1
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Yang Q, Jiang M, Picano F, Zhu L. Shaping active matter from crystalline solids to active turbulence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2874. [PMID: 38570495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Active matter drives its constituent agents to move autonomously by harnessing free energy, leading to diverse emergent states with relevance to both biological processes and inanimate functionalities. Achieving maximum reconfigurability of active materials with minimal control remains a desirable yet challenging goal. Here, we employ large-scale, agent-resolved simulations to demonstrate that modulating the activity of a wet phoretic medium alone can govern its solid-liquid-gas phase transitions and, subsequently, laminar-turbulent transitions in fluid phases, thereby shaping its emergent pattern. These two progressively emerging transitions, hitherto unreported, bring us closer to perceiving the parallels between active matter and traditional matter. Our work reproduces and reconciles seemingly conflicting experimental observations on chemically active systems, presenting a unified landscape of phoretic collective dynamics. These findings enhance the understanding of long-range, many-body interactions among phoretic agents, offer new insights into their non-equilibrium collective behaviors, and provide potential guidelines for designing reconfigurable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maoqiang Jiang
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Francesco Picano
- Department of Industrial Engineering and CISAS "G. Colombo", University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lailai Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Galliano L, Cates ME, Berthier L. Two-Dimensional Crystals far from Equilibrium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:047101. [PMID: 37566855 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.047101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
When driven by nonequilibrium fluctuations, particle systems may display phase transitions and physical behavior with no equilibrium counterpart. We study a two-dimensional particle model initially proposed to describe driven non-Brownian suspensions undergoing nonequilibrium absorbing phase transitions. We show that when the transition occurs at large density, the dynamics produces long-range crystalline order. In the ordered phase, long-range translational order is observed because equipartition of energy is lacking, phonons are suppressed, and density fluctuations are hyperuniform. Our study offers an explicit microscopic model where nonequilibrium violations of the Mermin-Wagner theorem stabilize crystalline order in two dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Galliano
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael E Cates
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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3
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Caprini L, Marini Bettolo Marconi U, Puglisi A, Löwen H. Entropons as collective excitations in active solids. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:041102. [PMID: 37486049 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The vibrational dynamics of solids is described by phonons constituting basic collective excitations in equilibrium crystals. Here, we consider a non-equilibrium active solid, formed by self-propelled particles, which bring the system into a non-equilibrium steady-state. We identify novel vibrational collective excitations of non-equilibrium (active) origin, which coexist with phonons and dominate over them when the system is far from equilibrium. These vibrational excitations are interpreted in the framework of non-equilibrium physics, in particular, stochastic thermodynamics. We call them "entropons" because they are the modes of spectral entropy production (at a given frequency and wave vector). The existence of entropons could be verified in future experiments on dense self-propelled colloidal Janus particles and granular active matter, as well as in living systems, such as dense cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caprini
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Theoretische Physik II-Weiche Materie, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Umberto Marini Bettolo Marconi
- Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università di Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Puglisi
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi-CNR and Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- INFN, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Theoretische Physik II-Weiche Materie, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Bayram AG, Schwarzendahl FJ, Löwen H, Biancofiore L. Motility-induced shear thickening in dense colloidal suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37309209 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phase transitions and collective dynamics of active colloidal suspensions are fascinating topics in soft matter physics, particularly for out-of-equilibrium systems, which can lead to rich rheological behaviours in the presence of steady shear flow. Here the role of self-propulsion in the rheological response of a dense colloidal suspension is investigated by using particle-resolved Brownian dynamics simulations. First, the combined effect of activity and shear in the solid on the disordering transition of the suspension is analyzed. While both self-propulsion and shear destroy order and melt the system if critical values are exceeded, self-propulsion largely lowers the stress barrier needed to be overcome during the transition. We further explore the rheological response of the active sheared system once a steady state is reached. While passive suspensions show a solid-like behaviour, turning on particle motility fluidises the system. At low self-propulsion, the active suspension behaves in the steady state as a shear-thinning fluid. Increasing the self-propulsion changes the behaviour of the liquid from shear-thinning to shear-thickening. We attribute this to clustering in the sheared suspensions induced by motility. This new phenomenon of motility-induced shear thickening (MIST) can be used to tailor the rheological response of colloidal suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gülce Bayram
- FluidFrame Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Çankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Fabian Jan Schwarzendahl
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Luca Biancofiore
- FluidFrame Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Çankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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5
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McDonald MN, Zhu Q, Paxton WF, Peterson CK, Tree DR. Active control of equilibrium, near-equilibrium, and far-from-equilibrium colloidal systems. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1675-1694. [PMID: 36790855 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of top-down active control over bottom-up colloidal assembly processes has the potential to produce materials, surfaces, and objects with applications in a wide range of fields spanning from computing to materials science to biomedical engineering. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the field using a taxonomy based on how active control is used to guide assembly. We find there are three distinct scenarios: (1) navigating kinetic pathways to reach a desirable equilibrium state, (2) the creation of a desirable metastable, kinetically trapped, or kinetically arrested state, and (3) the creation of a desirable far-from-equilibrium state through continuous energy input. We review seminal works within this framework, provide a summary of important application areas, and present a brief introduction to the fundamental concepts of control theory that are necessary for the soft materials community to understand this literature. In addition, we outline current and potential future applications of actively-controlled colloidal systems, and we highlight important open questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
| | - Walter F Paxton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Cameron K Peterson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Douglas R Tree
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
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6
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Anderson CJ, Briand G, Dauchot O, Fernández-Nieves A. Polymer-chain configurations in active and passive baths. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:064606. [PMID: 36671158 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.064606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The configurations taken by polymers embedded in out-of-equilibrium baths may have broad implications in a variety of biological systems. As such, they have attracted considerable interest, particularly in simulation studies. Here we analyze the distribution of configurations taken by a passive flexible chain in a bath of hard, self-propelled, vibrated disks and systematically compare it to that of the same flexible chain in a bath of hard, thermal-like, vibrated disks. We demonstrate experimentally that the mean length and mean radius of gyration of both chains agree with Flory's law. However, the Kuhn length associated with the number of correlated monomers is smaller in the case of the active bath, corresponding to a higher effective temperature. Importantly, the active bath does not just simply map on a hot equilibrium bath. Close examination of the chains' configurations indicates a marked bias, with the chain in the active bath more likely assuming configurations with a single prominent bend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Anderson
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Guillaume Briand
- Laboratoire Gulliver, UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris de cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Dauchot
- Laboratoire Gulliver, UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, 10, rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris de cedex 05, France
| | - Alberto Fernández-Nieves
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Complex Systems (UBICS), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Geometry-controlled phase transition in vibrated granular media. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14989. [PMID: 36056168 PMCID: PMC9440227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report experiments on the dynamics of vibrated particles constrained in a two-dimensional vertical container, motivated by the following question: how to get the most out of a given external vibration to maximize internal disorder (e.g. to blend particles) and agitation (e.g. to absorb vibrations)? Granular media are analogs to classical thermodynamic systems, where the injection of energy can be achieved by shaking them: fluidization arises by tuning either the amplitude or the frequency of the oscillations. Alternatively, we explore what happens when another feature, the container geometry, is modified while keeping constant the energy injection. Our method consists in modifying the container base into a V-shape to break the symmetries of the inner particulate arrangement. The lattice contains a compact hexagonal solid-like crystalline phase coexisting with a loose amorphous fluid-like phase, at any thermal agitation. We show that both the solid-to-fluid volume fraction and the granular temperature depend not only on the external vibration but also on the number of topological defects triggered by the asymmetry of the container. The former relies on the statistics of the energy fluctuations and the latter is consistent with a two-dimensional melting transition described by the KTHNY theory.
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8
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Keta YE, Jack RL, Berthier L. Disordered Collective Motion in Dense Assemblies of Persistent Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:048002. [PMID: 35939008 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.048002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We explore the emergence of nonequilibrium collective motion in disordered nonthermal active matter when persistent motion and crowding effects compete, using simulations of a two-dimensional model of size polydisperse self-propelled particles. In stark contrast with monodisperse systems, we find that polydispersity stabilizes a homogeneous active liquid at arbitrary large persistence times, characterized by remarkable velocity correlations and irregular turbulent flows. For all persistence values, the active fluid undergoes a nonequilibrium glass transition at large density. This is accompanied by collective motion, whose nature evolves from near-equilibrium spatially heterogeneous dynamics at small persistence, to a qualitatively different intermittent dynamics when persistence is large. This latter regime involves a complex time evolution of the correlated displacement field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann-Edwin Keta
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Robert L Jack
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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9
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Le Blay M, Morin A. Repulsive torques alone trigger crystallization of constant speed active particles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3120-3124. [PMID: 35388856 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the possibility for self-propelled particles to crystallize without reducing their intrinsic speed. We illuminate how, in the absence of any force, the competition between self-propulsion and repulsive torques determines the macroscopic phases of constant-speed active particles. This minimal model expands upon existing approaches for an improved understanding of crystallization of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Le Blay
- Soft Matter Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexandre Morin
- Soft Matter Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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10
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Chacón E, Alarcón F, Ramírez J, Tarazona P, Valeriani C. Intrinsic structure perspective for MIPS interfaces in two-dimensional systems of active Brownian particles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2646-2653. [PMID: 35302119 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01493e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Suspensions of active Brownian particles (ABPs) undergo motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) over a wide range of mean density and activity strength, which implies the spontaneous aggregation of particles due to the persistence of their direction of motion, even in the absence of an explicit attraction. Both similarities and qualitative differences have been obtained when the MIPS is analysed in the same terms as a liquid-gas phase coexistence in an equilibrium attractive system. Negative values of the mechanical surface tension have been reported, from the total forces across the interface, while stable fluctuations of the interfacial line could be interpreted as a positive capillary surface tension; in equilibrium liquid surfaces, these two magnitudes are equal. We present here the analysis of 2D-ABP interfaces in terms of the intrinsic density and force profiles, calculated with the particle distance to the instantaneous interfacial line. Our results provide new insight into the origin of MIPS from the local rectification of the random active force on the particles near the interface. As has been reported, this effect acts as an external potential that produces a pressure gradient across the interface, such that the mechanical surface tension of the MIPS cannot be described as that of equilibrium coexisting phases; however, our analysis shows that most of that effect comes from the tightly caged particles at the dense (inner) side of the MIPS interface, rather than from the free moving particles at the outer side that collide with the dense cluster. Moreover, a clear correlation appears between the decay of the hexatic order parameter at the dense slab and the end of the MIPS as the strength of the active force is lowered. We show that, using the strong active forces required for MIPS, the interfacial structure and properties are very similar for ABPs with purely repulsive interactions (the Weeks-Chandler-Andersen-Lennard-Jones (WCA-LJ) model truncated at its minimum) and when the interaction includes a range of the LJ attractive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Chacón
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco Alarcón
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, León 37150, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Pedro Tarazona
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Chantal Valeriani
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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11
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Moran SE, Bruss IR, Schönhöfer PWA, Glotzer SC. Particle anisotropy tunes emergent behavior in active colloidal systems. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1044-1053. [PMID: 35019923 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies of active particle systems have demonstrated that particle anisotropy can impact the collective behavior of a system, motivating a systematic study. Here, we report a systematic computational investigation of the role of anisotropy in shape and active force director on the collective behavior of a two-dimensional active colloidal system. We find that shape and force anisotropy can combine to produce critical densities both lower and higher than those of disks. We demonstrate that changing particle anisotropy tunes what we define as a "collision efficiency" of inter-particle collisions in leading to motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) of the system. We use this efficiency to determine the relative critical density across systems. Additionally, we observe that local structure in phase-separated clusters is the same as the particle's equilibrium densest packing, suggesting a general connection between equilibrium behavior and non-equilibrium cluster structure of self-propelled anisotropic particles. In engineering applications for active colloidal systems, shape-controlled steric interactions such as those described here may offer a simple route for tailoring emergent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Moran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Isaac R Bruss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | - Sharon C Glotzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Debets VE, de Wit XM, Janssen LMC. Cage Length Controls the Nonmonotonic Dynamics of Active Glassy Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:278002. [PMID: 35061437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.278002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dense active matter is gaining widespread interest due to its remarkable similarity with conventional glass-forming materials. However, active matter is inherently out of equilibrium and even simple models such as active Brownian particles (ABPs) and active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles (AOUPs) behave markedly differently from their passive counterparts. Controversially, this difference has been shown to manifest itself via either a speedup, slowdown, or nonmonotonic change of the glassy relaxation dynamics. Here we rationalize these seemingly contrasting views on the departure from equilibrium by identifying the ratio of the short-time length scale to the cage length, i.e., the length scale of local particle caging, as a vital and unifying control parameter for active glassy matter. In particular, we explore the glassy dynamics of both thermal and athermal ABPs and AOUPs upon increasing the persistence time. We find that for all studied systems there is an optimum of the dynamics; this optimum occurs when the cage length coincides with the corresponding short-time length scale of the system, which is either the persistence length for athermal systems or a combination of the persistence length and a diffusive length scale for thermal systems. This new insight, for which we also provide a simple physical argument, allows us to reconcile and explain the manifestly disparate departures from equilibrium reported in many previous studies of dense active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Xander M de Wit
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
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13
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Downs JG, Smith ND, Mandadapu KK, Garrahan JP, Smith MI. Topographic Control of Order in Quasi-2D Granular Phase Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:268002. [PMID: 35029468 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.268002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the nature of 2D phase transitions in a quasi-2D granular fluid. Using a surface decorated with periodically spaced dimples we observe interfacial tension between coexisting granular liquid and crystal phases. Measurements of the orientational and translational order parameters and associated susceptibilities indicate that the surface topography alters the order of the phase transition from a two-step continuous one to a first-order liquid-solid one. The interplay of boundary inelasticity and geometry, either order promoting or inhibiting, controls whether it is the granular crystal or the granular fluid which makes contact with the edge. This order induced wetting has important consequences, determining how coexisting phases separate spatially.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Downs
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - N D Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - K K Mandadapu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J P Garrahan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - M I Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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14
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Omar AK, Klymko K, GrandPre T, Geissler PL. Phase Diagram of Active Brownian Spheres: Crystallization and the Metastability of Motility-Induced Phase Separation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:188002. [PMID: 34018789 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.188002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Motility-induced phase separation (MIPS), the phenomenon in which purely repulsive active particles undergo a liquid-gas phase separation, is among the simplest and most widely studied examples of a nonequilibrium phase transition. Here, we show that states of MIPS coexistence are in fact only metastable for three-dimensional active Brownian particles over a very broad range of conditions, decaying at long times through an ordering transition we call active crystallization. At an activity just above the MIPS critical point, the liquid-gas binodal is superseded by the crystal-fluid coexistence curve, with solid, liquid, and gas all coexisting at the triple point where the two curves intersect. Nucleating an active crystal from a disordered fluid, however, requires a rare fluctuation that exhibits the nearly close-packed density of the solid phase. The corresponding barrier to crystallization is surmountable on a feasible timescale only at high activity, and only at fluid densities near maximal packing. The glassiness expected for such dense liquids at equilibrium is strongly mitigated by active forces, so that the lifetime of liquid-gas coexistence declines steadily with increasing activity, manifesting in simulations as a facile spontaneous crystallization at extremely high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad K Omar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Katherine Klymko
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Trevor GrandPre
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Phillip L Geissler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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15
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Wang G, Phan TV, Li S, Wombacher M, Qu J, Peng Y, Chen G, Goldman DI, Levin SA, Austin RH, Liu L. Emergent Field-Driven Robot Swarm States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:108002. [PMID: 33784150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an ecology-inspired form of active matter consisting of a robot swarm. Each robot moves over a planar dynamic resource environment represented by a large light-emitting diode array in search of maximum light intensity; the robots deplete (dim) locally by their presence the local light intensity and seek maximum light intensity. Their movement is directed along the steepest local light intensity gradient; we call this emergent symmetry breaking motion "field drive." We show there emerge dynamic and spatial transitions similar to gas, crystalline, liquid, glass, and jammed states as a function of robot density, resource consumption rates, and resource recovery rates. Paradoxically the nongas states emerge from smooth, flat resource landscapes, not rough ones, and each state can directly move to a glassy state if the resource recovery rate is slow enough, at any robot density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Trung V Phan
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Shengkai Li
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Michael Wombacher
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Yan Peng
- Research Institute of USV Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Guo Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Daniel I Goldman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Simon A Levin
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Liyu Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
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16
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FastTrack: An open-source software for tracking varying numbers of deformable objects. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008697. [PMID: 33571205 PMCID: PMC7904165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the dynamical properties of mobile objects requires to extract trajectories from recordings, which is often done by tracking movies. We compiled a database of two-dimensional movies for very different biological and physical systems spanning a wide range of length scales and developed a general-purpose, optimized, open-source, cross-platform, easy to install and use, self-updating software called FastTrack. It can handle a changing number of deformable objects in a region of interest, and is particularly suitable for animal and cell tracking in two-dimensions. Furthermore, we introduce the probability of incursions as a new measure of a movie’s trackability that doesn’t require the knowledge of ground truth trajectories, since it is resilient to small amounts of errors and can be computed on the basis of an ad hoc tracking. We also leveraged the versatility and speed of FastTrack to implement an iterative algorithm determining a set of nearly-optimized tracking parameters—yet further reducing the amount of human intervention—and demonstrate that FastTrack can be used to explore the space of tracking parameters to optimize the number of swaps for a batch of similar movies. A benchmark shows that FastTrack is orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art tracking algorithms, with a comparable tracking accuracy. The source code is available under the GNU GPLv3 at https://github.com/FastTrackOrg/FastTrack and pre-compiled binaries for Windows, Mac and Linux are available at http://www.fasttrack.sh. Many researchers and engineers face the challenge of tracking objects from very different systems across several fields of research. We observed that despite this diversity the core of the tracking task is very general and can be formalized. We thus introduce the notion of incursions—i.e. to what extent an object can enter a neighbor’s space—which can be defined on a statistical basis and captures the interplay between the acquisition rate, the objects’ dynamics and the geometrical characteristics of the scene, including density. To validate this approach, we compiled a dataset from various fields of Physics, Biology and human activities to serve as a benchmark for general-purpose tracking softwares. This dataset is open and accepts new submissions. We also developped a software called FastTrack that is able to track most of the movies in the dataset by proposing standard image processing tools and state-of-the-art implementation of the matching algorithm, which is at the core of the tracking task. Besides, it is open-source, simple to install and use and has an ergonomic interface to obtain fast and reliable results. FastTrack is particularly convenient for small-scale research projects, typically when the development of a dedicated software is overkill.
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17
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Pattern detection in colloidal assembly: A mosaic of analysis techniques. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102252. [PMID: 32971396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the morphology, identification of patterns and quantification of order encountered in colloidal assemblies is essential for several reasons. First of all, it is useful to compare different self-assembly methods and assess the influence of different process parameters on the final colloidal pattern. In addition, casting light on the structures formed by colloidal particles can help to get better insight into colloidal interactions and understand phase transitions. Finally, the growing interest in colloidal assemblies in materials science for practical applications going from optoelectronics to biosensing imposes a thorough characterization of the morphology of colloidal assemblies because of the intimate relationship between morphology and physical properties (e.g. optical and mechanical) of a material. Several image analysis techniques developed to investigate images (acquired via scanning electron microscopy, digital video microscopy and other imaging methods) provide variegated and complementary information on the colloidal structures under scrutiny. However, understanding how to use such image analysis tools to get information on the characteristics of the colloidal assemblies may represent a non-trivial task, because it requires the combination of approaches drawn from diverse disciplines such as image processing, computational geometry and computational topology and their application to a primarily physico-chemical process. Moreover, the lack of a systematic description of such analysis tools makes it difficult to select the ones more suitable for the features of the colloidal assembly under examination. In this review we provide a methodical and extensive description of real-space image analysis tools by explaining their principles and their application to the investigation of two-dimensional colloidal assemblies with different morphological characteristics.
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18
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Mauleon-Amieva A, Mosayebi M, Hallett JE, Turci F, Liverpool TB, van Duijneveldt JS, Royall CP. Competing active and passive interactions drive amoebalike crystallites and ordered bands in active colloids. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032609. [PMID: 33075940 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Swimmers and self-propelled particles are physical models for the collective behavior and motility of a wide variety of living systems, such as bacteria colonies, bird flocks, and fish schools. Such artificial active materials are amenable to physical models which reveal the microscopic mechanisms underlying the collective behavior. Here we study colloids in a dc electric field. Our quasi-two-dimensional system of electrically driven particles exhibits a rich and exotic phase behavior exhibiting passive crystallites, motile crystallites, an active gas, and banding. Amongst these are two mesophases, reminiscent of systems with competing interactions. At low field strengths activity suppresses demixing, leading to motile crystallites. Meanwhile, at high field strengths, activity drives partial demixing to traveling bands. We parametrize a particulate simulation model which reproduces the experimentally observed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mauleon-Amieva
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Mosayebi
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - James E Hallett
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Turci
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Tanniemola B Liverpool
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Patrick Royall
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
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19
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Deblais A, Maggs AC, Bonn D, Woutersen S. Phase Separation by Entanglement of Active Polymerlike Worms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:208006. [PMID: 32501051 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.208006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the aggregation and phase separation of thin, living T. tubifex worms that behave as active polymers. Randomly dispersed active worms spontaneously aggregate to form compact, highly entangled blobs, a process similar to polymer phase separation, and for which we observe power-law growth kinetics. We find that the phase separation of active polymerlike worms does not occur through Ostwald ripening, but through active motion and coalescence of the phase domains. Interestingly, the growth mechanism differs from conventional growth by droplet coalescence: the diffusion constant characterizing the random motion of a worm blob is independent of its size, a phenomenon that can be explained from the fact that the active random motion arises from the worms at the surface of the blob. This leads to a fundamentally different phase-separation mechanism that may be unique to active polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deblais
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Maggs
- UMR Gulliver 7083 CNRS, ESPCI, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - D Bonn
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Woutersen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Henkes S, Kostanjevec K, Collinson JM, Sknepnek R, Bertin E. Dense active matter model of motion patterns in confluent cell monolayers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1405. [PMID: 32179745 PMCID: PMC7075903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell monolayers show remarkable displacement and velocity correlations over distances of ten or more cell sizes that are reminiscent of supercooled liquids and active nematics. We show that many observed features can be described within the framework of dense active matter, and argue that persistent uncoordinated cell motility coupled to the collective elastic modes of the cell sheet is sufficient to produce swirl-like correlations. We obtain this result using both continuum active linear elasticity and a normal modes formalism, and validate analytical predictions with numerical simulations of two agent-based cell models, soft elastic particles and the self-propelled Voronoi model together with in-vitro experiments of confluent corneal epithelial cell sheets. Simulations and normal mode analysis perfectly match when tissue-level reorganisation occurs on times longer than the persistence time of cell motility. Our analytical model quantitatively matches measured velocity correlation functions over more than a decade with a single fitting parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Henkes
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TW, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, United Kingdom.
| | - Kaja Kostanjevec
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - J Martin Collinson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Rastko Sknepnek
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric Bertin
- Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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21
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Elismaili M, Hamze S, Xu H, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D. Activity-modulated phase transition in a two-dimensional mixture of active and passive colloids. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2020; 43:18. [PMID: 32140796 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2020-11942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study a two-dimensional binary mixture of active and passive colloids as an idealized model of an hybrid aggregate of living cells and inert particles. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of this system using two different thermostats, and we systematically investigate the effect of varying these two effective temperatures on the system behavior, as characterized by its density, structure and thermoelastic properties. Our results indicate that the presence of active colloids shifts the mixture towards the liquid state and renders it more deformable. Such system softening and melting effects due to the addition of active particles are larger than expected from a linear combination of temperatures of the active and passive components. This heightened effect becomes more pronounced as the effective temperature difference between the two components becomes larger. The binary mixture remains homogeneous for moderate colloidal activity, but segregation arises for large effective temperature difference. Our results provide insights to guide future experimental hybrid aggregate studies with promising biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samah Hamze
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000, Metz, France
| | - Hong Xu
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000, Metz, France
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22
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Klongvessa N, Ginot F, Ybert C, Cottin-Bizonne C, Leocmach M. Nonmonotonic behavior in dense assemblies of active colloids. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:062603. [PMID: 31962398 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally a sediment of self-propelled Brownian particles with densities ranging from dilute to ergodic supercooled to nonergodic glass to nonergodic polycrystal. In a companion paper, we observe a nonmonotonic response to activity of relaxation of the nonergodic glass state: a dramatic slowdown when particles become weakly self-propelled, followed by a speedup at higher activities. Here we map ergodic supercooled states to standard passive glassy physics, provided a monotonic shift of the glass packing fraction and the replacement of the ambient temperature by the effective temperature. However, we show that this mapping fails beyond glass transition. This failure is responsible for the nonmonotonic response. Furthermore, we generalize our finding by examining the dynamical response of another class of nonergodic systems: polycrystals. We observe the same nonmonotonic response to activity. To explain this phenomenon, we measure the size of domains where particles move in the same direction. This size also shows a nonmonotonic response, with small lengths corresponding to slow relaxation. This suggests that the failure of the mapping of nonergodic active states to a passive situation is general and is linked to anisotropic relaxation mechanisms specific to active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuda Klongvessa
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Félix Ginot
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Christophe Ybert
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Cécile Cottin-Bizonne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
| | - Mathieu Leocmach
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, VILLEURBANNE, France
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23
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Rana S, Samsuzzaman M, Saha A. Tuning the self-organization of confined active particles by the steepness of the trap. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8865-8878. [PMID: 31616877 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We consider the collective dynamics of self-propelling particles in two dimensions. They can align themselves according to the direction of propulsion of their neighbours, together with small rotational fluctuations. They also interact with each other via soft, isotropic, repulsive potentials. The particles are confined in a circular trap. The steepness of the trap is tuneable. The average packing fraction of the particles is low. When the trap is steep, particles flock along its boundary. They form a polar cluster that spreads over the boundary. The cluster is not spatially ordered. We show that when the steepness is decreased beyond a threshold value, the cluster becomes round and compact and eventually spatial order (hexagonal) emerges in addition to the pre-established polar order. We investigate the kinetics of such ordering. We find that while rotating around the centre of the trap along its circular boundary, the cluster needs to roll around its centre of mass to be spatially ordered. We have studied the stability of the order when the trap is suddenly switched off. We find that for the particles with velocity alignment interaction, the decay of the spatial order is much slower than the particles without the alignment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Rana
- S. N. Bose National Centre For Basic Sciences, Kolkata, 700098, India.
| | - Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| | - Arnab Saha
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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24
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Berthier L, Flenner E, Szamel G. Glassy dynamics in dense systems of active particles. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5093240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Berthier
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elijah Flenner
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Grzegorz Szamel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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25
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Digregorio P, Levis D, Suma A, Cugliandolo LF, Gonnella G, Pagonabarraga I. 2D melting and motility induced phase separation in Active Brownian Hard Disks and Dumbbells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1163/1/012073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Scholz C, Jahanshahi S, Ldov A, Löwen H. Inertial delay of self-propelled particles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5156. [PMID: 30514839 PMCID: PMC6279816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of self-propelled massive particles through a gaseous medium is dominated by inertial effects. Examples include vibrated granulates, activated complex plasmas and flying insects. However, inertia is usually neglected in standard models. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the significance of inertia on macroscopic self-propelled particles. We observe a distinct inertial delay between orientation and velocity of particles, originating from the finite relaxation times in the system. This effect is fully explained by an underdamped generalisation of the Langevin model of active Brownian motion. In stark contrast to passive systems, the inertial delay profoundly influences the long-time dynamics and enables new fundamental strategies for controlling self-propulsion in active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Scholz
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Soudeh Jahanshahi
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton Ldov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Digregorio P, Levis D, Suma A, Cugliandolo LF, Gonnella G, Pagonabarraga I. Full Phase Diagram of Active Brownian Disks: From Melting to Motility-Induced Phase Separation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:098003. [PMID: 30230874 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.098003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We establish the complete phase diagram of self-propelled hard disks in two spatial dimensions from the analysis of the equation of state and the statistics of local order parameters. The equilibrium melting scenario is maintained at small activities, with coexistence between active liquid and hexatic order, followed by a proper hexatic phase, and a further transition to an active solid. As activity increases, the emergence of hexatic and solid order is shifted towards higher densities. Above a critical activity and for a certain range of packing fractions, the system undergoes motility-induced phase separation and demixes into low and high density phases; the latter can be either disordered (liquid) or ordered (hexatic or solid) depending on the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Digregorio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, I-70126, Italy
| | - Demian Levis
- CECAM Centre Européeen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochimie, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Suma
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Leticia F Cugliandolo
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, CNRS UMR 7589, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Giuseppe Gonnella
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, via Amendola 173, Bari, I-70126, Italy
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- CECAM Centre Européeen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batochimie, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Dietrich K, Volpe G, Sulaiman MN, Renggli D, Buttinoni I, Isa L. Active Atoms and Interstitials in Two-Dimensional Colloidal Crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:268004. [PMID: 30004717 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.268004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally and numerically the motion of a self-phoretic active particle in two-dimensional loosely packed colloidal crystals at fluid interfaces. Two scenarios emerge depending on the interactions between the active particle and the lattice: the active particle either navigates throughout the crystal as an interstitial or is part of the lattice and behaves as an active atom. Active interstitials undergo a run-and-tumble-like motion, with the passive colloids of the crystal acting as tumbling sites. Instead, active atoms exhibit an intermittent motion, stemming from the interplay between the periodic potential landscape of the passive crystal and the particle's self-propulsion. Our results constitute the first step towards the realization of non-close-packed crystalline phases with internal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Dietrich
- Laboratory for Interfaces, Soft Matter and Assembly, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Volpe
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Damian Renggli
- Laboratory for Interfaces, Soft Matter and Assembly, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Buttinoni
- Laboratory for Interfaces, Soft Matter and Assembly, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Interfaces, Soft Matter and Assembly, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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29
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Briand G, Schindler M, Dauchot O. Spontaneously Flowing Crystal of Self-Propelled Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:208001. [PMID: 29864372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.208001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally and numerically study the structure and dynamics of a monodisperse packing of spontaneously aligning self-propelled hard disks. The packings are such that their equilibrium counterparts form perfectly ordered hexagonal structures. Experimentally, we first form a perfect crystal in a hexagonal arena which respects the same crystalline symmetry. Frustration of the hexagonal order, obtained by removing a few particles, leads to the formation of a rapidly diffusing "droplet." Removing more particles, the whole system spontaneously forms a macroscopic sheared flow, while conserving an overall crystalline structure. This flowing crystalline structure, which we call a "rheocrystal," is made possible by the condensation of shear along localized stacking faults. Numerical simulations very well reproduce the experimental observations and allow us to explore the parameter space. They demonstrate that the rheocrystal is induced neither by frustration nor by noise. They further show that larger systems flow faster while still remaining ordered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Briand
- EC2M, UMR Gulliver 7083 CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Schindler
- PCT, UMR Gulliver 7083 CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dauchot
- EC2M, UMR Gulliver 7083 CNRS, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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Praetorius S, Voigt A, Wittkowski R, Löwen H. Active crystals on a sphere. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:052615. [PMID: 29906962 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional crystals on curved manifolds exhibit nontrivial defect structures. Here we consider "active crystals" on a sphere, which are composed of self-propelled colloidal particles. Our work is based on a phase-field-crystal-type model that involves a density and a polarization field on the sphere. Depending on the strength of the self-propulsion, three different types of crystals are found: a static crystal, a self-spinning "vortex-vortex" crystal containing two vortical poles of the local velocity, and a self-translating "source-sink" crystal with a source pole where crystallization occurs and a sink pole where the active crystal melts. These different crystalline states as well as their defects are studied theoretically here and can in principle be confirmed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Praetorius
- Institute for Scientific Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Voigt
- Institute for Scientific Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), D-01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nonlinear Science (CeNoS), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Grauer J, Löwen H, Janssen LMC. Spontaneous membrane formation and self-encapsulation of active rods in an inhomogeneous motility field. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:022608. [PMID: 29548202 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.022608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the collective dynamics of self-propelled rods in an inhomogeneous motility field. At the interface between two regions of constant but different motility, a smectic rod layer is spontaneously created through aligning interactions between the active rods, reminiscent of an artificial, semipermeable membrane. This "active membrane" engulfes rods which are locally trapped in low-motility regions and thereby further enhances the trapping efficiency by self-organization, an effect which we call "self-encapsulation." Our results are gained by computer simulations of self-propelled rod models confined on a two-dimensional planar or spherical surface with a stepwise constant motility field, but the phenomenon should be observable in any geometry with sufficiently large spatial inhomogeneity. We also discuss possibilities to verify our predictions of active-membrane formation in experiments of self-propelled colloidal rods and vibrated granular matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Grauer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institute for Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Liesbeth M C Janssen
- Institute for Theoretical Physics II: Soft Matter, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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32
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Liao Q, Xu N. Criticality of the zero-temperature jamming transition probed by self-propelled particles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:853-860. [PMID: 29308823 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01909b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We perform simulations of athermal systems of self-propelled particles (SPPs) interacting via harmonic repulsion in the vicinity of the zero-temperature jamming transition at point J. Every particle is propelled by a constant force f pointing to a randomly assigned and fixed direction. When f is smaller than the yield force fy, the system is statically jammed. We find that fy increases with packing fraction and exhibits finite size scaling, implying the criticality of point J. When f > fy, SPPs flow forever and their velocities satisfy the k-Gamma distribution. Velocity distributions at various packing fractions and f collapse when the particle velocity is scaled by the average velocity v[combining macron], suggesting that v[combining macron] is a reasonable quantity to characterize the response to f. We thus define a response function R(ϕ,f) = v[combining macron](ϕ,f)/f. The function exhibits critical scaling nicely, implying again the criticality of point J. Our analysis and results indicate that systems of SPPs behave analogically to sheared systems, although their driving mechanisms are apparently distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale & Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.
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33
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Takatori S, Baba H, Ichino T, Shew CY, Yoshikawa K. Cooperative standing-horizontal-standing reentrant transition for numerous solid particles under external vibration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:437. [PMID: 29323262 PMCID: PMC5765037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the collective behavior of numerous plastic bolt-like particles exhibiting one of two distinct states, either standing stationary or horizontal accompanied by tumbling motion, when placed on a horizontal plate undergoing sinusoidal vertical vibration. Experimentally, we prepared an initial state in which all of the particles were standing except for a single particle that was placed at the center of the plate. Under continuous vertical vibration, the initially horizontal particle triggers neighboring particles to fall over into a horizontal state through tumbling-induced collision, and this effect gradually spreads to all of the particles, i.e., the number of horizontal particles is increased. Interestingly, within a certain range of vibration intensity, almost all of the horizontal particles revert back to standing in association with the formation of apparent 2D hexagonal dense-packing. Thus, phase segregation between high and low densities, or crystalline and disperse domains, of standing particles is generated as a result of the reentrant transition. The essential features of such cooperative dynamics through the reentrant transition are elucidated with a simple kinetic model. We also demonstrate that an excitable wave with the reentrant transition is observed when particles are situated in a quasi-one-dimensional confinement on a vibrating plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takatori
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hikari Baba
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ichino
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Chwen-Yang Shew
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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34
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Ma Z, Lei QL, Ni R. Driving dynamic colloidal assembly using eccentric self-propelled colloids. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8940-8946. [PMID: 29144529 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01730h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Designing protocols to dynamically direct the self-assembly of colloidal particles has become an important direction in soft matter physics because of promising applications in the fabrication of dynamic responsive functional materials. Here, using computer simulations, we found that in the mixture of passive colloids and eccentric self-propelled active particles, when the eccentricity and self-propulsion of active particles are high enough, the eccentric active particles can push passive colloids to form a large dense dynamic cluster, and the system undergoes a novel dynamic demixing transition. Our simulations show that the dynamic demixing occurs when the eccentric active particles move much faster than the passive particles such that the dynamic trajectories of different active particles can overlap each other while passive particles are depleted from the dynamic trajectories of active particles. Our results suggest that this is in analogy to the entropy-driven demixing in colloid-polymer mixtures, in which polymer random coils can overlap with each other while depleting the colloids. More interestingly, we find that by fixing the passive colloid composition at a certain value with increasing density, the system undergoes an intriguing re-entrant mixing, and the demixing only occurs within a certain intermediate density range. This suggests a new way of designing active matter to drive the self-assembly of passive colloids and fabricate dynamic responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Ma
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore.
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Walsh L, Wagner CG, Schlossberg S, Olson C, Baskaran A, Menon N. Noise and diffusion of a vibrated self-propelled granular particle. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8964-8968. [PMID: 29152630 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Granular materials are an important physical realization of active matter. In vibration-fluidized granular matter, both diffusion and self-propulsion derive from the same collisional forcing, unlike many other active systems where there is a clean separation between the origin of single-particle mobility and the coupling to noise. Here we present experimental studies of single-particle motion in a vibrated granular monolayer, along with theoretical analysis that compares grain motion at short and long time scales to the assumptions and predictions, respectively, of the active Brownian particle (ABP) model. Our results show that despite the unique relation between noise and propulsion, a variety of granular particles are correctly described by the ABP model. Additionally, our scheme of analysis for validating the inputs and outputs of the model can be applied to other granular and non-granular active systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Walsh
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
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Jahanshahi S, Löwen H, Ten Hagen B. Brownian motion of a circle swimmer in a harmonic trap. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:022606. [PMID: 28297979 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.022606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of a Brownian circle swimmer with a time-dependent self-propulsion velocity in an external temporally varying harmonic potential. For several situations, the noise-free swimming paths, the noise-averaged mean trajectories, and the mean-square displacements are calculated analytically or by computer simulation. Based on our results, we discuss optimal swimming strategies in order to explore a maximum spatial range around the trap center. In particular, we find a resonance situation for the maximum escape distance as a function of the various frequencies in the system. Moreover, the influence of the Brownian noise is analyzed by comparing noise-free trajectories at zero temperature with the corresponding noise-averaged trajectories at finite temperature. The latter reveal various complex self-similar spiral or rosette-like patterns. Our predictions can be tested in experiments on artificial and biological microswimmers under dynamical external confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Jahanshahi
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Borge Ten Hagen
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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