1
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Stewart R, Canaj AB, Liu S, Regincós Martí E, Celmina A, Nichol G, Cheng HP, Murrie M, Hill S. Engineering Clock Transitions in Molecular Lanthanide Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11083-11094. [PMID: 38619978 PMCID: PMC11046435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Molecular lanthanide (Ln) complexes are promising candidates for the development of next-generation quantum technologies. High-symmetry structures incorporating integer spin Ln ions can give rise to well-isolated crystal field quasi-doublet ground states, i.e., quantum two-level systems that may serve as the basis for magnetic qubits. Recent work has shown that symmetry lowering of the coordination environment around the Ln ion can produce an avoided crossing or clock transition within the ground doublet, leading to significantly enhanced coherence. Here, we employ single-crystal high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-level ab initio calculations to carry out a detailed investigation of the nine-coordinate complexes, [HoIIIL1L2], where L1 = 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododecane and L2 = F- (1) or [MeCN]0 (2). The pseudo-4-fold symmetry imposed by the neutral organic ligand scaffold (L1) and the apical anionic fluoride ion generates a strong axial anisotropy with an mJ = ±8 ground-state quasi-doublet in 1, where mJ denotes the projection of the J = 8 spin-orbital moment onto the ∼C4 axis. Meanwhile, off-diagonal crystal field interactions give rise to a giant 116.4 ± 1.0 GHz clock transition within this doublet. We then demonstrate targeted crystal field engineering of the clock transition by replacing F- with neutral MeCN (2), resulting in an increase in the clock transition frequency by a factor of 2.2. The experimental results are in broad agreement with quantum chemical calculations. This tunability is highly desirable because decoherence caused by second-order sensitivity to magnetic noise scales inversely with the clock transition frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stewart
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Angelos B. Canaj
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department
of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emma Regincós Martí
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Anna Celmina
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Gary Nichol
- EastCHEM
School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Hai-Ping Cheng
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department
of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark Murrie
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Stephen Hill
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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2
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Yuan X, Regula B, Takagi R, Gu M. Virtual Quantum Resource Distillation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:050203. [PMID: 38364147 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Distillation, or purification, is central to the practical use of quantum resources in noisy settings often encountered in quantum communication and computation. Conventionally, distillation requires using some restricted "free" operations to convert a noisy state into one that approximates a desired pure state. Here, we propose to relax this setting by only requiring the approximation of the measurement statistics of a target pure state, which allows for additional classical postprocessing of the measurement outcomes. We show that this extended scenario, which we call "virtual resource distillation," provides considerable advantages over standard notions of distillation, allowing for the purification of noisy states from which no resources can be distilled conventionally. We show that general states can be virtually distilled with a cost (measurement overhead) that is inversely proportional to the amount of existing resource, and we develop methods to efficiently estimate such cost via convex and semidefinite programming, giving several computable bounds. We consider applications to coherence, entanglement, and magic distillation, and an explicit example in quantum teleportation (distributed quantum computing). This work opens a new avenue for investigating generalized ways to manipulate quantum resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bartosz Regula
- Mathematical Quantum Information RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) and RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryuji Takagi
- Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Nanyang Quantum Hub, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Mile Gu
- Nanyang Quantum Hub, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543, Singapore
- CNRS-UNS-NUS-NTU International Joint Research Unit, UMI 3654, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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3
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Pal S, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Quantum Computing in the Next-Generation Computational Biology Landscape: From Protein Folding to Molecular Dynamics. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:163-178. [PMID: 37244882 PMCID: PMC10224669 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Modern biological science is trying to solve the fundamental complex problems of molecular biology, which include protein folding, drug discovery, simulation of macromolecular structure, genome assembly, and many more. Currently, quantum computing (QC), a rapidly emerging technology exploiting quantum mechanical phenomena, has developed to address current significant physical, chemical, biological issues, and complex questions. The present review discusses quantum computing technology and its status in solving molecular biology problems, especially in the next-generation computational biology scenario. First, the article explained the basic concept of quantum computing, the functioning of quantum systems where information is stored as qubits, and data storage capacity using quantum gates. Second, the review discussed quantum computing components, such as quantum hardware, quantum processors, and quantum annealing. At the same time, article also discussed quantum algorithms, such as the grover search algorithm and discrete and factorization algorithms. Furthermore, the article discussed the different applications of quantum computing to understand the next-generation biological problems, such as simulation and modeling of biological macromolecules, computational biology problems, data analysis in bioinformatics, protein folding, molecular biology problems, modeling of gene regulatory networks, drug discovery and development, mechano-biology, and RNA folding. Finally, the article represented different probable prospects of quantum computing in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Pal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, Odisha, 756020, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
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4
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Mazzola G. Quantum computing for chemistry and physics applications from a Monte Carlo perspective. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:010901. [PMID: 38165101 DOI: 10.1063/5.0173591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This Perspective focuses on the several overlaps between quantum algorithms and Monte Carlo methods in the domains of physics and chemistry. We will analyze the challenges and possibilities of integrating established quantum Monte Carlo solutions into quantum algorithms. These include refined energy estimators, parameter optimization, real and imaginary-time dynamics, and variational circuits. Conversely, we will review new ideas for utilizing quantum hardware to accelerate the sampling in statistical classical models, with applications in physics, chemistry, optimization, and machine learning. This review aims to be accessible to both communities and intends to foster further algorithmic developments at the intersection of quantum computing and Monte Carlo methods. Most of the works discussed in this Perspective have emerged within the last two years, indicating a rapidly growing interest in this promising area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Mazzola
- Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Gupta RS, Sundaresan N, Alexander T, Wood CJ, Merkel ST, Healy MB, Hillenbrand M, Jochym-O'Connor T, Wootton JR, Yoder TJ, Cross AW, Takita M, Brown BJ. Encoding a magic state with beyond break-even fidelity. Nature 2024; 625:259-263. [PMID: 38200302 PMCID: PMC10781628 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To run large-scale algorithms on a quantum computer, error-correcting codes must be able to perform a fundamental set of operations, called logic gates, while isolating the encoded information from noise1-8. We can complete a universal set of logic gates by producing special resources called magic states9-11. It is therefore important to produce high-fidelity magic states to conduct algorithms while introducing a minimal amount of noise to the computation. Here we propose and implement a scheme to prepare a magic state on a superconducting qubit array using error correction. We find that our scheme produces better magic states than those that can be prepared using the individual qubits of the device. This demonstrates a fundamental principle of fault-tolerant quantum computing12, namely, that we can use error correction to improve the quality of logic gates with noisy qubits. Moreover, we show that the yield of magic states can be increased using adaptive circuits, in which the circuit elements are changed depending on the outcome of mid-circuit measurements. This demonstrates an essential capability needed for many error-correction subroutines. We believe that our prototype will be invaluable in the future as it can reduce the number of physical qubits needed to produce high-fidelity magic states in large-scale quantum-computing architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi S Gupta
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
- IBM Quantum, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Alexander
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | | | - Seth T Merkel
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Michael B Healy
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | | | - Tomas Jochym-O'Connor
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
- IBM Quantum, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | | | - Theodore J Yoder
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Andrew W Cross
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Maika Takita
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin J Brown
- IBM Quantum, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA.
- IBM Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark.
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6
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Lee G, Hann CT, Puri S, Girvin SM, Jiang L. Error Suppression for Arbitrary-Size Black Box Quantum Operations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:190601. [PMID: 38000438 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.190601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient suppression of errors without full error correction is crucial for applications with noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Error mitigation allows us to suppress errors in extracting expectation values without the need for any error correction code, but its applications are limited to estimating expectation values, and cannot provide us with high-fidelity quantum operations acting on arbitrary quantum states. To address this challenge, we propose to use error filtration (EF) for gate-based quantum computation, as a practical error suppression scheme without resorting to full quantum error correction. The result is a general-purpose error suppression protocol where the resources required to suppress errors scale independently of the size of the quantum operation, and does not require any logical encoding of the operation. The protocol provides error suppression whenever an error hierarchy is respected-that is, when the ancillary controlled-swap operations are less noisy than the operation to be corrected. We further analyze the application of EF to quantum random access memory, where EF offers hardware-efficient error suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Lee
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Connor T Hann
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- IQIM, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Shruti Puri
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S M Girvin
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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7
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Sundaresan N, Yoder TJ, Kim Y, Li M, Chen EH, Harper G, Thorbeck T, Cross AW, Córcoles AD, Takita M. Demonstrating multi-round subsystem quantum error correction using matching and maximum likelihood decoders. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2852. [PMID: 37202409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum error correction offers a promising path for performing high fidelity quantum computations. Although fully fault-tolerant executions of algorithms remain unrealized, recent improvements in control electronics and quantum hardware enable increasingly advanced demonstrations of the necessary operations for error correction. Here, we perform quantum error correction on superconducting qubits connected in a heavy-hexagon lattice. We encode a logical qubit with distance three and perform several rounds of fault-tolerant syndrome measurements that allow for the correction of any single fault in the circuitry. Using real-time feedback, we reset syndrome and flag qubits conditionally after each syndrome extraction cycle. We report decoder dependent logical error, with average logical error per syndrome measurement in Z(X)-basis of ~0.040 (~0.088) and ~0.037 (~0.087) for matching and maximum likelihood decoders, respectively, on leakage post-selected data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neereja Sundaresan
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA.
| | - Theodore J Yoder
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA.
| | - Youngseok Kim
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Muyuan Li
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Edward H Chen
- IBM Quantum, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
| | - Grace Harper
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Ted Thorbeck
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Andrew W Cross
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Antonio D Córcoles
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Maika Takita
- IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
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8
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Lolur P, Skogh M, Dobrautz W, Warren C, Biznárová J, Osman A, Tancredi G, Wendin G, Bylander J, Rahm M. Reference-State Error Mitigation: A Strategy for High Accuracy Quantum Computation of Chemistry. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:783-789. [PMID: 36705548 PMCID: PMC9933421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Decoherence and gate errors severely limit the capabilities of state-of-the-art quantum computers. This work introduces a strategy for reference-state error mitigation (REM) of quantum chemistry that can be straightforwardly implemented on current and near-term devices. REM can be applied alongside existing mitigation procedures, while requiring minimal postprocessing and only one or no additional measurements. The approach is agnostic to the underlying quantum mechanical ansatz and is designed for the variational quantum eigensolver. Up to two orders-of-magnitude improvement in the computational accuracy of ground state energies of small molecules (H2, HeH+, and LiH) is demonstrated on superconducting quantum hardware. Simulations of noisy circuits with a depth exceeding 1000 two-qubit gates are used to demonstrate the scalability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phalgun Lolur
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mårten Skogh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden,Data
Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Werner Dobrautz
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Warren
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janka Biznárová
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amr Osman
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Tancredi
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Wendin
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bylander
- Department
of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden,
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9
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Yoshioka N, Hakoshima H, Matsuzaki Y, Tokunaga Y, Suzuki Y, Endo S. Generalized Quantum Subspace Expansion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:020502. [PMID: 35867434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges for erroneous quantum computers is undoubtedly the control over the effect of noise. Considering the rapid growth of available quantum resources that are not fully fault tolerant, it is crucial to develop practical hardware-friendly quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques to suppress unwanted errors. Here, we propose a novel generalized quantum subspace expansion method which can handle stochastic, coherent, and algorithmic errors in quantum computers. By fully exploiting the substantially extended subspace, we can efficiently mitigate the noise present in the spectra of a given Hamiltonian, without relying on any information of noise. The performance of our method is discussed under two highly practical setups: the quantum subspaces are mainly spanned by powers of the noisy state ρ^{m} and a set of error-boosted states, respectively. We numerically demonstrate in both situations that we can suppress errors by orders of magnitude, and show that our protocol inherits the advantages of previous error-agnostic QEM techniques as well as overcoming their drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hakoshima
- Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Emerging Computing Technologies, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
- NEC-AIST Quantum Technology Cooperative Research Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yuuki Tokunaga
- NTT Computer and Data Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Musashino 180-8585, Japan
| | - Yasunari Suzuki
- NTT Computer and Data Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Musashino 180-8585, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Suguru Endo
- NTT Computer and Data Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Musashino 180-8585, Japan
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10
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Lostaglio M, Ciani A. Error Mitigation and Quantum-Assisted Simulation in the Error Corrected Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:200506. [PMID: 34860056 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A standard approach to quantum computing is based on the idea of promoting a classically simulable and fault-tolerant set of operations to a universal set by the addition of "magic" quantum states. In this context, we develop a general framework to discuss the value of the available, nonideal magic resources, relative to those ideally required. We single out a quantity, the quantum-assisted robustness of magic (QROM), which measures the overhead of simulating the ideal resource with the nonideal ones through quasiprobability-based methods. This extends error mitigation techniques, originally developed for noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, to the case where qubits are logically encoded. The QROM shows how the addition of noisy magic resources allows one to boost classical quasiprobability simulations of a quantum circuit and enables the construction of explicit protocols, interpolating between classical simulation and an ideal quantum computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lostaglio
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics and QuSoft, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Ciani
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- JARA Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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