1
|
Moreira SV, Samuelsson P, Potts PP. Stochastic Thermodynamics of a Quantum Dot Coupled to a Finite-Size Reservoir. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:220405. [PMID: 38101369 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.220405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In nanoscale systems coupled to finite-size reservoirs, the reservoir temperature may fluctuate due to heat exchange between the system and the reservoirs. To date, a stochastic thermodynamic analysis of heat, work, and entropy production in such systems is, however, missing. Here we fill this gap by analyzing a single-level quantum dot tunnel coupled to a finite-size electronic reservoir. The system dynamics is described by a Markovian master equation, depending on the fluctuating temperature of the reservoir. Based on a fluctuation theorem, we identify the appropriate entropy production that results in a thermodynamically consistent statistical description. We illustrate our results by analyzing the work production for a finite-size reservoir Szilard engine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saulo V Moreira
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter Samuelsson
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick P Potts
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bilancioni M, Esposito M, Freitas N. A chemical reaction network implementation of a Maxwell demon. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204103. [PMID: 38010324 DOI: 10.1063/5.0173889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We study an autonomous model of a Maxwell demon that works by rectifying thermal fluctuations of chemical reactions. It constitutes the chemical analog of a recently studied electronic demon. We characterize its scaling behavior in the macroscopic limit, its performances, and the impact of potential internal delays. We obtain analytical expressions for all quantities of interest: the generated reverse chemical current, the output power, the transduction efficiency, and correlation between the number of molecules. Due to a bound on the nonequilibrium response of its chemical reaction network, we find that, contrary to the electronic case, there is no way for the Maxwell demon to generate a finite output in the macroscopic limit. Finally, we analyze the information thermodynamics of the Maxwell demon from a bipartite perspective. In the limit of a fast demon, the information flow is obtained, its pattern in the state space is discussed, and the behavior of partial efficiencies related to the measurement and feedback processes is examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bilancioni
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg City 1511, G.D. Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg City 1511, G.D. Luxembourg
| | - Nahuel Freitas
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg City 1511, G.D. Luxembourg
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fadler P, Friedenberger A, Lutz E. Efficiency at Maximum Power of a Carnot Quantum Information Engine. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:240401. [PMID: 37390443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.240401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the performance of thermal machines is an essential task of thermodynamics. We here consider the optimization of information engines that convert information about the state of a system into work. We concretely introduce a generalized finite-time Carnot cycle for a quantum information engine and optimize its power output in the regime of low dissipation. We derive a general formula for its efficiency at maximum power valid for arbitrary working media. We further investigate the optimal performance of a qubit information engine subjected to weak energy measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fadler
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Friedenberger
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric Lutz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schmitt RK, Potts PP, Linke H, Johansson J, Samuelsson P, Rico-Pasto M, Ritort F. Information-to-work conversion in single-molecule experiments: From discrete to continuous feedback. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:L052104. [PMID: 37329008 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.l052104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the extractable work in single molecule unfolding-folding experiments with applied feedback. Using a simple two-state model, we obtain a description of the full work distribution from discrete to continuous feedback. The effect of the feedback is captured by a detailed fluctuation theorem, accounting for the information aquired. We find analytical expressions for the average work extraction as well as an experimentally measurable bound thereof, which becomes tight in the continuous feedback limit. We further determine the parameters for maximal power or rate of work extraction. Although our two-state model only depends on a single effective transition rate, we find qualitative agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of DNA hairpin unfolding-folding dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Schmitt
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick P Potts
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Johansson
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Samuelsson
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marc Rico-Pasto
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Small Biosystems Laboratory, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Ritort
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Small Biosystems Laboratory, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garrahan JP, Ritort F. Generalized continuous Maxwell demons. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:034101. [PMID: 37072943 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.034101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a family of generalized continuous Maxwell demons (GCMDs) operating on idealized single-bit equilibrium devices that combine the single-measurement Szilard and the repeated measurements of the continuous Maxwell demon protocols. We derive the cycle distributions for extracted work, information content, and time and compute the power and information-to-work efficiency fluctuations for the different models. We show that the efficiency at maximum power is maximal for an opportunistic protocol of continuous type in the dynamical regime dominated by rare events. We also extend the analysis to finite-time work extracting protocols by mapping them to a three-state GCMD. We show that dynamical finite-time correlations in this model increase the information-to-work conversion efficiency, underlining the role of temporal correlations in optimizing information-to-energy conversion. The effect of finite-time work extraction and demon memory resetting is also analyzed. We conclude that GCMD models are thermodynamically more efficient than the single-measurement Szilard and preferred for describing biological processes in an information-redundant world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Garrahan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Ritort
- Small Biosystems Lab, Condensed Matter Physics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao Z, Bao R, Zheng J, Hou Z. Fast Functionalization with High Performance in the Autonomous Information Engine. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:66-72. [PMID: 36566388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mandal and Jarzynski have proposed a fully autonomous information heat engine, consisting of a demon, a mass, and a memory register interacting with a thermal reservoir. This device converts thermal energy into mechanical work by writing information to a memory register or, conversely, erasing information by consuming mechanical work. Here, we derive a speed limit inequality between the relaxation time of state transformation and the distance between the initial and final distributions, where the combination of the dynamical activity and entropy production plays an important role. Such inequality provides a hint that a speed-performance trade-off relation exists between the relaxation time to a functional state and the average production. To obtain fast functionalization while maintaining the performance, we show that the relaxation dynamics of the information heat engine can be accelerated significantly by devising an optimal initial state of the demon. Our design principle is inspired by the so-called Mpemba effect, where water freezes faster when initially heated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Cao
- Department of Chemical Physics and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Ruicheng Bao
- Department of Chemical Physics and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Jiming Zheng
- Department of Chemical Physics and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Zhonghuai Hou
- Department of Chemical Physics and Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Opatrný T, Bräuer Š, Kofman AG, Misra A, Meher N, Firstenberg O, Poem E, Kurizki G. Nonlinear coherent heat machines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf1070. [PMID: 36608121 PMCID: PMC9821940 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose heat machines that are nonlinear, coherent, and closed systems composed of few field (oscillator) modes. Their thermal-state input is transformed by nonlinear Kerr interactions into nonthermal (non-Gaussian) output with controlled quantum fluctuations and the capacity to deliver work in a chosen mode. These machines can provide an output with strongly reduced phase and amplitude uncertainty that may be useful for sensing or communications in the quantum domain. They are experimentally realizable in optomechanical cavities where photonic and phononic modes are coupled by a Josephson qubit or in cold gases where interactions between photons are transformed into dipole-dipole interacting Rydberg atom polaritons. This proposed approach is a step toward the bridging of quantum and classical coherent and thermodynamic descriptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Opatrný
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17, Listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Bräuer
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17, Listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham G. Kofman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Avijit Misra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nilakantha Meher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofer Firstenberg
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eilon Poem
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gershon Kurizki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Freitas N, Esposito M. Information flows in macroscopic Maxwell's demons. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:014136. [PMID: 36797870 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.014136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A CMOS-based implementation of an autonomous Maxwell's demon was recently proposed [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120602 (2022)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120602] to demonstrate that a Maxwell demon can still work at macroscopic scales, provided that its power supply is scaled appropriately. Here we first provide a full analytical characterization of the nonautonomous version of that model. We then study system-demon information flows within generic autonomous bipartite setups displaying a macroscopic limit. By doing so, we can study the thermodynamic efficiency of both the measurement and the feedback process performed by the demon. We find that the information flow is an intensive quantity and that, as a consequence, any Maxwell's demon is bound to stop working above a finite scale if all parameters but the scale are fixed. However, this can be prevented by appropriately scaling the thermodynamic forces. These general results are applied to the autonomous CMOS-based demon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Freitas
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The nonequilibrium cost of accurate information processing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7155. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAccurate information processing is crucial both in technology and in nature. To achieve it, any information processing system needs an initial supply of resources away from thermal equilibrium. Here we establish a fundamental limit on the accuracy achievable with a given amount of nonequilibrium resources. The limit applies to arbitrary information processing tasks and arbitrary information processing systems subject to the laws of quantum mechanics. It is easily computable and is expressed in terms of an entropic quantity, which we name the reverse entropy, associated to a time reversal of the information processing task under consideration. The limit is achievable for all deterministic classical computations and for all their quantum extensions. As an application, we establish the optimal tradeoff between nonequilibrium and accuracy for the fundamental tasks of storing, transmitting, cloning, and erasing information. Our results set a target for the design of new devices approaching the ultimate efficiency limit, and provide a framework for demonstrating thermodynamical advantages of quantum devices over their classical counterparts.
Collapse
|
10
|
Misra A, Opatrný T, Kurizki G. Work extraction from single-mode thermal noise by measurements: How important is information? Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054131. [PMID: 36559367 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Our goal in this article is to elucidate the rapport of work and information in the context of a minimal quantum-mechanical setup: a converter of heat input to work output, the input consisting of a single oscillator mode prepared in a hot thermal state along with a few much colder oscillator modes. The core issues we consider, taking account of the quantum nature of the setup, are as follows: (i) How and to what extent can information act as a work resource or, conversely, be redundant for work extraction? (ii) What is the optimal way of extracting work via information acquired by measurements? (iii) What is the bearing of information on the efficiency-power tradeoff achievable in such setups? We compare the efficiency of work extraction and the limitations of power in our minimal setup by different, generic, measurement strategies of the hot and cold modes. For each strategy, the rapport of work and information extraction is found and the cost of information erasure is allowed for. The possibilities of work extraction without information acquisition, via nonselective measurements, are also analyzed. Overall, we present, by generalizing a method based on optimized homodyning that we have recently proposed, the following insight: extraction of work by observation and feedforward that only measures a small fraction of the input is clearly advantageous to the conceivable alternatives. Our results may become the basis of a practical strategy of converting thermal noise to useful work in optical setups, such as coherent amplifiers of thermal light, as well as in their optomechanical and photovoltaic counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Misra
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel and International Center of Quantum Artificial Intelligence for Science and Technology (QuArtist) and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Tomáš Opatrný
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gershon Kurizki
- AMOS and Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bellini M, Kwon H, Biagi N, Francesconi S, Zavatta A, Kim MS. Demonstrating Quantum Microscopic Reversibility Using Coherent States of Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:170604. [PMID: 36332254 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.170604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The principle of microscopic reversibility lies at the core of fluctuation theorems, which have extended our understanding of the second law of thermodynamics to the statistical level. In the quantum regime, however, this elementary principle should be amended as the system energy cannot be sharply determined at a given quantum phase space point. In this Letter, we propose and experimentally test a quantum generalization of the microscopic reversibility when a quantum system interacts with a heat bath through energy-preserving unitary dynamics. Quantum effects can be identified by noting that the backward process is less likely to happen in the existence of quantum coherence between the system's energy eigenstates. The experimental demonstration has been realized by mixing coherent and thermal states in a beam splitter, followed by heterodyne detection in an optical setup. We verify that the quantum modification for the principle of microscopic reversibility is critical in the low-temperature limit, while the quantum-to-classical transition is observed as the temperature of the thermal field gets higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Hyukjoon Kwon
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, South Korea
| | - Nicola Biagi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesconi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zavatta
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M S Kim
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saha TK, Lucero JNE, Ehrich J, Sivak DA, Bechhoefer J. Bayesian Information Engine that Optimally Exploits Noisy Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:130601. [PMID: 36206430 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.130601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally realized an information engine consisting of an optically trapped, heavy bead in water. The device raises the trap center after a favorable "up" thermal fluctuation, thereby increasing the bead's average gravitational potential energy. In the presence of measurement noise, poor feedback decisions degrade its performance; below a critical signal-to-noise ratio, the engine shows a phase transition and cannot store any gravitational energy. However, using Bayesian estimates of the bead's position to make feedback decisions can extract gravitational energy at all measurement noise strengths and has maximum performance benefit at the critical signal-to-noise ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Saha
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joseph N E Lucero
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jannik Ehrich
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David A Sivak
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John Bechhoefer
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Freitas N, Esposito M. Maxwell Demon that Can Work at Macroscopic Scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:120602. [PMID: 36179174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maxwell's demons work by rectifying thermal fluctuations. They are not expected to function at macroscopic scales where fluctuations become negligible and dynamics become deterministic. We propose an electronic implementation of an autonomous Maxwell's demon that indeed stops working in the regular macroscopic limit as the dynamics becomes deterministic. However, we find that if the power supplied to the demon is scaled up appropriately, the deterministic limit is avoided and the demon continues to work. The price to pay is a decreasing thermodynamic efficiency. Our Letter suggests that novel strategies may be found in nonequilibrium settings to bring to the macroscale nontrivial effects so far only observed at microscopic scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Freitas
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Annby-Andersson B, Bakhshinezhad F, Bhattacharyya D, De Sousa G, Jarzynski C, Samuelsson P, Potts PP. Quantum Fokker-Planck Master Equation for Continuous Feedback Control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:050401. [PMID: 35960579 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurement and feedback control are essential features of quantum science, with applications ranging from quantum technology protocols to information-to-work conversion in quantum thermodynamics. Theoretical descriptions of feedback control are typically given in terms of stochastic equations requiring numerical solutions, or are limited to linear feedback protocols. Here we present a formalism for continuous quantum measurement and feedback, both linear and nonlinear. Our main result is a quantum Fokker-Planck master equation describing the joint dynamics of a quantum system and a detector with finite bandwidth. For fast measurements, we derive a Markovian master equation for the system alone, amenable to analytical treatment. We illustrate our formalism by investigating two basic information engines, one quantum and one classical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Faraj Bakhshinezhad
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Debankur Bhattacharyya
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Guilherme De Sousa
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Christopher Jarzynski
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Peter Samuelsson
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick P Potts
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
He L, Pradana A, Cheong JW, Chew LY. Information processing second law for an information ratchet with finite tape. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:054131. [PMID: 35706159 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.054131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We model a class of discrete-time information ratchet with a finite tape and explore its thermodynamic consequence as a Maxwell demon. We found that, although it supports the operational regime of an engine or eraser, it cannot typically sustain these thermodynamic functionalities due to eventual equilibration as a result of the finite information capacity of the tape. Nonetheless, cumulative work can be accrued or expended through successive tape scans and we prove that at all time the ratchet obeys the information processing second law (IPSL). Unlike the IPSL for the infinite-tape ratchet which operates only at the stationary state, the IPSL here is applicable also at the transient phase of the ratchet operation. We explore two ratchet designs with the single-state perturbed coin (PC) ratchet being the simplest ratchet without memory, while the double-state modified Boyd's (MB) ratchet is the simplest ratchet with memory. Our analysis shows that the MB ratchet can harness correlation to accumulate more work by having a larger time constant to reach steady state relative to the PC ratchet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie He
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Andri Pradana
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jian Wei Cheong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Lock Yue Chew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yada T, Yoshioka N, Sagawa T. Quantum Fluctuation Theorem under Quantum Jumps with Continuous Measurement and Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:170601. [PMID: 35570443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.170601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While the fluctuation theorem in classical systems has been thoroughly generalized under various feedback control setups, an intriguing situation in quantum systems, namely under continuous feedback, remains to be investigated. In this work, we derive the generalized fluctuation theorem under quantum jumps with continuous measurement and feedback. The essence for the derivation is to newly introduce the operationally meaningful information, which we call quantum-classical-transfer (QC-transfer) entropy. QC-transfer entropy can be naturally interpreted as the quantum counterpart of transfer entropy that is commonly used in classical time series analysis. We also verify our theoretical results by numerical simulation and propose an experiment-numerics hybrid verification method. Our work reveals a fundamental connection between quantum thermodynamics and quantum information, which can be experimentally tested with artificial quantum systems such as circuit quantum electrodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Yada
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sagawa
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Patel RN, McKenna TP, Wang Z, Witmer JD, Jiang W, Van Laer R, Sarabalis CJ, Safavi-Naeini AH. Room-Temperature Mechanical Resonator with a Single Added or Subtracted Phonon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:133602. [PMID: 34623823 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A room-temperature mechanical oscillator undergoes thermal Brownian motion with an amplitude much larger than the amplitude associated with a single phonon of excitation. This motion can be read out and manipulated using laser light using a cavity-optomechanical approach. By performing a strong quantum measurement (i.e., counting single photons in the sidebands imparted on a laser), we herald the addition and subtraction of single phonons on the 300 K thermal motional state of a 4 GHz mechanical oscillator. To understand the resulting mechanical state, we implement a tomography scheme and observe highly non-Gaussian phase-space distributions. Using a maximum likelihood method, we infer the density matrix of the oscillator, and we confirm the counterintuitive doubling of the mean phonon number resulting from phonon addition and subtraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi N Patel
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Timothy P McKenna
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zhaoyou Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy D Witmer
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Raphaël Van Laer
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Christopher J Sarabalis
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Opatrný T, Misra A, Kurizki G. Work Generation from Thermal Noise by Quantum Phase-Sensitive Observation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:040602. [PMID: 34355968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We put forward the concept of work extraction from thermal noise by phase-sensitive (homodyne) measurements of the noisy input followed by (outcome-dependent) unitary manipulations of the postmeasured state. For optimized measurements, noise input with more than one quantum on average is shown to yield heat-to-work conversion with efficiency and power that grow with the mean number of input quanta, the efficiency and the inverse temperature of the detector. This protocol is shown to be advantageous compared to common models of information and heat engines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Opatrný
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Avijit Misra
- International Center of Quantum Artificial Intelligence for Science and Technology (QuArtist) and Department of Physics, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gershon Kurizki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Enzian G, Price JJ, Freisem L, Nunn J, Janousek J, Buchler BC, Lam PK, Vanner MR. Single-Phonon Addition and Subtraction to a Mechanical Thermal State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:033601. [PMID: 33543972 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adding or subtracting a single quantum of excitation to a thermal state of a bosonic system has the counter-intuitive effect of approximately doubling its mean occupation. We perform the first experimental demonstration of this effect outside optics by implementing single-phonon addition and subtraction to a thermal state of a mechanical oscillator via Brillouin optomechanics in an optical whispering-gallery microresonator. Using a detection scheme that combines single-photon counting and optical heterodyne detection, we observe this doubling of the mechanical thermal fluctuations to a high precision. The capabilities of this joint click-dyne detection scheme adds a significant new dimension for optomechanical quantum science and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Enzian
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - J J Price
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - L Freisem
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J Nunn
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - J Janousek
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - B C Buchler
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - P K Lam
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - M R Vanner
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rupprecht N, Vural DC. Predictive Maxwell's demons. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:062145. [PMID: 33465975 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here we study the operation efficiency of a finite-size finite-response-time Maxwell's demon, who can make future predictions. We compare the heat and mass transport rate of predictive demons to nonpredictive ones and find that predictive demons can achieve higher mass and heat transport rates over longer periods of time. We determine how the demon performance varies with response time, future sight, and the density of the gasses on which they operate.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dann R, Kosloff R, Salamon P. Quantum Finite-Time Thermodynamics: Insight from a Single Qubit Engine. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E1255. [PMID: 33287023 PMCID: PMC7712823 DOI: 10.3390/e22111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating time into thermodynamics allows for addressing the tradeoff between efficiency and power. A qubit engine serves as a toy model in order to study this tradeoff from first principles, based on the quantum theory of open systems. We study the quantum origin of irreversibility, originating from heat transport, quantum friction, and thermalization in the presence of external driving. We construct various finite-time engine cycles that are based on the Otto and Carnot templates. Our analysis highlights the role of coherence and the quantum origin of entropy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roie Dann
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Ronnie Kosloff
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Peter Salamon
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7720, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Landauer's Principle in a Quantum Szilard Engine without Maxwell's Demon. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22030294. [PMID: 33286068 PMCID: PMC7516751 DOI: 10.3390/e22030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantum Szilard engine constitutes an adequate interplay of thermodynamics, information theory and quantum mechanics. Szilard engines are in general operated by a Maxwell’s Demon where Landauer’s principle resolves the apparent paradoxes. Here we propose a Szilard engine setup without featuring an explicit Maxwell’s demon. In a demonless Szilard engine, the acquisition of which-side information is not required, but the erasure and related heat dissipation still take place implicitly. We explore a quantum Szilard engine considering quantum size effects. We see that insertion of the partition does not localize the particle to one side, instead creating a superposition state of the particle being in both sides. To be able to extract work from the system, particle has to be localized at one side. The localization occurs as a result of quantum measurement on the particle, which shows the importance of the measurement process regardless of whether one uses the acquired information or not. In accordance with Landauer’s principle, localization by quantum measurement corresponds to a logically irreversible operation and for this reason it must be accompanied by the corresponding heat dissipation. This shows the validity of Landauer’s principle even in quantum Szilard engines without Maxwell’s demon.
Collapse
|
23
|
Xin F, Di Mei F, Falsi L, Pierangeli D, Agranat AJ, DelRe E. Soliton Maxwell demons and long-tailed statistics in fluctuating optical fields. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:648-651. [PMID: 32004274 DOI: 10.1364/ol.383895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally in biased photorefractive crystals that collisions between random-amplitude optical spatial solitons produce long-tailed statistics from input Gaussian fluctuations. The effect is mediated by Raman nonlocal corrections to Kerr self-focusing that turn soliton-soliton interaction into a Maxwell demon for the output wave amplitude.
Collapse
|
24
|
Diazdelacruz J. Quantum Relative Entropy of Tagging and Thermodynamics. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22020138. [PMID: 33285913 PMCID: PMC7516547 DOI: 10.3390/e22020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamics establishes a relation between the work that can be obtained in a transformation of a physical system and its relative entropy with respect to the equilibrium state. It also describes how the bits of an informational reservoir can be traded for work using Heat Engines. Therefore, an indirect relation between the relative entropy and the informational bits is implied. From a different perspective, we define procedures to store information about the state of a physical system into a sequence of tagging qubits. Our labeling operations provide reversible ways of trading the relative entropy gained from the observation of a physical system for adequately initialized qubits, which are used to hold that information. After taking into account all the qubits involved, we reproduce the relations mentioned above between relative entropies of physical systems and the bits of information reservoirs. Some of them hold only under a restricted class of coding bases. The reason for it is that quantum states do not necessarily commute. However, we prove that it is always possible to find a basis (equivalent to the total angular momentum one) for which Thermodynamics and our labeling system yield the same relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Diazdelacruz
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Holmes Z, Hinds Mingo E, Chen CYR, Mintert F. Quantifying Athermality and Quantum Induced Deviations from Classical Fluctuation Relations. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:e22010111. [PMID: 33285885 PMCID: PMC7516414 DOI: 10.3390/e22010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a quantum information theoretic framework has emerged for incorporating non-classical phenomena into fluctuation relations. Here, we elucidate this framework by exploring deviations from classical fluctuation relations resulting from the athermality of the initial thermal system and quantum coherence of the system's energy supply. In particular, we develop Crooks-like equalities for an oscillator system which is prepared either in photon added or photon subtracted thermal states and derive a Jarzynski-like equality for average work extraction. We use these equalities to discuss the extent to which adding or subtracting a photon increases the informational content of a state, thereby amplifying the suppression of free energy increasing process. We go on to derive a Crooks-like equality for an energy supply that is prepared in a pure binomial state, leading to a non-trivial contribution from energy and coherence on the resultant irreversibility. We show how the binomial state equality fits in relation to a previously derived coherent state equality and offers a richer feature-set.
Collapse
|
26
|
Measurement Induced Synthesis of Coherent Quantum Batteries. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19628. [PMID: 31873161 PMCID: PMC6928017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum coherence represented by a superposition of energy eigenstates is, together with energy, an important resource for quantum technology and thermodynamics. Energy and quantum coherence however, can be complementary. The increase of energy can reduce quantum coherence and vice versa. Recently, it was realized that steady-state quantum coherence could be autonomously harnessed from a cold environment. We propose a conditional synthesis of N independent two-level systems (TLS) with partial quantum coherence obtained from an environment to one coherent system using a measurement able to increase both energy and coherence simultaneously. The measurement process acts here as a Maxwell demon synthesizing the coherent energy of individual TLS to one large coherent quantum battery. The measurement process described by POVM elements is diagonal in energy representation and, therefore, it does not project on states with quantum coherence at all. We discuss various strategies and their efficiency to reach large coherent energy of the battery. After numerical optimization and proof-of-principle tests, it opens way to feasible repeat-until-success synthesis of coherent quantum batteries from steady-state autonomous coherence.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sánchez R, Splettstoesser J, Whitney RS. Nonequilibrium System as a Demon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:216801. [PMID: 31809128 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.216801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maxwell demons are creatures that are imagined to be able to reduce the entropy of a system without performing any work on it. Conventionally, such a Maxwell demon's intricate action consists of measuring individual particles and subsequently performing feedback. We show that much simpler setups can still act as demons: we demonstrate that it is sufficient to exploit a nonequilibrium distribution to seemingly break the second law of thermodynamics. We propose both an electronic and an optical implementation of this phenomenon, realizable with current technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sánchez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Janine Splettstoesser
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Robert S Whitney
- Laboratoire de Physique et Modélisation des Milieux Condensés, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hloušek J, Dudka M, Straka I, Ježek M. Accurate Detection of Arbitrary Photon Statistics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:153604. [PMID: 31702281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.153604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a measurement workflow free of systematic errors consisting of a reconfigurable photon-number-resolving detector, custom electronic circuitry, and faithful data-processing algorithm. We achieve an unprecedented accurate measurement of various photon-number distributions going beyond the number of detection channels with an average fidelity of 0.998, where the error is primarily caused by the sources themselves. Mean numbers of photons cover values up to 20 and faithful autocorrelation measurements range from g^{(2)}=6×10^{-3} to 2. We successfully detect chaotic, classical, nonclassical, non-Gaussian, and negative-Wigner-function light. Our results open new paths for optical technologies by providing full access to the photon-number information without the necessity of detector tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hloušek
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Dudka
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivo Straka
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ježek
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manceau M, Spasibko KY, Leuchs G, Filip R, Chekhova MV. Indefinite-Mean Pareto Photon Distribution from Amplified Quantum Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:123606. [PMID: 31633963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.123606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extreme events appear in many physics phenomena, whenever the probability distribution has a "heavy tail" differing very much from the equilibrium one. Most unusual are the cases of power-law (Pareto) probability distributions. Among their many manifestations in physics, from "rogue waves" in the ocean to Lévy flights in random walks, Pareto dependences can follow very different power laws. For some outstanding cases, the power exponents are less than 2, leading to indefinite values not only for higher moments but also for the mean. Here we present the first evidence of indefinite-mean Pareto distribution of photon numbers at the output of nonlinear effects pumped by parametrically amplified vacuum noise, known as bright squeezed vacuum (BSV). We observe a Pareto distribution with power exponent 1.31 when BSV is used as a pump for supercontinuum generation, and other heavy-tailed distributions (however, with definite moments) when it pumps optical harmonics generation. Unlike in other fields, we can flexibly control the Pareto exponent by changing the experimental parameters. This extremely fluctuating light is interesting for ghost imaging and for quantum thermodynamics as a resource to produce more efficiently nonequilibrium states by single-photon subtraction, the latter of which we demonstrate experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Manceau
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Kirill Yu Spasibko
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Radim Filip
- Department of Optics, Palacky University, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Maria V Chekhova
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7/B2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rupprecht N, Vural DC. Maxwell's Demons with Finite Size and Response Time. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:080603. [PMID: 31491195 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.080603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all theoretical analyses of Maxwell's demon focus on its energetic and entropic costs of operation. Here, we focus on its rate of operation. In our model, a demon's rate limitation stems from its finite response time and gate area. We determine the rate limits of mass and energy transfer, as well as entropic reduction for four such demons: those that select particles according to (1) direction, (2) energy, (3) number, and (4) entropy. Last, we determine the optimal gate size for a demon with small, finite response time, and compare our predictions with molecular dynamics simulations with both ideal and nonideal gasses. Also, we study the conditions under which the demons are able to move both energy and particles in the chosen direction when attempting to only move one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Rupprecht
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Dervis Can Vural
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Holeček M. Work as a memory record. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:062130. [PMID: 31330670 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.062130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of a controlled manipulation with molecules at the nanoscale allows us to gain net work from thermal energy, although this seems to be in contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics. Any manipulation, however, causes some memory records somewhere in the system's surroundings. To complete the thermodynamic cycle, these records must be reset, which costs energy that cancels the previous gain. An important memory record may also be the final state of the work reservoir. This memory record is not reset. Nevertheless, it is rewritten and the associated memory erased whenever the state of the work reservoir is changed during the cycle repeating. The question is, what is the cost of this memory erasure. To answer it, we study a hypothetical cycle in which all memory records are reset except the state of the work reservoir alone, and the ensemble average of the work extracted from an equilibrium heat reservoir during this cycle, 〈W〉, is positive. It is shown that a strong information coupling of the system and the work reservoir then influences the system's dynamics so much that the cycle repeat may exhibit quite different behavior. Especially, it can run reversely and decrease energy in the work reservoir. It implies that even if the memory erasure is a natural part of the process, it costs energy in accord with information thermodynamics. At the nanoscale, this energy cost may manifest as a process obeying the fluctuation theorem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Holeček
- New Technologies Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň 301 00, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Katamadze KG, Kovlakov EV, Avosopiants GV, Kulik SP. Direct test of the "quantum vampire's" shadow absence with use of thermal light. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3286-3289. [PMID: 31259941 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The counterintuitive nature of quantum physics leads to a number of paradoxes. One of them is a "quantum vampire" effect [Fedorov et al., Optica2, 112 (2015)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.2.000112], which means that the photon annihilation in a part of a large beam does not change the shape of the beam profile (i.e., does not cast a shadow), but it may change the total beam intensity. Previously, this effect was demonstrated just in a simplified double-mode regime [Fedorov et al., Optica2, 112 (2015), OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.2.000112 Katamadze et al., Optica5, 723 (2018)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.5.000723]. In this Letter, a direct test of shadow absence after the photon annihilation was performed using the thermal state of light at the input.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
A non-reciprocal quantum ring, where one arm of the ring contains the Rashba spin-orbit interaction but not in the other arm, is found to posses very unique electronic properties. In this ring the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations are totally absent. That is because in a magnetic field the electron stays in the non-Rashba arm, while it resides in the Rashba arm for zero (or negative) magnetic field. The average kinetic energy in the two arms of the ring are found to be very different. It also reveals different “spin temperature” in the two arms of the non-reciprocal ring. The electrons are sorted according to their spins in different regions of the ring by switching on and off (or reverse) the magnetic field, thereby creating order without doing work on the system. This resembles the action of a demon in the spirit of Maxwell’s original proposal, exploiting a non-classical internal degree of freedom. Our demon clearly demonstrates some of the required features on the nanoscale.
Collapse
|
34
|
Stevens J, Deffner S. Quantum to classical transition in an information ratchet. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:042129. [PMID: 31108656 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.042129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a flurry of research activity in the study of minimal and autonomous information ratchets. However, the existing classical and quantum models are somewhat hard to compare and hence quantifying possible quantum supremacy in information ratchets has been elusive. We propose a step towards filling this void between quantum and classical ratchets by introducing a model with continuous variables: a quantum particle in a box coupled to a stream of qubits. The dynamics is solved exactly and we analyze the quantum to classical transition in terms of a natural timescale parameter for the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josey Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.,Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - Sebastian Deffner
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chesi G, Malinverno L, Allevi A, Santoro R, Caccia M, Bondani M. Measuring nonclassicality with silicon photomultipliers. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1371-1374. [PMID: 30874653 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Detector stochastic deviations from an ideal response can hamper the measurement of quantum properties of light, especially in the mesoscopic regime where photon-number resolution is required. We demonstrate that, by proper analysis of the output signal, nonclassicality of twin-beam states can be detected and exploited with commercial and cost-effective silicon-based photon-number-resolving detectors.
Collapse
|
36
|
Quantum Information Remote Carnot Engines and Voltage Transformers. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21020127. [PMID: 33266843 PMCID: PMC7514606 DOI: 10.3390/e21020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A physical system out of thermal equilibrium is a resource for obtaining useful work when a heat bath at some temperature is available. Information Heat Engines are the devices which generalize the Szilard cylinders and make use of the celebrated Maxwell demons to this end. In this paper, we consider a thermo-chemical reservoir of electrons which can be exchanged for entropy and work. Qubits are used as messengers between electron reservoirs to implement long-range voltage transformers with neither electrical nor magnetic interactions between the primary and secondary circuits. When they are at different temperatures, the transformers work according to Carnot cycles. A generalization is carried out to consider an electrical network where quantum techniques can furnish additional security.
Collapse
|
37
|
Potts PP, Samuelsson P. Detailed Fluctuation Relation for Arbitrary Measurement and Feedback Schemes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:210603. [PMID: 30517817 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.210603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuation relations are powerful equalities that hold far from equilibrium. However, the standard approach to include measurement and feedback schemes may become inapplicable in certain situations, including continuous measurements, precise measurements of continuous variables, and feedback induced irreversibility. Here we overcome these shortcomings by providing a recipe for producing detailed fluctuation relations. Based on this recipe, we derive a fluctuation relation which holds for arbitrary measurement and feedback control. The key insight is that fluctuations inferable from the measurement outcomes may be suppressed by postselection. Our detailed fluctuation relation results in a stringent and experimentally accessible inequality on the extractable work, which is saturated when the full entropy production is inferable from the data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Potts
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Samuelsson
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Marek P, Provazník J, Filip R. Loop-based subtraction of a single photon from a traveling beam of light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29837-29847. [PMID: 30469942 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating light by adding and subtracting individual photons is a powerful approach with a principal drawback: the operations are fundamentally probabilistic and the probability is often small. This limits not only the fundamental scalability but also the number of operations that can be applied in realistic experimental settings. We propose and analyze a loop-based technique which can significantly increase the probability of success while preserving the quality of the photon subtraction. We show the improvement both in single mode preparation and manipulation of non-Gaussian states with negative Wigner functions and in two-mode entanglement distillation protocol with Gaussian states of light.
Collapse
|
39
|
Admon T, Rahav S, Roichman Y. Experimental Realization of an Information Machine with Tunable Temporal Correlations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:180601. [PMID: 30444393 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.180601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally realize a Maxwell's demon that converts information gained by measurements to work. Our setup is composed of a colloidal particle in a channel filled with a flowing fluid. A barrier made by light prevents the particle from being carried away by the flow. The colloidal particle then performs biased Brownian motion in the vicinity of the barrier. The particle's position is measured periodically. When the particle is found to be far enough from the barrier, feedback is applied by moving the barrier upstream while maintaining a given minimal distance from the particle. At steady state, the net effect of this measurement and feedback loop is to steer the particle upstream while applying very little direct work on it. This clean example of a Maxwell's demon is also naturally operated in a parameter regime where correlations between outcomes of consecutive measurements are important. Interestingly, we find a tradeoff between output power and efficiency. The efficiency is maximal at quasistatic operating conditions, whereas both the power output and rate of information gain are maximal for very frequent measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Admon
- Raymond & Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Saar Rahav
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Yael Roichman
- Raymond & Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Spinney RE, Prokopenko M, Chu D. Information ratchets exploiting spatially structured information reservoirs. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:022124. [PMID: 30253523 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.022124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fully mechanized Maxwell's demons, also called information ratchets, are an important conceptual link between computation, information theory, and statistical physics. They exploit low-entropy information reservoirs to extract work from a heat reservoir. Previous models of such demons have either ignored the cost of delivering bits to the demon from the information reservoir or assumed random access or infinite-dimensional information reservoirs to avoid such an issue. In this work we account for this cost when exploiting information reservoirs with physical structure and show that the dimensionality of the reservoir has a significant impact on the performance and phase diagram of the demon. We find that for conventional one-dimensional tapes the scope for work extraction is greatly reduced. An expression for the net-extracted work by demons exploring information reservoirs by means of biased random walks on d-dimensional, Z^{d}, information reservoirs is presented. Furthermore, we derive exact probabilities of recurrence in these systems, generalizing previously known results. We find that the demon is characterized by two critical dimensions. First, to extract work at zero bias the dimensionality of the information reservoir must be larger than d=2, corresponding to the dimensions where a simple random walker is transient. Second, for integer dimensions d>4 the unbiased random walk optimizes work extraction corresponding to the dimensions where a simple random walker is strongly transient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Spinney
- Complex Systems Research Group and Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mikhail Prokopenko
- Complex Systems Research Group and Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dominique Chu
- School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Naghiloo M, Alonso JJ, Romito A, Lutz E, Murch KW. Information Gain and Loss for a Quantum Maxwell's Demon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:030604. [PMID: 30085766 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We use continuous weak measurements of a driven superconducting qubit to experimentally study the information dynamics of a quantum Maxwell's demon. We show how information gained by a demon who can track single quantum trajectories of the qubit can be converted into work using quantum coherent feedback. We verify the validity of a quantum fluctuation theorem with feedback by utilizing information obtained along single trajectories. We demonstrate, in particular, that quantum backaction can lead to a loss of information in imperfect measurements. We furthermore probe the transition between information gain and loss by varying the initial purity of the qubit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Naghiloo
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - J J Alonso
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Romito
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - E Lutz
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics I, University of Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K W Murch
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Elouard C, Jordan AN. Efficient Quantum Measurement Engines. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:260601. [PMID: 30004734 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.260601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose quantum engines powered entirely by a position-resolving measurement performed on a quantum particle. These engines produce work by moving the quantum particle against a force. Unlike classical information-driven engines (e.g., Maxwell's demon), the energy is not extracted from a thermal hot source but directly from the observation process via a partial wave-function collapse of the particle. We present results for the work done and the efficiency for different values of the engine parameters. Feedback is required for optimal performance. We find that unit efficiency can be approached when one measurement outcome prepares the initial state of the next engine cycle, while the other outcomes leave the original state nearly unchanged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Elouard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Andrew N Jordan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Henao I, Serra RM. Role of quantum coherence in the thermodynamics of energy transfer. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062105. [PMID: 30011503 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on the thermodynamic arrow of time, at the microscopic scale, has questioned the universality of its direction. Theoretical studies showed that quantum correlations can be used to revert the natural heat flow (from the hot body to the cold one), posing an apparent challenge to the second law of thermodynamics. Such an "anomalous" heat current was observed in a recent experiment (K. Micadei et al., arXiv:1711.03323), by employing two spin systems initially quantum correlated. Nevertheless, the precise relationship between this intriguing phenomenon and the initial conditions that allow it is not fully evident. Here, we address energy transfer in a wider perspective, identifying a nonclassical contribution that applies to the reversion of the heat flow as well as to more general forms of energy exchange. We derive three theorems that describe the energy transfer between two microscopic systems, for arbitrary initial bipartite states. Using these theorems, we obtain an analytical bound showing that certain type of quantum coherence can optimize such a process, outperforming incoherent states. This genuine quantum advantage is corroborated through a characterization of the energy transfer between two qubits. For this system, it is shown that a large enough amount of coherence is necessary and sufficient to revert the thermodynamic arrow of time. As a second crucial consequence of the presented theorems, we introduce a class of nonequilibrium states that only allow unidirectional energy flow. In this way, we broaden the set where the standard Clausius statement of the second law applies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Henao
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Serra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Masuyama Y, Funo K, Murashita Y, Noguchi A, Kono S, Tabuchi Y, Yamazaki R, Ueda M, Nakamura Y. Information-to-work conversion by Maxwell's demon in a superconducting circuit quantum electrodynamical system. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1291. [PMID: 29599432 PMCID: PMC5876355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Information thermodynamics bridges information theory and statistical physics by connecting information content and entropy production through measurement and feedback control. Maxwell’s demon is a hypothetical character that uses information about a system to reduce its entropy. Here we realize a Maxwell’s demon acting on a superconducting quantum circuit. We implement quantum non-demolition projective measurement and feedback operation of a qubit and verify the generalized integral fluctuation theorem. We also evaluate the conversion efficiency from information gain to work in the feedback protocol. Our experiment constitutes a step toward experimental studies of quantum information thermodynamics in artificially made quantum machines. Maxwell’s demon is a hypothetical character that uses information about a system to reduce its entropy, highlighting the link between information and thermodynamic entropies. Here the authors experimentally realise a Maxwell's demon controlling a quantum system and explore how it affects thermodynamic laws.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Masuyama
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - K Funo
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Y Murashita
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - A Noguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - S Kono
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Y Tabuchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - R Yamazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - M Ueda
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan. .,Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Work and information from thermal states after subtraction of energy quanta. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13046. [PMID: 29026196 PMCID: PMC5638844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum oscillators prepared out of thermal equilibrium can be used to produce work and transmit information. By intensive cooling of a single oscillator, its thermal energy deterministically dissipates to a colder environment, and the oscillator substantially reduces its entropy. This out-of-equilibrium state allows us to obtain work and to carry information. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an advanced approach, conditionally preparing more efficient out-of-equilibrium states only by a weak dissipation, an inefficient quantum measurement of the dissipated thermal energy, and subsequent triggering of that states. Although it conditionally subtracts the energy quanta from the oscillator, average energy grows, and second-order correlation function approaches unity as by coherent external driving. On the other hand, the Fano factor remains constant and the entropy of the subtracted state increases, which raise doubts about a possible application of this approach. To resolve it, we predict and experimentally verify that both available work and transmitted information can be conditionally higher in this case than by arbitrary cooling or adequate thermal heating up to the same average energy. It qualifies the conditional procedure as a useful source for experiments in quantum information and thermodynamics.
Collapse
|
46
|
Iyoda E, Kaneko K, Sagawa T. Fluctuation Theorem for Many-Body Pure Quantum States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:100601. [PMID: 28949188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We prove the second law of thermodynamics and the nonequilibrium fluctuation theorem for pure quantum states. The entire system obeys reversible unitary dynamics, where the initial state of the heat bath is not the canonical distribution but is a single energy eigenstate that satisfies the eigenstate-thermalization hypothesis. Our result is mathematically rigorous and based on the Lieb-Robinson bound, which gives the upper bound of the velocity of information propagation in many-body quantum systems. The entanglement entropy of a subsystem is shown connected to thermodynamic heat, highlighting the foundation of the information-thermodynamics link. We confirmed our theory by numerical simulation of hard-core bosons, and observed dynamical crossover from thermal fluctuations to bare quantum fluctuations. Our result reveals a universal scenario that the second law emerges from quantum mechanics, and can be experimentally tested by artificial isolated quantum systems such as ultracold atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Iyoda
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kaneko
- Department of Basic Science, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sagawa
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cottet N, Jezouin S, Bretheau L, Campagne-Ibarcq P, Ficheux Q, Anders J, Auffèves A, Azouit R, Rouchon P, Huard B. Observing a quantum Maxwell demon at work. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7561-7564. [PMID: 28674009 PMCID: PMC5530687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704827114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In apparent contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics, Maxwell's demon is able to cyclically extract work from a system in contact with a thermal bath, exploiting the information about its microstate. The resolution of this paradox required the insight that an intimate relationship exists between information and thermodynamics. Here, we realize a Maxwell demon experiment that tracks the state of each constituent in both the classical and quantum regimes. The demon is a microwave cavity that encodes quantum information about a superconducting qubit and converts information into work by powering up a propagating microwave pulse by stimulated emission. Thanks to the high level of control of superconducting circuits, we directly measure the extracted work and quantify the entropy remaining in the demon's memory. This experiment provides an enlightening illustration of the interplay of thermodynamics with quantum information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanaël Cottet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sébastien Jezouin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Landry Bretheau
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Campagne-Ibarcq
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Quentin Ficheux
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janet Anders
- Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- Institut Néel, UPR2940 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Rémi Azouit
- Centre Automatique et Systèmes, Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, 75272 Paris Cedex 6, France
- Quantic Team, INRIA Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rouchon
- Centre Automatique et Systèmes, Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, 75272 Paris Cedex 6, France
- Quantic Team, INRIA Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Huard
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France;
- Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
In the framework of quantum thermodynamics, we propose a method to quantitatively describe thermodynamic quantities for out-of-equilibrium interacting many-body systems. The method is articulated in various approximation protocols which allow to achieve increasing levels of accuracy, it is relatively simple to implement even for medium and large number of interactive particles, and uses tools and concepts from density functional theory. We test the method on the driven Hubbard dimer at half filling, and compare exact and approximate results. We show that the proposed method reproduces the average quantum work to high accuracy: for a very large region of parameter space (which cuts across all dynamical regimes) estimates are within 10% of the exact results.
Collapse
|
49
|
Elouard C, Herrera-Martí D, Huard B, Auffèves A. Extracting Work from Quantum Measurement in Maxwell's Demon Engines. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:260603. [PMID: 28707947 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.260603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The essence of both classical and quantum engines is to extract useful energy (work) from stochastic energy sources, e.g., thermal baths. In Maxwell's demon engines, work extraction is assisted by a feedback control based on measurements performed by a demon, whose memory is erased at some nonzero energy cost. Here we propose a new type of quantum Maxwell's demon engine where work is directly extracted from the measurement channel, such that no heat bath is required. We show that in the Zeno regime of frequent measurements, memory erasure costs eventually vanish. Our findings provide a new paradigm to analyze quantum heat engines and work extraction in the quantum world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Elouard
- CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Benjamin Huard
- Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexia Auffèves
- CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sørdal V, Bergli J, Galperin YM. Influence of measurement error on Maxwell's demon. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:062129. [PMID: 28709349 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.062129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In any general cycle of measurement, feedback, and erasure, the measurement will reduce the entropy of the system when information about the state is obtained, while erasure, according to Landauer's principle, is accompanied by a corresponding increase in entropy due to the compression of logical and physical phase space. The total process can in principle be fully reversible. A measurement error reduces the information obtained and the entropy decrease in the system. The erasure still gives the same increase in entropy, and the total process is irreversible. Another consequence of measurement error is that a bad feedback is applied, which further increases the entropy production if the proper protocol adapted to the expected error rate is not applied. We consider the effect of measurement error on a realistic single-electron box Szilard engine, and we find the optimal protocol for the cycle as a function of the desired power P and error ɛ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Sørdal
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Joakim Bergli
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Y M Galperin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- A. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|