Pulsar TeV Halos Explain the Diffuse TeV Excess Observed by Milagro

Measurement of Very-High-Energy Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emissions from the Galactic Plane with LHAASO-WCDA

The diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission is a very important tool used to study the propagation and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. In this Letter, we report the measurements of the diffuse emission from the Galactic plane-covering Galactic longitudes from 15° to 235° and latitudes from -5° to +5°, in an energy range of 1 to 25 TeV-made with the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory. After the sky regions of known sources are masked, the diffuse emission is detected with 24.6σ and 9.1σ significance in the inner Galactic plane (15° Collapse

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Affiliation(s)

Zhen Cao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
F Aharonian Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, 2 Dublin, Ireland Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, P.O. Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
Axikegu School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y X Bai Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y W Bao School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
D Bastieri Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
X J Bi Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y J Bi Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
W Bian Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
A V Bukevich Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
Q Cao Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
W Y Cao University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
Zhe Cao University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
J Chang Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
J F Chang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
A M Chen Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
E S Chen Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H X Chen Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Liang Chen Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
Lin Chen School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Long Chen School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M J Chen Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M L Chen Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
Q H Chen School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
S Chen School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
S H Chen Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
S Z Chen Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
T L Chen Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
Y Chen School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
N Cheng Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y D Cheng Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M C Chu Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
M Y Cui Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
S W Cui Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
X H Cui Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
Y D Cui School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
B Z Dai School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
H L Dai Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
Z G Dai University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
Danzengluobu Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
X Q Dong Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
K K Duan Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
J H Fan Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Y Z Fan Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
J Fang School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
J H Fang Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
K Fang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
C F Feng Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
H Feng Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
L Feng Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
S H Feng Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X T Feng Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
Y Feng Research Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Y L Feng Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
S Gabici APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
B Gao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
C D Gao Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
Q Gao Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
W Gao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
W K Gao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M M Ge School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
T T Ge School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
L S Geng Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
G Giacinti Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
G H Gong Department of Engineering Physics & Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
Q B Gou Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M H Gu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
F L Guo Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
J Guo Department of Engineering Physics & Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
X L Guo School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y Q Guo Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y Y Guo Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Y A Han School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
O A Hannuksela Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
M Hasan Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H H He Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H N He Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
J Y He Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Y He School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y K Hor School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
B W Hou Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
C Hou Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X Hou Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
H B Hu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Q Hu University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
S C Hu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China China Center of Advanced Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
C Huang School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
D H Huang School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
T Q Huang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
W J Huang School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
X T Huang Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
X Y Huang Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Y Huang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y Y Huang School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
X L Ji Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
H Y Jia School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
K Jia Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
H B Jiang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
K Jiang University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
X W Jiang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Z J Jiang School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
M Jin School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M M Kang College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
I Karpikov Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
D Khangulyan Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
D Kuleshov Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
K Kurinov Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
B B Li Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
C M Li School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Cheng Li University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
Cong Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
D Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
F Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
H B Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H C Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Jian Li University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
Jie Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
K Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
S D Li University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
W L Li Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
W L Li Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
X R Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Xin Li University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
Y Z Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Zhe Li Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Zhuo Li School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
E W Liang Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
Y F Liang Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
S J Lin School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
B Liu University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
C Liu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
D Liu Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
D B Liu Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
H Liu School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H D Liu School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
J Liu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
J L Liu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M Y Liu Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet, China
R Y Liu School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
S M Liu School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
W Liu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y Liu Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Y N Liu Department of Engineering Physics & Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
Q Luo School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Y Luo Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
H K Lv Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
B Q Ma School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
L L Ma Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X H Ma Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
J R Mao Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
Z Min Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
W Mitthumsiri Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
H J Mu School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Y C Nan Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
A Neronov APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
K C Y Ng Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
L J Ou Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
P Pattarakijwanich Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Z Y Pei Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
J C Qi Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
M Y Qi Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
B Q Qiao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
J J Qin University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
A Raza Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
D Ruffolo Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
A Sáiz Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
M Saeed Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
D Semikoz APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, 119 75205 Paris, France
L Shao Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
O Shchegolev Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
X D Sheng Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
F W Shu Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
H C Song School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
Yu V Stenkin Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
V Stepanov Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia
Y Su Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
D X Sun University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Q N Sun School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X N Sun Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
Z B Sun National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
J Takata School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
P H T Tam School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Q W Tang Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
R Tang Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
Z B Tang University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
W W Tian University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
L H Wan School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
C Wang National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
C B Wang School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
G W Wang University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
H G Wang Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
H H Wang School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
J C Wang Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
Kai Wang School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Kai Wang School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
L P Wang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
L Y Wang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
P H Wang School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
R Wang Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
W Wang School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
X G Wang Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, Guangxi, China
X Y Wang School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Y Wang School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y D Wang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y J Wang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Z H Wang College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Z X Wang School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
Zhen Wang Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
Zheng Wang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
D M Wei Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
J J Wei Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Y J Wei Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
T Wen School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
C Y Wu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H R Wu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Q W Wu School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
S Wu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X F Wu Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Y S Wu University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
S Q Xi Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
J Xia University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
G M Xiang University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
D X Xiao Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
G Xiao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y L Xin School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y Xing Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
D R Xiong Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
Z Xiong Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
D L Xu Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
R F Xu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
R X Xu School of Physics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
W L Xu College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
L Xue Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
D H Yan School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
J Z Yan Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
T Yan Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
C W Yang College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
C Y Yang Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
F Yang Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
F F Yang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
L L Yang School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) & School of Physics (Guangzhou) & Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, 519000 Zhuhai & 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
M J Yang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
R Z Yang University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
W X Yang Center for Astrophysics, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Y H Yao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Z G Yao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
L Q Yin Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
N Yin Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
X H You Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Z Y You Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y H Yu University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
Q Yuan Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
H Yue Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H D Zeng Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
T X Zeng Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
W Zeng School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
M Zha Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
B B Zhang School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
F Zhang School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H Zhang Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
H M Zhang School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
H Y Zhang School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
J L Zhang Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
Li Zhang School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
P F Zhang School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Yunnan, China
P P Zhang University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
R Zhang Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
S B Zhang University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
S R Zhang Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
S S Zhang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X Zhang School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
X P Zhang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Y F Zhang School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Yi Zhang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Yong Zhang Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
B Zhao School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
J Zhao Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
L Zhao University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
L Z Zhao Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
S P Zhao Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
X H Zhao Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650216 Kunming, Yunnan, China
F Zheng National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
W J Zhong School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
B Zhou Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H Zhou Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
J N Zhou Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China
M Zhou Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science and Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
P Zhou School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
R Zhou College of Physics, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X X Zhou Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
X X Zhou School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
B Y Zhu University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210023 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
C G Zhu Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China
F R Zhu School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, 610031 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
H Zhu Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
K J Zhu Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China
Y C Zou School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
X Zuo Institute of High Energy Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Measurement of Ultra-High-Energy Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission of the Galactic Plane from 10 TeV to 1 PeV with LHAASO-KM2A

The diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission, mainly produced via interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium and/or radiation field, is a very important probe of the distribution, propagation, and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. In this Letter, we report the measurements of diffuse γ rays from the Galactic plane between 10 TeV and 1 PeV energies, with the square kilometer array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Diffuse emissions from the inner (15°10  TeV). The energy spectrum in the inner Galaxy regions can be described by a power-law function with an index of -2.99±0.04, which is different from the curved spectrum as expected from hadronic interactions between locally measured cosmic rays and the line-of-sight integrated gas content. Furthermore, the measured flux is higher by a factor of ∼3 than the prediction. A similar spectrum with an index of -2.99±0.07 is found in the outer Galaxy region, and the absolute flux for 10≲E≲60  TeV is again higher than the prediction for hadronic cosmic ray interactions. The latitude distributions of the diffuse emission are consistent with the gas distribution, while the longitude distributions show clear deviation from the gas distribution. The LHAASO measurements imply that either additional emission sources exist or cosmic ray intensities have spatial variations.

Extended Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission Surrounding PSR J0622+3749 Observed by LHAASO-KM2A

We report the discovery of an extended very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray source around the location of the middle-aged (207.8 kyr) pulsar PSR J0622+3749 with the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The source is detected with a significance of 8.2σ for E>25  TeV assuming a Gaussian template. The best-fit location is (right ascension, declination) =(95.47°±0.11°,37.92°±0.09°), and the extension is 0.40°±0.07°. The energy spectrum can be described by a power-law spectrum with an index of -2.92±0.17_{stat}±0.02_{sys}. No clear extended multiwavelength counterpart of the LHAASO source has been found from the radio to sub-TeV bands. The LHAASO observations are consistent with the scenario that VHE electrons escaped from the pulsar, diffused in the interstellar medium, and scattered the interstellar radiation field. If interpreted as the pulsar halo scenario, the diffusion coefficient, inferred for electrons with median energies of ∼160  TeV, is consistent with those obtained from the extended halos around Geminga and Monogem and much smaller than that derived from cosmic ray secondaries. The LHAASO discovery of this source thus likely enriches the class of so-called pulsar halos and confirms that high-energy particles generally diffuse very slowly in the disturbed medium around pulsars.

Gamma Rays as Probes of Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in Galaxies

Continuum gamma-ray emission produced by interactions of cosmic rays with interstellar matter and radiation fields is a probe of non-thermal particle populations in galaxies. After decades of continuous improvements in experimental techniques and an ever-increasing sky and energy coverage, gamma-ray observations reveal in unprecedented detail the properties of galactic cosmic rays. A variety of scales and environments are now accessible to us, from the local interstellar medium near the Sun and the vicinity of cosmic-ray accelerators, out to the Milky Way at large and beyond, with a growing number of gamma-ray emitting star-forming galaxies. Gamma-ray observations have been pushing forward our understanding of the life cycle of cosmic rays in galaxies and, combined with advances in related domains, they have been challenging standard assumptions in the field and have spurred new developments in modelling approaches and data analysis methods. We provide a review of the status of the subject and discuss perspectives on future progress.

First Detection of sub-PeV Diffuse Gamma Rays from the Galactic Disk: Evidence for Ubiquitous Galactic Cosmic Rays beyond PeV Energies

We report, for the first time, the long-awaited detection of diffuse gamma rays with energies between 100 TeV and 1 PeV in the Galactic disk. Particularly, all gamma rays above 398 TeV are observed apart from known TeV gamma-ray sources and compatible with expectations from the hadronic emission scenario in which gamma rays originate from the decay of π^{0}'s produced through the interaction of protons with the interstellar medium in the Galaxy. This is strong evidence that cosmic rays are accelerated beyond PeV energies in our Galaxy and spread over the Galactic disk.

Multiple Galactic Sources with Emission Above 56 TeV Detected by HAWC

We present the first catalog of gamma-ray sources emitting above 56 and 100 TeV with data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory, a wide field-of-view observatory capable of detecting gamma rays up to a few hundred TeV. Nine sources are observed above 56 TeV, all of which are likely galactic in origin. Three sources continue emitting past 100 TeV, making this the highest-energy gamma-ray source catalog to date. We report the integral flux of each of these objects. We also report spectra for three highest-energy sources and discuss the possibility that they are PeVatrons.

Studying particle acceleration from driven magnetic reconnection at the termination shock of a relativistic striped wind using particle-in-cell simulations

A rotating pulsar creates a surrounding pulsar wind nebula (PWN) by steadily releasing an energetic wind into the interior of the expanding shockwave of supernova remnant or interstellar medium. At the termination shock of a PWN, the Poynting-flux- dominated relativistic striped wind is compressed. Magnetic reconnection is driven by the compression and converts magnetic energy into particle kinetic energy and accelerating particles to high energies. We carrying out particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to study the shock structure as well as the energy conversion and particle acceleration mechanism. By analyzing particle trajectories, we find that many particles are accelerated by Fermi-type mechanism. The maximum energy for electrons and positrons can reach hundreds of TeV.