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Lv Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Geng Y, Xu Z, Liu Y, Yuan J, Wang Q, Wang X. Reverse charge transfer and decomposition in Ca-Te compounds under high pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10399-10407. [PMID: 38502152 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06209k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Pressure alters the nature of chemical bonds and triggers novel reactions. Here, we employed first-principles calculations combined with the CALYPSO structural search technique to reveal the charge transfer reversal between Ca and Te under high pressure in the calcium-tellurium compound (CaxTe1-x, x = 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3). We predict several new phases with conventional and unconventional compounds and found an unfamiliar phenomenon: the Ca-Te compounds will reverse charge transfer between Ca and Te atoms and decompose into elemental solids under pressure. The Bader charge analyses indicate that the Ca2+ ion gains electrons and becomes an anion under high pressure. This leads to a weakened electrostatic interaction between Ca and Te and ultimately results in decomposition. The calculated band occupation number suggests that the occupation of Ca 3d orbitals under high pressure corresponds to this atypical phenomenon. Our results demonstrated the reverse charge transfer between Ca and Te and, in addition, clarified the mechanism of CaxTe1-x decomposition into solid Ca and Te elements under high pressure, providing important insights into the evolution of the properties of alkaline-earth chalcogenide compounds under high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lv
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Jianfu Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Yanlei Geng
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Jianan Yuan
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Qinglin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science & Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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2
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Richard P, Castellano A, Béjaud R, Baguet L, Bouchet J, Geneste G, Bottin F. Ab Initio Phase Diagram of Gold in Extreme Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:206101. [PMID: 38039479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.206101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A phase diagram of gold is proposed in the [0; 1000] GPa and [0; 10 000] K ranges of pressure and temperature, respectively, topologically modified with respect to previous predictions. Using finite-temperature ab initio simulations and nonequilibirum thermodynamic integration, both accelerated by machine learning, we evaluate the Gibbs free energies of three solid phases previously proposed. At room temperature, the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase is stable up to ∼500 GPa whereas the body-centered cubic (bcc) phase only appears above 1 TPa. At higher temperature, we do not highlight any fcc-bcc transition line between 200 and 400 GPa, in agreement with ramp-compressed experiments. The present results only disclose a bcc domain around 140-235 GPa and 6000-8000 K, consistent with the triple point recently found in shock experiments. We demonstrate that this re-stabilization of the bcc phase at high temperature is due to anharmonic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Richard
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - A Castellano
- NanoMat/Q-Mat/CESAM and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Université de Liège (B5), B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R Béjaud
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - L Baguet
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - J Bouchet
- CEA, DES, IRESNE, DEC F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G Geneste
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - F Bottin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoires des Matériaux en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
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3
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Li Z, Wang X, Hou Y, Yu Y, Li G, Hao L, Li X, Geng H, Dai C, Wu Q, Mao HK, Hu J. Quantifying the partial ionization effect of gold in the transition region between condensed matter and warm dense matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300066120. [PMID: 37186821 PMCID: PMC10214124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300066120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well known that solids under ultra-high-pressure shock compression will enter the warm dense matter (WDM) regime which connects condensed matter and hot plasma. How condensed matter turns into the WDM, however, remains largely unexplored due to the lack of data in the transition pressure range. In this letter, by employing the unique high-Z three-stage gas gun launcher technique developed recently, we compress gold into TPa shock pressure to fill the gap inaccessible by the two-stage gas gun and laser shock experiments. With the aid of high-precision Hugoniot data obtained experimentally, we observe a clear softening behavior beyond ~560 GPa. The state-of-the-art ab-initio molecular dynamics calculations reveal that the softening is caused by the ionization of 5d electrons in gold. This work quantifies the partial ionization effect of electrons under extreme conditions, which is critical to model the transition region between condensed matter and WDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha410073, China
| | - Yuying Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Guojun Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Long Hao
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Xuhai Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Huayun Geng
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Chengda Dai
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Jianbo Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan621900, China
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
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4
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Hari A, Hari R, Heighway PG, Smith RF, Duffy TS, Sims M, Singh S, Fratanduono DE, Bolme CA, Gleason AE, Coppari F, Lee HJ, Granados E, Heimann P, Eggert JH, Wicks JK. High pressure phase transition and strength estimate in polycrystalline alumina during laser-driven shock compression. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 35:094002. [PMID: 36575863 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aca860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alumina (Al2O3) is an important ceramic material notable for its compressive strength and hardness. It represents one of the major oxide components of the Earth's mantle. Static compression experiments have reported evidence for phase transformations from the trigonalα-corundum phase to the orthorhombic Rh2O3(II)-type structure at ∼90 GPa, and then to the post-perovskite structure at ∼130 GPa, but these phases have yet to be directly observed under shock compression. In this work, we describe laser-driven shock compression experiments on polycrystalline alumina conducted at the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation of the Linac Coherent Light Source. Ultrafast x-ray pulses (50 fs, 1012photons/pulse) were used to probe the atomic-level response at different times during shock propagation and subsequent pressure release. At 107 ± 8 GPa on the Hugoniot, we observe diffraction peaks that match the orthorhombic Rh2O3(II) phase with a density of 5.16 ± 0.03 g cm-3. Upon unloading, the material transforms back to theα-corundum structure. Upon release to ambient pressure, densities are lower than predicted assuming isentropic release, indicating additional lattice expansion due to plastic work heating. Using temperature values calculated from density measurements, we provide an estimate of alumina's strength on release from shock compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Hari
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Rohit Hari
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Patrick G Heighway
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Thomas S Duffy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
| | - Melissa Sims
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Saransh Singh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Dayne E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A Bolme
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America
| | - Arianna E Gleason
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States of America
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Federica Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Hae Ja Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Granados
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Philip Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Jon H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - June K Wicks
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
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5
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Werellapatha K, Hall GN, Krauland C, Krygier A, Bhandarkar N, Bradley DK, Coppari F, Gorman MG, Heinbockel C, Kemp GE, Khan SF, Lazicki A, Masters N, May MJ, Nagel SR, Palmer NE, Eggert JH, Benedetti LR. Optimized x-ray emission from 10 ns long germanium x-ray sources at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:123902. [PMID: 36586918 DOI: 10.1063/5.0106696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates methods to optimize quasi-monochromatic, ∼10 ns long x-ray sources (XRS) for time-resolved x-ray diffraction measurements of phase transitions during dynamic laser compression measurements at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). To support this, we produce continuous and pulsed XRS by irradiating a Ge foil with NIF lasers to achieve an intensity of 2 × 1015 W/cm2, optimizing the laser-to-x-ray conversion efficiency. Our x-ray source is dominated by Ge He-α line emission. We discuss methods to optimize the source to maintain a uniform XRS for ∼10 ns, mitigating cold plasma and higher energy x-ray emission lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Werellapatha
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G N Hall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Krauland
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A Krygier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M G Gorman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Heinbockel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Masters
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N E Palmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Duwal S, McCoy CA, Dolan Iii DH, Melton CA, Knudson MD, Root S, Hacking R, Farfan B, Johnson C, Alexander CS, Seagle CT. Samarium: from a distorted-fcc phase to melting under dynamic compression using in-situ x-ray diffraction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16777. [PMID: 36202947 PMCID: PMC9537147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lattice and electronic structure interactions for f-electrons are fundamental challenges for lanthanide equation of state development. Difficulties in first-principles calculations, such as density functional theory (DFT), emphasize the need for well-characterized experimental data. Here, we measure in-situ x-ray diffraction of shocked samarium (Sm) and temperature along the Hugoniot for the first time, providing direct evidence for phase transitions. We report direct evidence of a distorted fcc (dfcc) phase at 23 GPa. Shocked samarium melts from the dfcc phase starting at 33 GPa (1333 K), with complete melt at 40 GPa (1468 K). Previous work indicated shock melt at 27 GPa (1200 K), underscoring the significance of x-ray measurements for detecting phase transitions. Interestingly, our observed melting is in sharp contrast with the melting reported by a diamond anvil cell study. These experimental data can tightly constrain first principles calculations and serve as key touchstones for equation of state modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakun Duwal
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA.
| | - Chad A McCoy
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
| | | | - Cody A Melton
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
| | | | - Seth Root
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
| | - Richard Hacking
- Mission Support and Test Services, Albuquerque Operations, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
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7
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Singh S, Coleman AL, Zhang S, Coppari F, Gorman MG, Smith RF, Eggert JH, Briggs R, Fratanduono DE. Quantitative analysis of diffraction by liquids using a pink-spectrum X-ray source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1033-1042. [PMID: 35787571 PMCID: PMC9255578 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522004076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for performing quantitative structure-factor analysis and density measurements of liquids using X-ray diffraction with a pink-spectrum X-ray source is described. The methodology corrects for the pink beam effect by performing a Taylor series expansion of the diffraction signal. The mean density, background scale factor, peak X-ray energy about which the expansion is performed, and the cutoff radius for density measurement are estimated using the derivative-free optimization scheme. The formalism is demonstrated for a simulated radial distribution function for tin. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied to experimental data on shock compressed tin recorded at the Dynamic Compression Sector at the Advanced Photon Source, with derived densities comparing favorably with other experimental results and the equations of state of tin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saransh Singh
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
| | - Amy L. Coleman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Federica Coppari
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
| | - Martin G. Gorman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
| | - Raymond F. Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
| | - Jon H. Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
| | - Richard Briggs
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
| | - Dayne E. Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Computational Engineering Division, Livermore, CA 94511, USA
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8
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McMahon MI. Probing extreme states of matter using ultra-intense x-ray radiation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:043001. [PMID: 33725673 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abef26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme states of matter, that is, matter at extremes of density (pressure) and temperature, can be created in the laboratory either statically or dynamically. In the former, the pressure-temperature state can be maintained for relatively long periods of time, but the sample volume is necessarily extremely small. When the extreme states are generated dynamically, the sample volumes can be larger, but the pressure-temperature conditions are maintained for only short periods of time (ps toμs). In either case, structural information can be obtained from the extreme states by the use of x-ray scattering techniques, but the x-ray beam must be extremely intense in order to obtain sufficient signal from the extremely-small or short-lived sample. In this article I describe the use of x-ray diffraction at synchrotrons and XFELs to investigate how crystal structures evolve as a function of density and temperature. After a brief historical introduction, I describe the developments made at the Synchrotron Radiation Source in the 1990s which enabled the almost routine determination of crystal structure at high pressures, while also revealing that the structural behaviour of materials was much more complex than previously believed. I will then describe how these techniques are used at the current generation of synchrotron and XFEL sources, and then discuss how they might develop further in the future at the next generation of x-ray lightsources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McMahon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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9
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Wu X, Akram MS, Liu FS, Xu QY, Yang K, Li WQ, Li JJ, Ma XJ. Simulation based study of magnetic velocity induction system by using Analysis System Electromagnetics Suite. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:094708. [PMID: 34598504 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic velocity induction system (MAVIS) is commonly used for velocimetry in shock compression experiment. Due to some discrepancies, the variation in induced voltage amplitude is ambiguous, which makes the simulation of this experiment particularly significant. In this work, we have designed a MAVIS, which was used to determine the induced voltage amplitude and flyer velocity. We built a three-dimensional model of MAVIS and performed the simulations using the Analysis System Electromagnetics Suite. Additionally, we performed some experiments and compared the results of both studies on the basis of flyer thickness, radius, and velocity. It was established that the flyer velocity influenced the induced electromotive force (EMF) in the pick-up coils. The increase in flyer radius led to the increase in the induced EMF. The cut-off radius for flyers was also discussed in detail by computing the lowest induced EMFs at discrete flyer velocities and radii. Due to the eddy current loss, experimental data laid slightly lower than simulations. The simulation data have proved its accuracy within the experimental error range. Thus, it can be applied as an economical framework to calculate projectile velocity precisely, regardless of its geometry, and to estimate the trigger level of the oscilloscope before performing the experiments. In order to enhance the quality of induced voltage, we also proposed a new design consisting of three pick-up coils. This redesigned MAVIS contributed significantly in signal narrowing as well as controlled the loss in amplitude peaks that reduced the experimental uncertainty in flyer velocity <0.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Sabeeh Akram
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
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10
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Park GS, Min KS, Kwon H, Yoon S, Park S, Kwon JH, Lee S, Jo J, Kim M, Kim SK. Strain-Induced Modulation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Ultrathin Hexagonal Gold Nanoplates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100653. [PMID: 34338357 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic gold nanoplates (NPLs) have raised the interesting possibility that their reduced geometrical symmetry allows fine tuning of their optical properties associated with the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). Recent developments have greatly improved LSPR tunability by utilizing the spatial distribution of LSPR modes. However, the nanoscale interplay between defect-induced mechanical strain and the spatial variation of LSPR modes remains poorly understood. In this work, the combination of high spatial- and spectral-resolution mapping of LSPR modes and nanoscale strain mapping using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy are applied to investigate the nanoscale distribution of LSPR modes in an ultrathin single hexagonal gold NPL and the effect of defect-induced strains on its LSPR properties. The electron energy-loss spectral maps reveal four distinct LSPR components and intensity distributions of all LSPR modes in a hexagonal gold NPL. Furthermore, the strain maps provide experimental evidence that the tensile strain field induced by a Z-shaped faulted dipole is responsible for the asymmetric distribution of LSPR intensity in a hexagonal gold NPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Su Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Min
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuksang Kwon
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kwon
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Fratanduono DE, Millot M, Braun DG, Ali SJ, Fernandez-Pañella A, Seagle CT, Davis JP, Brown JL, Akahama Y, Kraus RG, Marshall MC, Smith RF, O’Bannon EF, McNaney JM, Eggert JH. Establishing gold and platinum standards to 1 terapascal using shockless compression. Science 2021; 372:1063-1068. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abh0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - D. G. Braun
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - S. J. Ali
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | - C. T. Seagle
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1195, USA
| | - J.-P. Davis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1195, USA
| | - J. L. Brown
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1195, USA
| | - Y. Akahama
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigohri 678-1297, Japan
| | - R. G. Kraus
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - M. C. Marshall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - R. F. Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - E. F. O’Bannon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J. M. McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J. H. Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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12
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Abstract
A recent article by Von Dreele, Clarke & Walsh [J. Appl. Cryst. (2021), 54, https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576720014624] introduces an entirely new paradigm in structure determination, where a complete structural measurement is made in a tenth of a nanosecond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Toby
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, IL 60439, USA
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13
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Smirnov NA. Ab initiocalculations of the phase diagrams of tin and lead under pressures up to a few TPa. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 33:035402. [PMID: 32977319 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abbbc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper studies relative structural stability for various crystal phases of tin and lead from first principles with the full-potential all-electron full-potential all-electron linear muffin-tin orbital method to pressures of a few TPa both at zero temperature and atT> 0. Using data from our calculations we construct phase diagrams for the two metals in the region of very high compressions and obtain their melting curves. For tin at pressures <100 GPa and zero temperature, we did not find the region of stability of the body-centered orthorhombic (bco) phase, as it was earlier observed in experiments by Salamatet al[2013Phys. Rev.B88104104]. Our calculations suggest that one structural transition from the tetragonal to cubic phase, bct → bcc, occurs in perfect Sn crystal atT= 0 K in the pressure range of about 27-32 GPa. But any deviation from perfection may cause an orthorhombic distortion of its tetragonal phase. At pressures above 100 GPa, the bcc → hexagonal close-packed (hcp) transition exists in both metals, and the phase boundary has a domed shape and does not rise in temperature above 2 kK. This behavior of the phase boundary with the increasing temperature is caused by the softer phonon modes of the bcc structure and the smaller contribution of lattice vibrations to the free energy of the crystal compared to the hcp phase. At pressures above 2.5 TPa andT≲ 1 kK, lead can also undergo another structural transition, hcp → fcc, but atT> 1.5 kK there must exist the more energetically preferable bcc → fcc transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Smirnov
- FSUE RFNC-VNIITF named after academ. E I Zababakhin, 456770, Snezhinsk, Russia
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14
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Principi E, Krylow S, Garcia ME, Simoncig A, Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Kurdi G, Gessini A, Bencivenga F, Giglia A, Nannarone S, Masciovecchio C. Atomic and Electronic Structure of Solid-Density Liquid Carbon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:155703. [PMID: 33095640 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.155703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A liquid carbon (l-C) sample is generated through constant volume heating exposing an amorphous carbon foil to an intense ultrashort laser pulse. Time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the C K edge is used to monitor the dynamics of the melting process revealing a subpicosecond rearrangement of the electronic structure associated with a sudden change of the C bonding hybridization. The obtained l-C sample, resulting from a nonthermal melting mechanism, reaches a transient equilibrium condition with a temperature of about 14 200 K and pressure in the order of 0.5 Mbar in about 0.3 ps, prior to hydrodynamic expansion. A detailed analysis of the atomic and electronic structure in solid-density l-C based on time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy and theoretical simulations is presented. The method can be fruitfully used for extending the experimental investigation of the C phase diagram in a vast unexplored region covering the 10^{3}-10^{4} K temperature range with pressures up to 1 Mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - S Krylow
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSAT) Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - M E Garcia
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSAT) Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - A Simoncig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - L Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - R Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - G Kurdi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A Gessini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - F Bencivenga
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
| | - A Giglia
- IOM-CNR, S.S. 14, Km. 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Nannarone
- IOM-CNR, S.S. 14, Km. 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza (TS), Italy
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15
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Blichfeld AB, Bakken K, Chernyshov D, Glaum J, Grande T, Einarsrud MA. Experimental setup for high-temperature in situ studies of crystallization of thin films with atmosphere control. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1209-1217. [PMID: 32876595 PMCID: PMC7467347 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the crystallization process for chemical solution deposition (CSD) processed thin films is key in designing the fabrication strategy for obtaining high-quality devices. Here, an in situ sample environment is presented for studying the crystallization of CSD processed thin films under typical processing parameters using near-grazing-incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Typically, the pyrolysis is performed in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) unit, where high heating rates, high temperatures and atmosphere control are the main control parameters. The presented in situ setup can reach heating rates of 20°C s-1 and sample surface temperatures of 1000°C, comparable with commercial RTP units. Three examples for lead-free ferroelectric thin films are presented to show the potential of the new experimental set-up: high temperature, for crystallization of highly textured Sr0.4Ba0.6Nb2O6 on a SrTiO3 (001) substrate, high heating rate, revealing polycrystalline BaTiO3, and atmosphere control with 25% CO2, for crystallization of BaTiO3. The signal is sufficient to study a single deposited layer (≥10 nm for the crystallized film) which then defines the interface between the substrate and thin film for the following layers. A protocol for processing the data is developed to account for a thermal shift of the entire setup, including the sample, to allow extraction of maximum information from the refinement, e.g. texture. The simplicity of the sample environment allows for the future development of even more advanced measurements during thin-film processing under non-ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bank Blichfeld
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands vei 12, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Kristine Bakken
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands vei 12, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Dmitry Chernyshov
- Swiss–Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Julia Glaum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands vei 12, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Tor Grande
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands vei 12, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Mari-Ann Einarsrud
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands vei 12, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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16
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Investigating off-Hugoniot states using multi-layer ring-up targets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13172. [PMID: 32764631 PMCID: PMC7413406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser compression has long been used as a method to study solids at high pressure. This is commonly achieved by sandwiching a sample between two diamond anvils and using a ramped laser pulse to slowly compress the sample, while keeping it cool enough to stay below the melt curve. We demonstrate a different approach, using a multilayer ‘ring-up’ target whereby laser-ablation pressure compresses Pb up to 150 GPa while keeping it solid, over two times as high in pressure than where it would shock melt on the Hugoniot. We find that the efficiency of this approach compares favourably with the commonly used diamond sandwich technique and could be important for new facilities located at XFELs and synchrotrons which often have higher repetition rate, lower energy lasers which limits the achievable pressures that can be reached.
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17
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Chen X, Li B, Xue T, Li J. Focal construct geometry for high-intensity x-ray diffraction from laser-shocked polycrystalline. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:083908. [PMID: 32872935 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of dynamic experiments, especially those involving laser drive, are employing in situ x-ray diffraction as a probe to interrogate structure evolution between states of matter under extreme pressure and temperature. We present an alternative configuration, focal construct geometry, for in situ x-ray diffraction to measure the structure and evolution of dynamically compressed polycrystalline materials on a laser platform. This configuration makes full use of the isotropically emitted He-α x rays by employing an annular (or semi-annular) collimator rather than a regular pinhole collimator and thus increases the flux of incident x rays reaching the sample as well as the intensity of the diffracted x rays, enabling the detection of a diffraction pattern with less laser energy. Its effectiveness and applicability are validated against the conventional Debye-Scherrer geometry through direct molecular dynamics simulations and x-ray diffraction simulations for two representative shock-induced phase transition events, solid-solid and solid-liquid (or melting). This configuration reproduces all the Debye-Scherrer diffraction profiles in good accuracy and demonstrates superior efficiency in utilizing the isotropic x-ray source and harvesting diffracted x rays while preserving the angular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoHui Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
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18
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Elkin VM, Mikhaylov VN, Ovechkin AA, Smirnov NA. A wide-range multiphase equation of state for platinum. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:435403. [PMID: 32644050 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a semi-empirical wide-range equation of state (EOS) for platinum with account for melting, evaporation, and ionization. The equation is based on a wide spectrum of experimental and calculation data. Parameters for the EOS were adjusted using a genetic algorithm which proved to perform well for optimizations in big data processing. In the regions where no experimental data were available, we used results of first-principles and average-atom model calculations. The EOS was used to calculate the melting curve of platinum to pressures above 1 TPa, sound velocities along the Hugoniot curve, parameters of melting under shock compression, and parameters of the critical point. An improved model is proposed for the shear modulus in (V,T) coordinates and its variation along the shock adiabat is calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Elkin
- FSUE RFNC-VNIITF named after academ. E I Zababakhin, 456770, Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - V N Mikhaylov
- FSUE RFNC-VNIITF named after academ. E I Zababakhin, 456770, Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - A A Ovechkin
- FSUE RFNC-VNIITF named after academ. E I Zababakhin, 456770, Snezhinsk, Russia
| | - N A Smirnov
- FSUE RFNC-VNIITF named after academ. E I Zababakhin, 456770, Snezhinsk, Russia
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19
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Sharma SM, Turneaure SJ, Winey JM, Gupta YM. What Determines the fcc-bcc Structural Transformation in Shock Compressed Noble Metals? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:235701. [PMID: 32603153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.235701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High pressure structural transformations are typically characterized by the thermodynamic state (pressure-volume-temperature) of the material. We present in situ x-ray diffraction measurements on laser-shock compressed silver and platinum to determine the role of deformation-induced lattice defects on high pressure phase transformations in noble metals. Results for shocked Ag show a copious increase in stacking faults (SFs) before transformation to the body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure at 144-158 GPa. In contrast, shock compressed Pt remains largely free of SFs and retains the fcc structure to over 380 GPa. These findings, along with recent results for shock compressed gold, show that SF formation promotes high pressure structural transformations in shocked noble metals that are not observed under static compression. Potential SF-related mechanisms for fcc-bcc transformations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Sharma
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Stefan J Turneaure
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - J M Winey
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Y M Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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20
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Sharma SM, Turneaure SJ, Winey JM, Li Y, Rigg P, Schuman A, Sinclair N, Toyoda Y, Wang X, Weir N, Zhang J, Gupta YM. Structural Transformation and Melting in Gold Shock Compressed to 355 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:045702. [PMID: 31491271 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.045702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gold is believed to retain its ambient crystal structure at very high pressures under static and shock compression, enabling its wide use as a pressure marker. Our in situ x-ray diffraction measurements on shock-compressed gold show that it transforms to the body-centered-cubic (bcc) phase, with an onset pressure between 150 and 176 GPa. A liquid-bcc coexistence was observed between 220 and 302 GPa and complete melting occurs by 355 GPa. Our observation of the lower coordination bcc structure in shocked gold is in marked contrast to theoretical predictions and the reported observation of the hexagonal-close-packed structure under static compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Sharma
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Stefan J Turneaure
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - J M Winey
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Yuelin Li
- Dynamic Compression Sector, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Paulo Rigg
- Dynamic Compression Sector, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Adam Schuman
- Dynamic Compression Sector, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Nicholas Sinclair
- Dynamic Compression Sector, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y Toyoda
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Dynamic Compression Sector, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Nicholas Weir
- Dynamic Compression Sector, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Dynamic Compression Sector, Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y M Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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