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Hung NQ, Dang ND, Moretto LG. Pairing in excited nuclei: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:056301. [PMID: 30736024 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab05ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present review summarizes the recent studies on the thermodynamic properties of pairing in many-body systems including superconductors, metallic nanosized clusters and/or grains, solid-state materials, focusing on the excited nuclei, that is nuclei at finite temperature and/or angular momentum formed via heavy-ion fusion, [Formula: see text]-induced fusion reactions, or inelastic scattering of light particles on heavy targets. Because of the finiteness of the systems, several interesting effects of pairing such as nonvanishing pairing gap, smoothing of superfluid-normal phase transition, first and second order phase transitions, pairing reentrance, etc, will be discussed in detail. Influences of exact and approximate thermal pairing on some nuclear properties such as temperature-dependent width of the giant dipole resonance, total level density, and radiative strength function of the [Formula: see text]-rays emission will be also analyzed. Finally, the first experimental evidence of the pairing reentrance phenomenon in a 104Pd nucleus as well as its solid-state counterpart of ferromagnets under strong magnetic field will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Quang Hung
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh city 700000, Vietnam
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2
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Litvinova E, Wibowo H. Finite-Temperature Relativistic Nuclear Field Theory: An Application to the Dipole Response. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:082501. [PMID: 30192567 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.082501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear response theory beyond the one-loop approximation is formulated for the case of finite temperature. For this purpose, the time blocking approximation to the time-dependent part of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon interaction amplitude is adopted for the thermal (imaginary-time) Green's function formalism. We found that introducing a soft blocking, instead of a sharp blocking at zero temperature, brings the Bethe-Salpeter equation to a single-frequency variable equation also at finite temperatures. The method is implemented self-consistently in the framework of quantum hadrodynamics and designed to connect the high-energy scale of heavy mesons and the low-energy domain of nuclear medium polarization effects in a parameter-free way. In this framework, we investigate the temperature dependence of dipole spectra in the even-even nuclei ^{48}Ca and ^{100,120,132}Sn with a special focus on the giant dipole resonance's width problem and on the low-energy dipole strength distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Litvinova
- Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
- National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Herlik Wibowo
- Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
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Wieland O, Bracco A, Camera F, Benzoni G, Blasi N, Brambilla S, Crespi F, Giussani A, Leoni S, Mason P, Million B, Moroni A, Barlini S, Kravchuk VL, Gramegna F, Lanchais A, Mastinu P, Maj A, Brekiesz M, Kmiecik M, Bruno M, Geraci E, Vannini G, Casini G, Chiari M, Nannini A, Ordine A, Ormand E. Giant dipole resonance in the hot and thermalized 132Ce nucleus: damping of collective modes at finite temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:012501. [PMID: 16907369 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The gamma decay of the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in the 132Ce compound nucleus with temperature up to approximately 4 MeV has been measured, using the reaction 64Ni + 68Zn at E(beam) = 300, 400, and 500 MeV. The gamma and charged particles measured in coincidence with recoils are consistent with a fully equilibrated compound nucleus emission. The GDR width, obtained with the statistical model analysis, is found to increase almost linearly with temperature. This increase is rather well reproduced within a model including thermal shape fluctuations and the lifetime of the compound nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wieland
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Milano and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Kusnezov D, Ormand WE. Giant-dipole resonance and the deformation of hot, rotating nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:042501. [PMID: 12570412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.042501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of nuclear shapes under the extreme conditions of high angular momentum and/or temperature is examined. Scaling properties are used to demonstrate universal properties of both thermal expectation values of nuclear shapes as well as the minima of the free energy, which can be used to understand the Jacobi transition. A universal correlation between the width of the giant-dipole resonance and quadrupole deformation is found, providing a novel probe to measure the nuclear deformation in hot nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Kusnezov
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8120, USA
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Simenel C, Chomaz P, de France G. Quantum calculation of the dipole excitation in fusion reactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:2971-2974. [PMID: 11290085 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The excitation of the giant dipole resonance induced by fusion reaction is studied with N/Z asymmetry in the entrance channel. The time dependent Hartree-Fock solution exhibits a strong dipole vibration which can be associated with a giant vibration along the main axis of the deformed compound nucleus. This dipole motion appears to be nonlinearly coupled to the shape oscillation, leading to a strong modulation of its frequency. These phenomena can be detected in the gamma-ray emission from hot compound nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simenel
- G.A.N.I.L., B.P. 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
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Frazier N, Brown BA, Zelevinsky V. Strength functions and spreading widths of simple shell model configurations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 54:1665-1674. [PMID: 9971513 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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7
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Morawetz K. Contribution of density fluctuations to the damping of giant resonances. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 54:833-843. [PMID: 9971409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.54.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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8
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Suomijärvi T, Blumenfeld Y, Piattelli P, Agodi C, Alamanos N, Alba R, Auger F, Bellia G, Chomaz P, Coniglione R, Finocchiaro P, Frascaria N, Gaardhoje JJ, Garron JP, Gillibert A, Lamehi-Rachti M, Liguori-Neto R, Maiolino C, Migneco E, Russo G, Roynette JC, Santonocito D, Sapienza P, Scarpaci JA, Smerzi A. Giant dipole resonance in very hot nuclei of mass A. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:2258-2272. [PMID: 9971205 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Shapira D, Korolija M, Kim HJ, Teh K, Shea J, Wieleczko JP, Chávez E, Ortiz ME, Dacal A, Volant C, D'Onofrio A. Light particle-evaporation residue coincidences for the 79Br+27Al system at 11.8 MeV/nucleon. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:222-236. [PMID: 9970932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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10
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Braghin FL, Vautherin D, Abada A. Isovector response function of hot nuclear matter with Skyrme interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:2504-2513. [PMID: 9970780 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bacelar JC, Buda A, Laurens CR, Gaardhoje JJ, Zelazny Z, Kalantar-Nayestanaki N. Emission of photons in spontaneous fission of 252Cf. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:1915-1923. [PMID: 9970705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Thoennessen M, Ramakrishnan E, Beene JR, Bertrand FE, Halbert ML, Horen DJ, Mueller PE, Varner RL. Dynamical effects in fusion reactions forming 110Sn. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 51:3148-3156. [PMID: 9970416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.51.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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13
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Bracco A, Camera F, Mattiuzzi M, Million B, Pignanelli M, Gaardhoje JJ, Maj A, Ramsoy T, Tveter T, Zelazny Z. Increase in width of the giant dipole resonance in hot nuclei: Shape change or collisional damping? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:3748-3751. [PMID: 10058287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.3748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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14
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Suomijärvi T, Blumenfeld Y, Piattelli P, Agodi C, Alamanos N, Alba R, Auger F, Bellia G, Chomaz P, Coniglione R, Finocchiaro P, Frascaria N, Gaardhoje JJ, Garron JP, Gillibert A, Lamehi-Rachti M, Liguori-Neto R, Maiolino C, Migneco E, Russo G, Roynette JC, Santonocito D, Sapienza P, Scarpaci JA, Smerzi A. Towards limiting temperatures in nuclei: The behavior of collective motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:3321-3324. [PMID: 10056168 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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15
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Caldeira H. Cranked Moszkowski model with temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1992; 46:2098-2101. [PMID: 9968332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.46.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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16
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Enders G, Berg FD, Hagel K, Kühn W, Metag V, Novotny R, Pfeiffer M, Schwalb O, Charity RJ, Gobbi A, Freifelder R, Henning W, Hildenbrand KD, Holzmann R, Mayer RS, Simon RS, Wessels JP, Casini G, Olmi A, Stefanini AA. Excitation-energy dependence of the giant dipole resonance width. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:249-252. [PMID: 10046625 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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17
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Bortignon PF, Bracco A, Brink D, Broglia RA. Limiting temperature for the existence of collective motion in hot nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 67:3360-3363. [PMID: 10044714 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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18
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Smerzi A, Bonasera A, DiToro M. Damping of giant resonances in hot nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1991; 44:1713-1716. [PMID: 9967585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.44.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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19
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Thoennessen M, Beene JR, Bertrand FE, Horen DJ, Halbert ML, Hensley DC, Lisantti JE, Mittig W, Schutz Y, Alamanos N, Auger F, Barrette J, Fernandez B, Gillibert A, Haas B, Vivien JP, Nathan AM. High-energy target excitations in heavy ion inelastic scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1991; 43:12-15. [PMID: 9967040 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.43.r12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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20
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Ormand WE, Bortignon PF, Broglia RA, Dossing T, Lauritzen B. Time-dependent thermal fluctuations and the giant dipole resonance in hot, rotating nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 64:2254-2257. [PMID: 10041627 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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21
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Morsch HP, Spang W, Beene JR, Bertrand FE, Auble RL, Charvet JL, Halbert ML, Hensley DC, Lee IY, Varner RL, Sarantites DG, Stracener DW. Thermal and angular momentum effects in the giant-dipole-resonance decay of hot rare-earth nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 64:1999-2002. [PMID: 10041551 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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22
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Alhassid Y, Bush B. Stochastic approach to giant dipole resonances in hot rotating nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 63:2452-2455. [PMID: 10040892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.63.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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23
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Ormand WE, Bortignon PF, Bracco A, Broglia RA. Nuclear level-density parameter in hot nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1989; 40:1510-1512. [PMID: 9966124 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.40.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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