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1
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Chen ZY, Zhu CX, Huang ZS, Li Y, Wang XZ, Liang FT, Jin G, Cai WQ, Liao SK, Peng CZ. A 1.25-GHz multi-amplitude modulator driver in 0.18 μm SiGe BiCOMOS technology for high speed quantum key distribution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:104703. [PMID: 37796097 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) research has yielded highly fruitful results and is currently undergoing an industrialization transformation. In QKD systems, electro-optic modulators are typically employed to prepare the required quantum states. While various QKD systems operating at GHz repetition frequency have demonstrated exceptional performance, they predominantly rely on instruments or printed circuit boards to fulfill the driving circuit function of the electro-optic modulator. Consequently, these systems tend to be complex with low integration levels. To address this challenge, we have introduced a modulator driver integrated circuit in 0.18 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The circuit can generate multiple-level driving signals with a clock frequency of 1.25 GHz and a rising edge of ∼50 ps. Each voltage amplitude can be independently adjusted, ensuring the precise preparation of quantum states. The measured signal-to-noise ratio was more than 17 dB, resulting in a low quantum bit error rate of 0.24% in our polarization-encoding system. This work will contribute to the advancement of QKD system integration and promote the industrialization process in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yuan Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an 710025, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhu
- School of Cyberspace Security, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Huang
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xin-Zhe Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fu-Tian Liang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ge Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Sheng-Kai Liao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Cyberspace Security, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Hu C, Wang W, Chan KS, Yuan Z, Lo HK. Proof-of-Principle Demonstration of Fully Passive Quantum Key Distribution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:110801. [PMID: 37774309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the fundamental laws of physics. However, device imperfections, such as those in active modulators, may introduce side-channel leakage, thus compromising practical security. Attempts to remove active modulation, including passive decoy intensity preparation and polarization encoding, have faced theoretical constraints and inadequate security verification, thus hindering the achievement of a fully passive QKD scheme. Recent research [W. Wang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 220801 (2023).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.130.220801; 2V. Zapatero et al., Quantum Sci. Technol. 8, 025014 (2023).2058-956510.1088/2058-9565/acbc46] has systematically analyzed the security of a fully passive modulation protocol. Based on this, we utilize the gain-switching technique in combination with the postselection scheme and perform a proof-of-principle demonstration of a fully passive quantum key distribution with polarization encoding at channel losses of 7.2 dB, 11.6 dB, and 16.7 dB. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of active-modulation-free QKD in polarization-encoded systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiu Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Sum Chan
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
- Quantum Bridge Technologies, Inc., 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada
| | - Zhenghan Yuan
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-Kwong Lo
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
- Quantum Bridge Technologies, Inc., 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
- Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control (CQIQC), Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada
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3
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Li YH, Li SL, Hu XL, Jiang C, Yu ZW, Li W, Liu WY, Liao SK, Ren JG, Li H, You L, Wang Z, Yin J, Xu F, Zhang Q, Wang XB, Cao Y, Peng CZ, Pan JW. Free-Space and Fiber-Integrated Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution under High Background Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:100802. [PMID: 37739363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI QKD) provides immunity against all attacks targeting measurement devices. It is essential to implement MDI QKD in the future global-scale quantum communication network. Toward this goal, we demonstrate a robust MDI QKD fully covering daytime, overcoming the high background noise that prevents BB84 protocol even when using a perfect single-photon source. Based on this, we establish a hybrid quantum communication network that integrates free-space and fiber channels through Hong-Ou-Mandle (HOM) interference. Additionally, we investigate the feasibility of implementing HOM interference with moving satellites. Our results serve as a significant cornerstone for future integrated space-ground quantum communication networks that incorporate measurement-device-independent security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huai Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Wen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Data Communication Science and Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wei-Yue Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Sheng-Kai Liao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ji-Gang Ren
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixing You
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Feihu Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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4
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Zhang K, Liu J, Ding H, Zhou X, Zhang C, Wang Q. Asymmetric Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution through Advantage Distillation. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1174. [PMID: 37628204 PMCID: PMC10453221 DOI: 10.3390/e25081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) completely closes the security loopholes caused by the imperfection of devices at the detection terminal. Commonly, a symmetric MDI-QKD model is widely used in simulations and experiments. This scenario is far from a real quantum network, where the losses of channels connecting each user are quite different. To adapt such a feature, an asymmetric MDI-QKD model is proposed. How to improve the performance of asymmetric MDI-QKD also becomes an important research direction. In this work, an advantage distillation (AD) method is applied to further improve the performance of asymmetric MDI-QKD without changing the original system structure. Simulation results show that the AD method can improve the secret key rate and transmission distance, especially in the highly asymmetric cases. Therefore, this scheme will greatly promote the development of future MDI-QKD networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Zhang
- Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (K.Z.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- “Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology” Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
- “Telecommunication and Networks” National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (K.Z.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- “Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology” Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
- “Telecommunication and Networks” National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Huajian Ding
- Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (K.Z.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- “Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology” Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
- “Telecommunication and Networks” National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (K.Z.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- “Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology” Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
- “Telecommunication and Networks” National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (K.Z.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- “Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology” Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
- “Telecommunication and Networks” National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (K.Z.); (J.L.); (H.D.); (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- “Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology” Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
- “Telecommunication and Networks” National Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
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5
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Li W, Zhang L, Lu Y, Li ZP, Jiang C, Liu Y, Huang J, Li H, Wang Z, Wang XB, Zhang Q, You L, Xu F, Pan JW. Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution without Phase Locking. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:250802. [PMID: 37418729 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.250802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a promising solution for practical quantum communication over long-haul fiber. However, previous demonstrations on TF-QKD require the phase locking technique to coherently control the twin light fields, inevitably complicating the system with extra fiber channels and peripheral hardware. Here, we propose and demonstrate an approach to recover the single-photon interference pattern and realize TF-QKD without phase locking. Our approach separates the communication time into reference frames and quantum frames, where the reference frames serve as a flexible scheme for establishing the global phase reference. To do so, we develop a tailored algorithm based on fast Fourier transform to efficiently reconcile the phase reference via data postprocessing. We demonstrate no-phase-locking TF-QKD from short to long distances over standard optical fibers. At 50-km standard fiber, we produce a high secret key rate (SKR) of 1.27 Mbit/s, while at 504-km standard fiber, we obtain the repeaterlike key rate scaling with a SKR of 34 times higher than the repeaterless secret key capacity. Our work provides a scalable and practical solution to TF-QKD, thus representing an important step towards its wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Likang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yichen Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Jia Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Hao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Xiang-Bin Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Lixing You
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Feihu Xu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Science and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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6
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Zhao T, Fan X, Dong B, Niu Q, Guo B. A Resource-Adaptive Routing Scheme with Wavelength Conflicts in Quantum Key Distribution Optical Networks. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25050732. [PMID: 37238487 DOI: 10.3390/e25050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has great potential in ensuring data security. Deploying QKD-related devices in existing optical fiber networks is a cost-effective way to practically implement QKD. However, QKD optical networks (QKDON) have a low quantum key generation rate and limited wavelength channels for data transmission. The simultaneous arrival of multiple QKD services may also lead to wavelength conflicts in QKDON. Therefore, we propose a resource-adaptive routing scheme (RAWC) with wavelength conflicts to achieve load balancing and efficient utilization of network resources. Focusing on the impact of link load and resource competition, this scheme dynamically adjusts the link weights and introduces the wavelength conflict degree. Simulation results indicate that the RAWC algorithm is an effective approach to solving the wavelength conflict problem. Compared with the benchmark algorithms, the RAWC algorithm can improve service request success rate (SR) by up to 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bowen Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Quanhao Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Banghong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Tello Castillo A, Donaldson R. Time-division technique for quantum optical receivers utilizing single-photon detector array technology and spatial-multiplexing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:44365-44374. [PMID: 36522862 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) has been gaining popularity in recent years due to its advantages in creating networking options for the quantum internet. One of the main challenges to be addressed in QKD is the achievable secret key rate, which must meet current and future demand. Some of the existing solutions include the use of higher bandwidth electronics, untrusted relay architectures such as Twin-Field QKD, or high dimensional QKD. In this work, we proposed the use of a combination of spatial-multiplexing and time-division techniques, together with the use of 2D single-photon avalanche diode arrays to increase the final throughput. The main challenge in a free-space scenario is the effects introduced by turbulence. This paper demonstrates how appropriate time-division of the spatial-modes can reduce the quantum bit error rate due to optical crosstalk from 36% to 0%. With this technique, we believe the future need for superconducting nanowires single photon detectors, in some free-space QKD applications, can be relaxed, obtaining more cost-effective receiver systems.
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8
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Security of Optical Beam Splitter in Quantum Key Distribution. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9080527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The optical beam splitter is an essential device used for decoding in quantum key distribution. The impact of optical beam splitters on the security of quantum key distribution was studied, and it was found that the realistic device characteristics closely influence the error rate introduced by the wavelength-dependent attack on optical beam splitters. A countermeasure, combining device selection and error rate over-threshold alarms, is proposed to protect against such attacks. Beam splitters made of mirror coatings are recommended, and the variation of splitting ratio should be restricted to lower than 1 dB at 1260–1700 nm. For the partial attack scenario where the eavesdropper attacks only a portion of the quantum signal, a modified secure key rate formula is proposed to eliminate the revealed information of the attacked portion. Numerical results show that the QKD system adopting this countermeasure exhibits good performance with a secure key rate of over 10 kbps at 100 km and a maximum transmission distance of over 150 km, with only a small difference from the no-attack scenario. Additionally, a countermeasure to monitor the light intensity of different wavelengths is proposed to protect against the wavelength-dependent attack on optical beam splitters.
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9
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Experimental Demonstration of an Efficient Mach–Zehnder Modulator Bias Control for Quantum Key Distribution Systems. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11142207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is necessary for implementing a decoy-state protocol in a practical quantum key distribution (QKD) system. However, an MZM bias control method optimized for QKD systems has been missing to date. In this study, we propose an MZM bias control method using N (≥2) diagnostic pulses. The proposed method can be efficiently applied to a QKD system without any additional hardware such as light sources or detectors. Furthermore, it does not reduce the key rate significantly because it uses time slots allocated to existing decoy pulses. We conducted an experimental demonstration of the proposed method in a field-deployed 1 × 3 QKD network and a laboratory test. It is shown that our method can maintain the MZM extinction ratio stably over 20 dB (bit error rate ≤1%), even in an actual network environment for a significant period. Consequently, we achieved successful QKD performances.
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Generation of Decoy Signals Using Optical Amplifiers for a Plug-and-Play Quantum Key Distribution System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In most quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, a decoy-state protocol is implemented for preventing potential quantum attacks and higher mean photon rates. An optical intensity modulator attenuating the signal intensity is used to implement it in a QKD system adopting a one-way architecture. However, in the case of the plug-and-play (or two-way) architecture, there are technical issues, including random polarization of the input signal pulse and long-term stability. In this study, we propose a method for generating decoy pulses through amplification using an optical amplifier. The proposed scheme operates regardless of the input signal polarization. In addition, a circulator was added to adjust the signal intensity when the signal enters the input and exits the QKD transmitter by monitoring the intensity of the output signal pulse. It also helps to defend against Trojan horse attacks. A test setup for the proof-of-principle experiment was implemented and tested, and it was shown that the system operated stably with a quantum bit error rate (QBER) value of less than 5% over 26 h using a quantum channel (QC) of 25 km.
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Quantum secure privacy preserving technique to obtain the intersection of two datasets for contact tracing. JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jiang C, Zhou F, Wang XB. Four-intensity measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution protocol with modified coherent state sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:10684-10693. [PMID: 35473029 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme of double-scanning 4-intensity MDI-QKD protocol with the modified coherent state (MCS) sources. The MCS sources can be characterized by two positive parameters, ξ and c. In all prior works, c was set to be the same for all sources. We show that the source parameter c can be different for the sources in the X basis and those in the Z basis. Numerical results show that removing such a constraint can greatly improve the key rates of the protocol with MCS sources. In the typical experiment conditions, comparing with the key rates of WCS sources, the key rates of MCS sources can be improved by several orders of magnitude, and the secure distance is improved by about 40 km. Our results show that MCS sources have the potential to improve the practicality of the MDI-QKD protocol.
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Li SL, Yong HL, Li YH, Yang KX, Fu HB, Liu H, Liang H, Ren JG, Cao Y, Yin J, Peng CZ, Pan JW. Experimental demonstration of free-space two-photon interference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11684-11692. [PMID: 35473107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum interference plays an essential role in understanding the concepts of quantum physics. Moreover, the interference of photons is indispensable for large-scale quantum information processing. With the development of quantum networks, interference of photons transmitted through long-distance fiber channels has been widely implemented. However, quantum interference of photons using free-space channels is still scarce, mainly due to atmospheric turbulence. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with photons transmitted by free-space channels. Two typical photon sources, i.e., correlated photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process and weak coherent states, are employed. A visibility of 0.744 ± 0.013 is observed by interfering with two photons generated in the SPDC process, exceeding the classical limit of 0.5. Our results demonstrate that the quantum property of photons remains even after transmission through unstable free-space channels, indicating the feasibility and potential application of free-space-based quantum interference in quantum information processing.
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Shi H, Shen G, Qi H, Zhan Q, Pan H, Li Z, Wu G. Noise-tolerant Bessel-beam single-photon imaging in fog. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12061-12068. [PMID: 35473135 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reliable laser imaging is crucial to the autonomous driving. In unfavorable weather condition, however, it always suffers from the acute background noise and signal attenuation due to the harmful strong scattering. We demonstrate a noise-tolerant LiDAR with the help of Bessel beam illumination and single-photon detection. After a 31.5-m propagation in thick fog, the Bessel beam employed by our noise-tolerant LiDAR still owns a central spot with the diameter of 1.86 mm, which supports a receiving field of view as small as 60 µrad and a great suppression of the background noise. This noise-tolerant LiDAR simultaneously performs well both in depth and intensity imaging in unfavorable weather, which can be functioned as a reliable imaging sensor in automatic driving.
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Tello Castillo A, Eso E, Donaldson R. In-lab demonstration of coherent one-way protocol over free space with turbulence simulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11671-11683. [PMID: 35473106 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, free-space quantum key distribution (QKD), a secure key sharing protocol, has risen in popularity due the adaptable nature of free-space networking and the near-term potential to share quantum-secure encryption keys over a global scale. While the literature has primarily focused on polarization based-protocols for free-space transmission, there are benefits to implementing other protocols, particularly when operating at fast clock-rates, such as in the GHz. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a time-bin QKD system, implementing the coherent one-way (COW) at 1 GHz clock frequency, utilizing a free-space channel and receiver. We demonstrate the receiver's robustness to atmospheric turbulence, maintaining an operational visibility of 92%, by utilizing a lab-based turbulence simulator. With a fixed channel loss of 16 dB, discounting turbulence, we obtain secret key rate (SKR) of 6.4 kbps, 3.4 kbps, and 270 bps for three increasing levels of turbulence. Our results highlight that turbulence must be better accounted for in free-space QKD modelling due to the additional induced loss.
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Yu Y, Xu R, Wang L, Mao Q, Zhao S. Prefixed-Threshold Real-Time Selection for Free-Space Sending-or-Not Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24030344. [PMID: 35327855 PMCID: PMC8946920 DOI: 10.3390/e24030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a variant of the twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD), the sending-or-not twin-field quantum key distribution (SNS TF-QKD) is famous for its higher tolerance of misalignment error, in addition to the capacity of surpassing the rate–distance limit. Importantly, the free-space SNS TF-QKD will guarantee the security of the communications between mobile parties. In the paper, we first discuss the influence of atmospheric turbulence (AT) on the channel transmittance characterized by the probability distribution of the transmission coefficient (PDTC). Then, we present a method called prefixed-threshold real-time selection (P-RTS) to mitigate the interference of AT on the free-space SNS TF-QKD. The simulations of the free-space SNS TF-QKD with and without P-RTS are both given for comparison. The results showed that it is possible to share the secure key by using the free-space SNS TF-QKD. Simultaneously, the P-RTS method can make the free-space SNS TF-QKD achieve better and more stable performance at a short distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Institute of Signal Processing Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210003, China; (Y.Y.); (R.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Rui Xu
- Institute of Signal Processing Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210003, China; (Y.Y.); (R.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Le Wang
- Institute of Signal Processing Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210003, China; (Y.Y.); (R.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Qianping Mao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- Key Laboratory of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Shengmei Zhao
- Institute of Signal Processing Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210003, China; (Y.Y.); (R.X.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210003, China
- Correspondence:
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Ding HJ, Zhou XY, Zhang CH, Li J, Wang Q. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with insecure sources. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:665-668. [PMID: 35103698 DOI: 10.1364/ol.447234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can remove all detection side channels but still makes additional assumptions on sources that can be compromised through uncharacterized side channels in practice. Here, we combine a recently proposed reference technique to prove the security of MDI-QKD against possible source imperfections and/or side channels. This requires some reference states and an upper bound on the parameter that describes the quality of the sources. With this formalism we investigate the asymptotic performance of single-photon sources, and the results show that the side channels have a great impact on the key rates.
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Han L, Li Y, Xu P, Tao X, Luo W, Cai W, Liao S, Peng C. Integrated Fabry-Perot filter with wideband noise suppression for satellite-based daytime quantum key distribution. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:812-817. [PMID: 35200788 DOI: 10.1364/ao.447785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectral filtering is essential in daytime quantum key distribution (QKD), which can suppress the strong background noise caused by scattered solar irradiation. An integrated Fabry-Perot filter is implemented based on a scheme that combines a Fabry-Perot etalon and a dense-wavelength-division-multiplex filter for narrow linewidth filtering and broad-spectrum noise suppression, respectively. This filter is integrated into a butterfly package with single-mode fibers for optical input and output, thereby enhancing high robustness and ease of use. The measurement results show that the filter has a linewidth of 25.6 pm, a noise suppression of over 44.7 dB ranging between 1380-1760 nm, an optical efficiency of 74.5% with variation less than 0.9% in 120 min, and a polarization fidelity after compensation exceeding 99.9%. The ability of fine-tuning the central wavelength with 9.5 pm/°C makes it very suitable for satellite-based applications under the Doppler effect. Further analysis is also given to demonstrate the prospects of applying this filter in future satellite-based daytime QKD applications.
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Mao HK, Qiao YC, Li Q. High-Efficient Syndrome-Based LDPC Reconciliation for Quantum Key Distribution. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23111440. [PMID: 34828138 PMCID: PMC8620885 DOI: 10.3390/e23111440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising technique to share unconditionally secure keys between remote parties. As an essential part of a practical QKD system, reconciliation is responsible for correcting the errors due to the quantum channel noise by exchanging information through a public classical channel. In the present work, we propose a novel syndrome-based low-density parity-check (LDPC) reconciliation protocol to reduce the information leakage of reconciliation by fully utilizing the syndrome information that was previously wasted. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our protocol can evidently reduce the information leakage as well as the number of communication rounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Kun Mao
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Yu-Cheng Qiao
- Guangxi Key Lab Cryptography & Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China;
- Correspondence:
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Free Space Measurement Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution with Modulating Retro-Reflectors under Correlated Turbulent Channel. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23101299. [PMID: 34682023 PMCID: PMC8534969 DOI: 10.3390/e23101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modulating retro-reflector (MRR), originally introduced to support laser communication, relieves most of the weight, power, and pointing requirements to the ground station. In this paper, a plug-and-play measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) scheme with MRR is proposed not only to eliminate detector side channels and allow an untrusted satellite relay between two users, but also to simplify the requirements set-ups in practical flexible moving scenarios. The plug-and-play architecture compensates for the polarization drift during the transmission to provide superior performance in implementing the MDI-QKD on a free-space channel, and the MRR device is adopted to relax the requirements on both communication terminals. A double-pass correlated turbulent channel model is presented to investigate the complex and unstable channel characteristics caused by the atmospheric turbulence. Furthermore, the security of the modified MDI-QKD scheme is analyzed under some classical attacks and the simulation results indicate the feasibility under the situation that the system performance deteriorates with the increase of fading correlation coefficient and the turbulence intensity, which provides a meaningful step towards an MDI-QKD based on the moving platforms to join a dynamic quantum network with untrusted relays.
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Sun XQ, Zhang WJ, Zhang CJ, You LX, Xu GZ, Huang J, Zhou H, Li H, Wang Z, Xie XM. Polarization resolving and imaging with a single-photon sensitive superconducting nanowire array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:11021-11036. [PMID: 33820223 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have attracted remarkable interest for visible and near-infrared single-photon detection due to their outstanding performance. However, conventional SNSPDs are generally used as binary photon-counting detectors. Another important characteristic of light, i.e., polarization, which can provide additional information of the object, has not been resolved using the standalone SNSPD. In this work, we present a first prototype of the polarimeter based on a four-pixel superconducting nanowire array, capable of resolving the polarization state of linearly-polarized light at the single-photon level. The detector array design is based on a division of focal plane configuration in which the orientation of each nanowire division (pixel) is offset by 45°. Each single nanowire pixel operates as a combination of a photon detector and almost linear polarization filter, with an average polarization extinction ratio of ∼10. The total system detection efficiency of the array is ∼1% at a total dark count rate of 680 cps, with a timing jitter of 126 ps, when the detector array is free-space coupled and illuminated with 1550-nm photons. The mean errors of the measured angle of polarization and degree of linear polarization were about -3° and 0.12, respectively. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated polarization imaging at low-light level using the proposed detector. Our results pave the way for the development of a single-photon sensitive, fast, and large-scale integrated polarization polarimeter or imager. Such detector may find promising application in photon-starved polarization resolving and imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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