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Bedoya-Pinto A, Ji JR, Pandeya AK, Gargiani P, Valvidares M, Sessi P, Taylor JM, Radu F, Chang K, Parkin SSP. Intrinsic 2D-XY ferromagnetism in a van der Waals monolayer. Science 2021; 374:616-620. [PMID: 34709893 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing-Rong Ji
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Avanindra K Pandeya
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | - Paolo Sessi
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - James M Taylor
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florin Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Chang
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- NISE Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
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2
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Gong C, Zhang X. Two-dimensional magnetic crystals and emergent heterostructure devices. Science 2019; 363:363/6428/eaav4450. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetism, originating from the moving charges and spin of elementary particles, has revolutionized important technologies such as data storage and biomedical imaging, and continues to bring forth new phenomena in emergent materials and reduced dimensions. The recently discovered two-dimensional (2D) magnetic van der Waals crystals provide ideal platforms for understanding 2D magnetism, the control of which has been fueling opportunities for atomically thin, flexible magneto-optic and magnetoelectric devices (such as magnetoresistive memories and spin field-effect transistors). The seamless integration of 2D magnets with dissimilar electronic and photonic materials opens up exciting possibilities for unprecedented properties and functionalities. We review the progress in this area and identify the possible directions for device applications, which may lead to advances in spintronics, sensors, and computing.
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O'Hara DJ, Zhu T, Trout AH, Ahmed AS, Luo YK, Lee CH, Brenner MR, Rajan S, Gupta JA, McComb DW, Kawakami RK. Room Temperature Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in Epitaxial Manganese Selenide Films in the Monolayer Limit. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3125-3131. [PMID: 29608316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer van der Waals (vdW) magnets provide an exciting opportunity for exploring two-dimensional (2D) magnetism for scientific and technological advances, but the intrinsic ferromagnetism has only been observed at low temperatures. Here, we report the observation of room temperature ferromagnetism in manganese selenide (MnSe x) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Magnetic and structural characterization provides strong evidence that, in the monolayer limit, the ferromagnetism originates from a vdW manganese diselenide (MnSe2) monolayer, while for thicker films it could originate from a combination of vdW MnSe2 and/or interfacial magnetism of α-MnSe(111). Magnetization measurements of monolayer MnSe x films on GaSe and SnSe2 epilayers show ferromagnetic ordering with a large saturation magnetization of ∼4 Bohr magnetons per Mn, which is consistent with the density functional theory calculations predicting ferromagnetism in monolayer 1T-MnSe2. Growing MnSe x films on GaSe up to a high thickness (∼40 nm) produces α-MnSe(111) and an enhanced magnetic moment (∼2×) compared to the monolayer MnSe x samples. Detailed structural characterization by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) reveals an abrupt and clean interface between GaSe(0001) and α-MnSe(111). In particular, the structure measured by STEM is consistent with the presence of a MnSe2 monolayer at the interface. These results hold promise for potential applications in energy efficient information storage and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J O'Hara
- Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Tiancong Zhu
- Department of Physics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Amanda H Trout
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43212 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Adam S Ahmed
- Department of Physics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Yunqiu Kelly Luo
- Department of Physics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Choong Hee Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Mark R Brenner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
- Semiconductor Epitaxy and Analysis Laboratory , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Siddharth Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Jay A Gupta
- Department of Physics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - David W McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43212 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Roland K Kawakami
- Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
- Department of Physics , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
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4
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Fink J, Schierle E, Weschke E, Geck J. Resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:056502. [PMID: 23563216 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/5/056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant (elastic) soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) offers a unique element, site and valence specific probe to study spatial modulations of charge, spin and orbital degrees of freedom in solids on the nanoscopic length scale. It is not only used to investigate single-crystalline materials. This method also enables one to examine electronic ordering phenomena in thin films and to zoom into electronic properties emerging at buried interfaces in artificial heterostructures. During the last 20 years, this technique, which combines x-ray scattering with x-ray absorption spectroscopy, has developed into a powerful probe to study electronic ordering phenomena in complex materials and furthermore delivers important information on the electronic structure of condensed matter. This review provides an introduction to the technique, covers the progress in experimental equipment, and gives a survey on recent RSXS studies of ordering in correlated electron systems and at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fink
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, PO Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Suzuki T, Lutz T, Payer D, Lin N, Tait SL, Costantini G, Kern K. Substrate effect on supramolecular self-assembly: from semiconductors to metals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:6498-504. [DOI: 10.1039/b905125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Taroni A, Bramwell ST, Holdsworth PCW. Universal window for two-dimensional critical exponents. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2008; 20:275233. [PMID: 21694394 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/20/27/275233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional condensed matter is realized in increasingly diverse forms that are accessible to experiment and of potential technological value. The properties of these systems are influenced by many length scales and reflect both generic physics and chemical detail. To unify their physical description is therefore a complex and important challenge. Here we investigate the distribution of experimentally estimated critical exponents, β, that characterize the evolution of the order parameter through the ordering transition. The distribution is found to be bimodal and bounded within a window ∼0.1≤β≤0.25, facts that are only in partial agreement with the established theory of critical phenomena. In particular, the bounded nature of the distribution is impossible to reconcile with the existing theory for one of the major universality classes of two-dimensional behaviour-the XY model with four-fold crystal field-which predicts a spectrum of non-universal exponents bounded only from below. Through a combination of numerical and renormalization group arguments we resolve the contradiction between theory and experiment and demonstrate how the 'universal window' for critical exponents observed in experiment arises from a competition between marginal operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taroni
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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7
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Size dependence of phase transition temperatures of ferromagnetic, ferroelectric and superconductive nanocrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11467-007-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Won C, Wu YZ, Scholl A, Doran A, Kurahashi N, Zhao HW, Qiu ZQ. Magnetic phase transition in Co/Cu/Ni/Cu(100) and Co/Fe/Ni/Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:147202. [PMID: 14611550 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.147202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2002] [Revised: 07/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic phase transitions in coupled magnetic sandwiches of Cu/Co/Cu/Ni/Cu(100) and Cu/Co/Fe/Ni/Cu(100) are investigated by photoemission electron microscopy. Element-specific magnetic domains are taken at room temperature to reveal the critical thickness at which the magnetic phase transition occurs. The results show that a coupled magnetic sandwich undergoes three types of magnetic phase transitions depending on the two ferromagnetic films' thickness. A phase diagram is constructed and explained in the process of constructing Monte Carlo simulations, which corroborate the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Won
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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9
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Elmers HJ, Hauschild J, Gradmann U. Critical behavior of the uniaxial ferromagnetic monolayer Fe(110) on W(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:15224-15233. [PMID: 9985584 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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10
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Duda L, Isberg P, Mirbt S, Guo J, Hjörvarsson B, Nordgren J, Granberg P. Soft-x-ray emission study of Fe/V (001) superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:10393-10396. [PMID: 9984832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.10393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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11
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Sampaio LC. Magnetic relaxation and formation of magnetic domains in ultrathin films with perpendicular anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:6465-6472. [PMID: 9986665 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.6465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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12
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Back CH, Würsch C, Vaterlaus A, Ramsperger U, Maier U, Pescia D. Experimental confirmation of universality for a phase transition in two dimensions. Nature 1995. [DOI: 10.1038/378597a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Qiu ZQ, Pearson J, Bader SD. Two-dimensional Ising transition of epitaxial Fe films grown on Ag(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:8797-8801. [PMID: 10009661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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14
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Lin DL, Che H, Lai W, George TF. Critical temperature of Ising films with cubic lattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:2155-2160. [PMID: 9961458 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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15
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Huang F, Kief MT, Mankey GJ, Willis RF. Magnetism in the few-monolayers limit: A surface magneto-optic Kerr-effect study of the magnetic behavior of ultrathin films of Co, Ni, and Co-Ni alloys on Cu(100) and Cu(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:3962-3971. [PMID: 10011291 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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16
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Chen CT, Idzerda YU, Lin H, Meigs G, Chaiken A, Prinz GA, Ho GH. Element-specific magnetic hysteresis as a means for studying heteromagnetic multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:642-645. [PMID: 10006830 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Ortega JE, Himpsel FJ. Inverse photoemission from V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co monolayers on Ag(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:16441-16446. [PMID: 10006076 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.16441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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18
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Gerhardter F, Li Y, Baberschke K. Temperature-dependent ferromagnetic-resonance study in ultrahigh vacuum: Magnetic anisotropies of thin iron films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:11204-11210. [PMID: 10005254 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.11204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Kraft T, Methfessel M, van Schilfgaarde M, Scheffler M. Effect of substrate-imposed strain on the growth of metallic overlayers calculated for fcc and hcp iron. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:9862-9869. [PMID: 10005059 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.9862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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20
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Qiu ZQ, Pearson J, Bader SD. Asymmetry of the spin reorientation transition in ultrathin Fe films and wedges grown on Ag(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:1006-1009. [PMID: 10054260 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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21
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Boettger JC. Strain-dependent band-structure effects in the magnetic moment of a hexagonal Fe monolayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:1138-1140. [PMID: 10005605 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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22
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Mankey GJ, Willis RF, Himpsel FJ. Unoccupied electronic states of ultrathin films of Co/Cu(111) and Fe/Cu(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:190-196. [PMID: 10004433 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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23
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Qiu ZQ, Pearson J, Bader SD. Oscillatory interlayer magnetic coupling of wedged Co/Cu/Co sandwiches grown on Cu(100) by molecular beam epitaxy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:8659-8662. [PMID: 10002647 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Macciò M, Pini MG, Politi P, Rettori A. Spin-wave magnetization of Fe(110)/Ag(111) superlattices: Quasi-two-dimensional versus three-dimensional temperature dependence and anisotropy effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:8276-8281. [PMID: 10002588 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.8276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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25
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Qiu ZQ, Pearson J, Bader SD. Magneto-optic Kerr ellipticity of epitaxial Co/Cu overlayers and superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:8195-8200. [PMID: 10002577 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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26
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Lin DL, Che H, Xia Y. Critical temperature of (d+1)-dimensional Ising films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:1805-1809. [PMID: 9908315 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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27
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Kohlhepp J, Elmers HJ, Cordes S, Gradmann U. Power laws of magnetization in ferromagnetic monolayers and the two-dimensional Ising model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:12287-12291. [PMID: 10001264 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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28
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Qiu ZQ, Pearson J, Bader SD. Additivity of the magneto-optic Kerr signal in ultrathin Fe(110)/Ag(111) superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:7211-7216. [PMID: 10000492 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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29
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Qiu ZQ, Pearson J, Berger A, Bader SD. Short-period oscillations in the interlayer magnetic coupling of wedged Fe(100)/Mo(100)/Fe(100) grown on Mo(100) by molecular-beam epitaxy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:1398-1401. [PMID: 10046156 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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