Spin Quantum Heat Engine Quantified by Quantum Steering

Operational Work Fluctuation Theorem for Open Quantum Systems

The classical Jarzynski equality establishes an exact relation between the stochastic work performed on a system driven out of thermal equilibrium and the free energy difference in a corresponding quasistatic process. This fluctuation theorem bears experimental relevance, as it enables the determination of the free energy difference through the measurement of externally applied work in a nonequilibrium process. In the quantum case, the Jarzynski equality only holds if the measurement procedure of the stochastic work is drastically changed: it is replaced by a so-called two-point measurement scheme that requires the knowledge of the initial and final Hamiltonian and therefore lacks the predictive power for the free energy difference that the classical Jarzynski equation is known for. Here, we propose a quantum fluctuation theorem that is valid for externally measurable quantum work determined during the driving protocol. In contrast to the two-point measurement case, the theorem also applies to open quantum systems and the scenario can be realized without knowing the system Hamiltonian. Our fluctuation theorem comes in the form of an inequality and therefore only yields bounds to the true free energy difference. The inequality is saturated in the quasiclassical case of vanishing energy coherences at the beginning and at the end of the protocol. Thus, there is a clear quantum disadvantage.

Thermodynamic Approach to Quantifying Incompatible Instruments

We consider a thermodynamic framework to quantify instrument incompatibility via a resource theory subject to thermodynamic constraints. We use the minimal thermalization time needed to erase incompatibility's signature to measure incompatibility. Unexpectedly, this time value is equivalent to incompatibility advantage in a work extraction task. Hence, both thermalization time and extractable work can directly quantify instrument incompatibility. Finally, we show that incompatibility signatures must vanish in non-Markovian thermalization.

Experimental Validation of Enhanced Information Capacity by Quantum Switch in Accordance with Thermodynamic Laws

We experimentally probe the interplay of the quantum switch with the laws of thermodynamics. The quantum switch places two channels in a superposition of orders and may be applied to thermalizing channels. Quantum-switching thermal channels has been shown to give apparent violations of the second law. Central to these apparent violations is how quantum switching channels can increase the capacity to communicate information. We experimentally show this increase and how it is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics, demonstrating how thermodynamic resources are consumed. We use a nuclear magnetic resonance approach with coherently controlled interactions of nuclear spin qubits. We verify an analytical upper bound on the increase in capacity for channels that preserve energy and thermal states, and demonstrate that the bound can be exceeded for an energy-altering channel. We show that the switch can be used to take a thermal state to a state that is not thermal, while consuming free energy associated with the coherence of a control system. The results show how the switch can be incorporated into quantum thermodynamics experiments as an additional resource.

Experimental Realization of Self-Contained Quantum Refrigeration

A fundamental challenge in quantum thermodynamics is the exploration of inherent dimensional constraints in thermodynamic machines. In the context of two-level systems, the most compact refrigerator necessitates the involvement of three entities, operating under self-contained conditions that preclude the use of external work sources. Here, we build such a smallest refrigerator using a nuclear spin system, where three distinct two-level carbon-13 nuclei in the same molecule are involved to facilitate the refrigeration process. The self-contained feature enables it to operate without relying on net external work, and the unique mechanism sets this refrigerator apart from its classical counterparts. We evaluate its performance under varying conditions and systematically scrutinize the cooling constraints across a spectrum of scenarios, which sheds light on the interplay between quantum information and thermodynamics.

Computational Issues of Quantum Heat Engines with Non-Harmonic Working Medium

In this work, we lay the foundations for computing the behavior of a quantum heat engine whose working medium consists of an ensemble of non-harmonic quantum oscillators. In order to enable this analysis, we develop a method based on the Schrödinger picture. We investigate different possible choices on the basis of expanding the density operator, as it is crucial to select a basis that will expedite the numerical integration of the time-evolution equation without compromising the accuracy of the computed results. For this purpose, we developed an estimation technique that allows us to quantify the error that is unavoidably introduced when time-evolving the density matrix expansion over a finite-dimensional basis. Using this and other ways of evaluating a specific choice of basis, we arrive at the conclusion that the basis of eigenstates of a harmonic Hamiltonian leads to the best computational performance. Additionally, we present a method to quantify and reduce the error that is introduced when extracting relevant physical information about the ensemble of oscillators. The techniques presented here are specific to quantum heat cycles; the coexistence within a cycle of time-dependent Hamiltonian and coupling with a thermal reservoir are particularly complex to handle for the non-harmonic case. The present investigation is paving the way for numerical analysis of non-harmonic quantum heat machines.

Quantum Carnot thermal machines reexamined: Definition of efficiency and the effects of strong coupling

Whether the strong coupling to thermal baths can improve the performance of quantum thermal machines remains an open issue under active debate. Here we revisit quantum thermal machines operating with the quasistatic Carnot cycle and aim to unveil the role of strong coupling in maximum efficiency. Our analysis builds upon definitions of excess work and heat derived from an exact formulation of the first law of thermodynamics for the working substance, which captures the non-Gibbsian thermal equilibrium state that emerges at strong couplings during quasistatic isothermal processes. These excess definitions differ from conventional ones by an energetic cost for maintaining the non-Gibbsian characteristics. With this distinction, we point out that one can introduce two different yet thermodynamically allowed definitions for efficiency of both the heat engine and refrigerator modes. We dub them excess and hybrid definitions, which differ in the way of defining the gain for the thermal machines at strong couplings by either just analyzing the energetics of the working substance or instead evaluating the performance from an external system upon which the thermal machine acts, respectively. We analytically demonstrate that the excess definition predicts that the Carnot limit remains the upper bound for both operation modes at strong couplings, whereas the hybrid one reveals that strong coupling can suppress the maximum efficiency rendering the Carnot limit unattainable. These seemingly incompatible predictions thus indicate that it is imperative to first gauge the definition for efficiency before elucidating the exact role of strong coupling, thereby shedding light on the ongoing investigation on strong-coupling quantum thermal machines.

Dynamics of a strongly coupled quantum heat engine-Computing bath observables from the hierarchy of pure states

We present a fully quantum dynamical treatment of a quantum heat engine and its baths based on the Hierarchy of Pure States (HOPS), an exact and general method for open quantum system dynamics. We show how the change of the bath energy and the interaction energy can be determined within HOPS for arbitrary coupling strength and smooth time dependence of the modulation protocol. The dynamics of all energetic contributions during the operation can be carefully examined both in its initial transient phase and, also later, in its periodic steady state. A quantum Otto engine with a qubit as an inherently nonlinear work medium is studied in a regime where the energy associated with the interaction Hamiltonian plays an important role for the global energy balance and, thus, must not be neglected when calculating its power and efficiency. We confirm that the work required to drive the coupling with the baths sensitively depends on the speed of the modulation protocol. Remarkably, departing from the conventional scheme of well-separated phases by allowing for temporal overlap, we discover that one can even gain energy from the modulation of bath interactions. We visualize these various work contributions using the analog of state change diagrams of thermodynamic cycles. We offer a concise, full presentation of HOPS with its extension to bath observables, as it serves as a universal tool for the numerically exact description of general quantum dynamical (thermodynamic) scenarios far from the weak-coupling limit.

Enhanced Efficiency at Maximum Power in a Fock-Darwin Model Quantum Dot Engine

We study the performance of an endoreversible magnetic Otto cycle with a working substance composed of a single quantum dot described using the well-known Fock-Darwin model. We find that tuning the intensity of the parabolic trap (geometrical confinement) impacts the proposed cycle's performance, quantified by the power, work, efficiency, and parameter region where the cycle operates as an engine. We demonstrate that a parameter region exists where the efficiency at maximum output power exceeds the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency, the efficiency at maximum power achieved by a classical working substance.

Quantum Advantage in a Molecular Spintronic Engine that Harvests Thermal Fluctuation Energy

Recent theory and experiments have showcased how to harness quantum mechanics to assemble heat/information engines with efficiencies that surpass the classical Carnot limit. So far, this has required atomic engines that are driven by cumbersome external electromagnetic sources. Here, using molecular spintronics, an implementation that is both electronic and autonomous is proposed. The spintronic quantum engine heuristically deploys several known quantum assets by having a chain of spin qubits formed by the paramagnetic Co center of phthalocyanine (Pc) molecules electronically interact with electron-spin-selecting Fe/C₆₀ interfaces. Density functional calculations reveal that transport fluctuations across the interface can stabilize spin coherence on the Co paramagnetic centers, which host spin flip processes. Across vertical molecular nanodevices, enduring dc current generation, output power above room temperature, two quantum thermodynamical signatures of the engine's processes, and a record 89% spin polarization of current across the Fe/C₆₀ interface are measured. It is crucially this electron spin selection that forces, through demonic feedback and control, charge current to flow against the built-in potential barrier. Further research into spintronic quantum engines, insight into the quantum information processes within spintronic technologies, and retooling the spintronic-based information technology chain, can help accelerate the transition to clean energy.

Optimal linear cyclic quantum heat engines cannot benefit from strong coupling

Uncovering whether strong system-bath coupling can be an advantageous operation resource for energy conversion can facilitate the development of efficient quantum heat engines (QHEs). Yet, a consensus on this ongoing debate is still lacking owing to challenges arising from treating strong couplings. Here, we conclude the debate for optimal linear cyclic QHEs operated under a small temperature difference by revealing the detrimental role of strong system-bath coupling in their optimal operations. We analytically demonstrate that both the efficiency at maximum power and maximum efficiency of strong-coupling linear cyclic QHEs are upper bounded by their weak-coupling counterparts with the same degree of time-reversal symmetry breaking. Under strong time-reversal symmetry breaking, we further reveal a quadratic suppression of the optimal efficiencies relative to the Carnot limit when away from the weak-coupling regime, along with a quadratic enhancement of the mean entropy production rate.

Preparation of quantum correlations assisted by a steering Maxwell demon

A Maxwell demon can reduce the entropy of a quantum system by performing measurements on its environment. The nonsignaling theorem prevents the demon from affecting the average state of the system. We study the preparations of quantum correlations from a system qubit and an auxiliary qubit, assisted by a demon who obtains information of the system qubit from measurements on its environment. The demon can affect the postmeasured states of system by choosing different measurements, which establishes the relationships between quantum steering and other correlations in the thermodynamic framework. We present the optimal protocols for creating mutual information, entanglement, and Bell-nonlocality. These maximal correlations are found to relate exactly to the steerable boundary of the system-environment state with maximally mixed marginals. We also present upper bounds of the prepared correlations by utilizing classical environment-system correlation, which can be regarded as steering-type inequalities bounding the correlations created with the aid of classical demons.