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Siegel JL, McGrew WF, Hassan YS, Chen CC, Beloy K, Grogan T, Zhang X, Ludlow AD. Excited-Band Coherent Delocalization for Improved Optical Lattice Clock Performance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:133201. [PMID: 38613284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We implement coherent delocalization as a tool for improving the two primary metrics of atomic clock performance: systematic uncertainty and instability. By decreasing atomic density with coherent delocalization, we suppress cold-collision shifts and two-body losses. Atom loss attributed to Landau-Zener tunneling in the ground lattice band would compromise coherent delocalization at low trap depths for our ^{171}Yb atoms; hence, we implement for the first time delocalization in excited lattice bands. Doing so increases the spatial distribution of atoms trapped in the vertically oriented optical lattice by ∼7 times. At the same time, we observe a reduction of the cold-collision shift by 6.5(8) times, while also making inelastic two-body loss negligible. With these advantages, we measure the trap-light-induced quenching rate and natural lifetime of the ^{3}P_{0} excited state as 5.7(7)×10^{-4} E_{r}^{-1} s^{-1} and 19(2) s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Siegel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - W F McGrew
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Y S Hassan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C-C Chen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - K Beloy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T Grogan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - X Zhang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - A D Ludlow
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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2
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Hutson RB, Milner WR, Yan L, Ye J, Sanner C. Observation of millihertz-level cooperative Lamb shifts in an optical atomic clock. Science 2024; 383:384-387. [PMID: 38271496 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Collective couplings of atomic dipoles to a shared electromagnetic environment produce a wide range of many-body phenomena. We report on the direct observation of resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions in a cubic array of atoms in the many-excitation limit. The interactions produce spatially dependent cooperative Lamb shifts when spectroscopically interrogating the millihertz-wide optical clock transition in strontium-87. We show that the ensemble-averaged shifts can be suppressed below the level of evaluated systematic uncertainties for optical atomic clocks. Additionally, we demonstrate that excitation of the atomic dipoles near a Bragg angle can enhance these effects by nearly an order of magnitude compared with nonresonant geometries. Our work demonstrates a platform for precise studies of the quantum many-body physics of spins with long-range interactions mediated by propagating photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross B Hutson
- JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - William R Milner
- JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lingfeng Yan
- JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Christian Sanner
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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3
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Zhang X, Beloy K, Hassan YS, McGrew WF, Chen CC, Siegel JL, Grogan T, Ludlow AD. Subrecoil Clock-Transition Laser Cooling Enabling Shallow Optical Lattice Clocks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:113202. [PMID: 36154423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.113202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling is a key ingredient for quantum control of atomic systems in a variety of settings. In divalent atoms, two-stage Doppler cooling is typically used to bring atoms to the μK regime. Here, we implement a pulsed radial cooling scheme using the ultranarrow ^{1}S_{0}-^{3}P_{0} clock transition in ytterbium to realize subrecoil temperatures, down to tens of nK. Together with sideband cooling along the one-dimensional lattice axis, we efficiently prepare atoms in shallow lattices at an energy of 6 lattice recoils. Under these conditions key limits on lattice clock accuracy and instability are reduced, opening the door to dramatic improvements. Furthermore, tunneling shifts in the shallow lattice do not compromise clock accuracy at the 10^{-19} level.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - K Beloy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y S Hassan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - W F McGrew
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - C-C Chen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J L Siegel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - T Grogan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - A D Ludlow
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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4
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Differential clock comparisons with a multiplexed optical lattice clock. Nature 2022; 602:425-430. [PMID: 35173344 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress in optical atomic clock performance has advanced the frontiers of timekeeping, metrology and quantum science1-3. Despite considerable efforts, the instabilities of most optical clocks remain limited by the local oscillator rather than the atoms themselves4,5. Here we implement a 'multiplexed' one-dimensional optical lattice clock, in which spatially resolved strontium atom ensembles are trapped in the same optical lattice, interrogated simultaneously by a shared clock laser and read-out in parallel. In synchronous Ramsey interrogations of ensemble pairs we observe atom-atom coherence times of 26 s, a 270-fold improvement over the measured atom-laser coherence time, demonstrate a relative instability of [Formula: see text] (where τ is the averaging time) and reach a relative statistical uncertainty of 8.9 × 10-20 after 3.3 h of averaging. These results demonstrate that applications involving optical clock comparisons need not be limited by the instability of the local oscillator. We further realize a miniaturized clock network consisting of 6 atomic ensembles and 15 simultaneous pairwise comparisons with relative instabilities below [Formula: see text], and prepare spatially resolved, heterogeneous ensemble pairs of all four stable strontium isotopes. These results pave the way for multiplexed precision isotope shift measurements, spatially resolved characterization of limiting clock systematics, the development of clock-based gravitational wave and dark matter detectors6-12 and new tests of relativity in the lab13-16.
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Yin MJ, Lu XT, Li T, Xia JJ, Wang T, Zhang XF, Chang H. Floquet Engineering Hz-Level Rabi Spectra in Shallow Optical Lattice Clock. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:073603. [PMID: 35244448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.073603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum metrology with ultrahigh precision usually requires atoms prepared in an ultrastable environment with well-defined quantum states. Thus, in optical lattice clock systems deep lattice potentials are used to trap ultracold atoms. However, decoherence, induced by Raman scattering and higher order light shifts, can significantly be reduced if atomic clocks are realized in shallow optical lattices. On the other hand, in such lattices, tunneling among different sites can cause additional dephasing and strongly broadening of the Rabi spectrum. Here, in our experiment, we periodically drive a shallow ^{87}Sr optical lattice clock. Counterintuitively, shaking the system can deform the wide broad spectral line into a sharp peak with 5.4 Hz linewidth. With careful comparison between the theory and experiment, we demonstrate that the Rabi frequency and the Bloch bands can be tuned, simultaneously and independently. Our work not only provides a different idea for quantum metrology, such as building shallow optical lattice clock in outer space, but also paves the way for quantum simulation of new phases of matter by engineering exotic spin orbit couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Juan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Physics, and Center of Quantum Materials and Devices, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhang
- Department of Physics, and Center of Quantum Materials and Devices, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Eckner WJ, Young AW, Schine N, Kaufman AM. High-power, fiber-laser-based source for magic-wavelength trapping in neutral-atom optical clocks. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:093001. [PMID: 34598487 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a continuous-wave, 810 nm laser with watt-level powers. Our system is based on difference-frequency generation of 532 and 1550 nm fiber lasers in a single pass through periodically poled lithium niobate. We measure the broadband spectral noise and relative intensity noise to be compatible with off-resonant dipole trapping of ultracold atoms. Given the large bandwidth of the fiber amplifiers, the output can be optimized for a range of wavelengths, including the strontium clock-magic-wavelength of 813 nm. Furthermore, with the exploration of more appropriate nonlinear crystals, we believe that there is a path toward scaling this proof-of-principle design to many watts of power and that this approach could provide a robust, rack-mountable trapping laser for future use in strontium-based optical clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Eckner
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Aaron W Young
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nathan Schine
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Adam M Kaufman
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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7
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Half-minute-scale atomic coherence and high relative stability in a tweezer clock. Nature 2020; 588:408-413. [PMID: 33328666 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of large, low-entropy, highly coherent ensembles of identical quantum systems is fundamental for many studies in quantum metrology1, simulation2 and information3. However, the simultaneous realization of these properties remains a central challenge in quantum science across atomic and condensed-matter systems2,4-7. Here we leverage the favourable properties of tweezer-trapped alkaline-earth (strontium-88) atoms8-10, and introduce a hybrid approach to tailoring optical potentials that balances scalability, high-fidelity state preparation, site-resolved readout and preservation of atomic coherence. With this approach, we achieve trapping and optical-clock excited-state lifetimes exceeding 40 seconds in ensembles of approximately 150 atoms. This leads to half-minute-scale atomic coherence on an optical-clock transition, corresponding to quality factors well in excess of 1016. These coherence times and atom numbers reduce the effect of quantum projection noise to a level that is comparable with that of leading atomic systems, which use optical lattices to interrogate many thousands of atoms in parallel11,12. The result is a relative fractional frequency stability of 5.2(3) × 10-17τ-1/2 (where τ is the averaging time in seconds) for synchronous clock comparisons between sub-ensembles within the tweezer array. When further combined with the microscopic control and readout that are available in this system, these results pave the way towards long-lived engineered entanglement on an optical-clock transition13 in tailored atom arrays.
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8
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Leung KH, Majewska I, Bekker H, Lee CH, Tiberi E, Kondov SS, Moszynski R, Zelevinsky T. Transition Strength Measurements to Guide Magic Wavelength Selection in Optically Trapped Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:153001. [PMID: 33095629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping of molecules with long coherence times is crucial for many protocols in quantum information and metrology. However, the factors that limit the lifetimes of the trapped molecules remain elusive and require improved understanding of the underlying molecular structure. Here we show that measurements of vibronic line strengths in weakly and deeply bound ^{88}Sr_{2} molecules, combined with ab initio calculations, allow for unambiguous identification of vibrational quantum numbers. This, in turn, enables the construction of refined excited potential energy curves, informing the selection of magic wavelengths that facilitate long vibrational coherence. We demonstrate Rabi oscillations between far-separated vibrational states that persist for nearly 100 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Leung
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - I Majewska
- Quantum Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H Bekker
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - C-H Lee
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - E Tiberi
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - S S Kondov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
| | - R Moszynski
- Quantum Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Zelevinsky
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027-5255, USA
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9
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Piñeiro Orioli A, Rey AM. Dark States of Multilevel Fermionic Atoms in Doubly Filled Optical Lattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:223601. [PMID: 31868417 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose to use fermionic atoms with degenerate ground and excited internal levels (F_{g}→F_{e}), loaded into the motional ground state of an optical lattice with two atoms per lattice site, to realize dark states with no radiative decay. The physical mechanism behind the dark states is an interplay of Pauli blocking and multilevel dipolar interactions. The dark states are independent of lattice geometry, can support an extensive number of excitations, and can be coherently prepared using a Raman scheme taking advantage of the quantum Zeno effect. These attributes make them appealing for atomic clocks, quantum memories, and quantum information on decoherence free subspaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piñeiro Orioli
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - A M Rey
- JILA, NIST, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Norcia MA, Young AW, Eckner WJ, Oelker E, Ye J, Kaufman AM. Seconds-scale coherence on an optical clock transition in a tweezer array. Science 2019; 366:93-97. [PMID: 31515245 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Coherent control of high-quality factor optical transitions in atoms has revolutionized precision frequency metrology. Leading optical atomic clocks rely on the interrogation of such transitions in either single ions or ensembles of neutral atoms to stabilize a laser frequency at high precision and accuracy. We demonstrate a platform that combines the key strengths of these two approaches, based on arrays of individual strontium atoms held within optical tweezers. We report coherence times of 3.4 seconds, single-ensemble duty cycles up to 96% through repeated interrogation, and frequency stability of 4.7 × 10-16 (τ/s)-1/2 These results establish optical tweezer arrays as a powerful tool for coherent control of optical transitions for metrology and quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Norcia
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Aaron W Young
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - William J Eckner
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eric Oelker
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Adam M Kaufman
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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