang M, Geng J, Qin X, Guo M, Jiao M, Xie Y, Wang P, Huang P, Shi F, Cai YF, Zou C, Du J. Searching for an exotic spin-dependent interaction with a single electron-spin quantum sensor. Nat Commun 2018; 9:739. [PMID: 29467417 PMCID: PMC5821819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching for new particles beyond the standard model is crucial for understanding several fundamental conundrums in physics and astrophysics. Several hypothetical particles can mediate exotic spin-dependent interactions between ordinary fermions, which enable laboratory searches via the detection of the interactions. Most laboratory searches utilize a macroscopic source and detector, thus allowing the detection of interactions with submillimeter force range and above. It remains a challenge to detect the interactions at shorter force ranges. Here we propose and demonstrate that a near-surface nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond can be utilized as a quantum sensor to detect the monopole-dipole interaction between an electron spin and nucleons. Our result sets a constraint for the electron-nucleon coupling, [Formula: see text], with the force range 0.1-23 μm. The obtained upper bound of the coupling at 20 μm is [Formula: see text] < 6.24 × 10-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jianpei Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Maosen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Man Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yijin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Pu Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yi-Fu Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chongwen Zou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, 230026, China.
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Fu C, Zhou X, Chen X, Chen Y, Cui X, Fang D, Giboni K, Giuliani F, Han K, Huang X, Ji X, Ju Y, Lei S, Li S, Liu H, Liu J, Ma Y, Mao Y, Ren X, Tan A, Wang H, Wang J, Wang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang X, Wang Z, Wu S, Xiao M, Xie P, Yan B, Yang Y, Yue J, Zhang H, Zhang T, Zhao L, Zhou N. Limits on Axion Couplings from the First 80 Days of Data of the PandaX-II Experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:181806. [PMID: 29219572 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.181806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report new searches for solar axions and galactic axionlike dark matter particles, using the first low-background data from the PandaX-II experiment at China Jinping Underground Laboratory, corresponding to a total exposure of about 2.7×10^{4} kg day. No solar axion or galactic axionlike dark matter particle candidate has been identified. The upper limit on the axion-electron coupling (g_{Ae}) from the solar flux is found to be about 4.35×10^{-12} in the mass range from 10^{-5} to 1 keV/c^{2} with 90% confidence level, similar to the recent LUX result. We also report a new best limit from the ^{57}Fe deexcitation. On the other hand, the upper limit from the galactic axions is on the order of 10^{-13} in the mass range from 1 to 10 keV/c^{2} with 90% confidence level, slightly improved compared with the LUX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Fu
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xun Chen
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Limited, 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Xiangyi Cui
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deqing Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Karl Giboni
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Franco Giuliani
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ke Han
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xingtao Huang
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiangdong Ji
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Center of High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yonglin Ju
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Siao Lei
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huaxuan Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianglai Liu
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yugang Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Mao
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangxiang Ren
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Andi Tan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Jimin Wang
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Limited, 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201800 Shanghai, China
| | - Siguang Wang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Limited, 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Mengjiao Xiao
- Center of High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Pengwei Xie
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Binbin Yan
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yong Yang
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianfeng Yue
- Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Limited, 288 Shuanglin Road, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Zhao
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- INPAC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai 200240, China
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Abstract
This article reviews the physics and technology of producing large quantities of highly spin-polarized 3He nuclei using spin-exchange (SEOP) and metastability-exchange (MEOP) optical pumping. Both technical developments and deeper understanding of the physical processes involved have led to substantial improvements in the capabilities of both methods. For SEOP, the use of spectrally narrowed lasers and K-Rb mixtures has substantially increased the achievable polarization and polarizing rate. For MEOP nearly lossless compression allows for rapid production of polarized 3He and operation in high magnetic fields has likewise significantly increased the pressure at which this method can be performed, and revealed new phenomena. Both methods have benefitted from development of storage methods that allow for spin-relaxation times of hundreds of hours, and specialized precision methods for polarimetry. SEOP and MEOP are now widely applied for spin-polarized targets, neutron spin filters, magnetic resonance imaging, and precision measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Gentile
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - P. J. Nacher
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS-PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - B. Saam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - T. G. Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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