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Wang S, Meng Z, Yan P, Liu Y, Feng Y. Continuous cold rubidium atomic beam with enhanced flux and tunable velocity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9116-9127. [PMID: 38571152 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We present a cold atomic beam source based on a two-dimensional (2D)+ magneto-optical trap (MOT), capable of generating a continuous cold beam of 87Rb atoms with a flux up to 4.3 × 109 s-1, a mean velocity of 10.96(2.20) m/s, and a transverse temperature of 16.90(1.56) µK. Investigating the influence of high cooling laser intensity, we observe a significant population loss of atoms to hyperfine-level dark states. To account for this, we employ a multiple hyperfine level model to calculate the cooling efficiency associated with the population in dark states, subsequently modifying the scattering force. Simulations of beam flux at different cooling and repumping laser intensities using the modified scattering force are in agreement with experimental results. Optimizing repumping and cooling intensities enhances the flux by 50%. The influence of phase modulation on both the pushing and cooling lasers is experimentally studied, revealing that the mean velocity of cold atoms can be tuned from 9.5 m/s to 14.6 m/s with a phase-modulated pushing laser. The versatility of this continuous beam source, featuring high flux, controlled velocity, and narrow transverse temperature, renders it valuable for applications in atom interferometers and clocks, ultimately enhancing bandwidth, sensitivity, and signal contrast in these devices.
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Vilas NB, Hallas C, Anderegg L, Robichaud P, Winnicki A, Mitra D, Doyle JM. Magneto-optical trapping and sub-Doppler cooling of a polyatomic molecule. Nature 2022; 606:70-74. [PMID: 35650357 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laser cooling and trapping1,2, and magneto-optical trapping methods in particular2, have enabled groundbreaking advances in science, including Bose-Einstein condensation3-5, quantum computation with neutral atoms6,7 and high-precision optical clocks8. Recently, magneto-optical traps (MOTs) of diatomic molecules have been demonstrated9-12, providing access to research in quantum simulation13 and searches for physics beyond the standard model14. Compared with diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules have distinct rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom that promise a variety of transformational possibilities. For example, ultracold polyatomic molecules would be uniquely suited to applications in quantum computation and simulation15-17, ultracold collisions18, quantum chemistry19 and beyond-the-standard-model searches20,21. However, the complexity of these molecules has so far precluded the realization of MOTs for polyatomic species. Here we demonstrate magneto-optical trapping of a polyatomic molecule, calcium monohydroxide (CaOH). After trapping, the molecules are laser cooled in a blue-detuned optical molasses to a temperature of 110 μK, which is below the Doppler cooling limit. The temperatures and densities achieved here make CaOH a viable candidate for a wide variety of quantum science applications, including quantum simulation and computation using optical tweezer arrays15,17,22,23. This work also suggests that laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping of many other polyatomic species24-27 will be both feasible and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Winnicki
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debayan Mitra
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Bennetts S, Chen CC, Pasquiou B, Schreck F. Steady-State Magneto-Optical Trap with 100-Fold Improved Phase-Space Density. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:223202. [PMID: 29286768 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.223202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a continuously loaded ^{88}Sr magneto-optical trap (MOT) with a steady-state phase-space density of 1.3(2)×10^{-3}. This is 2 orders of magnitude higher than reported in previous steady-state MOTs. Our approach is to flow atoms through a series of spatially separated laser cooling stages before capturing them in a MOT operated on the 7.4-kHz linewidth Sr intercombination line using a hybrid slower+MOT configuration. We also demonstrate producing a Bose-Einstein condensate at the MOT location, despite the presence of laser cooling light on resonance with the 30-MHz linewidth transition used to initially slow atoms in a separate chamber. Our steady-state high phase-space density MOT is an excellent starting point for a continuous atom laser and dead-time free atom interferometers or clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Bennetts
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Chia Chen
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Pasquiou
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Schreck
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Barry JF, Shuman ES, Norrgard EB, DeMille D. Laser radiation pressure slowing of a molecular beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:103002. [PMID: 22463406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate deceleration of a beam of neutral strontium monofluoride molecules using radiative forces. Under certain conditions, the deceleration results in a substantial flux of detected molecules with velocities ≲50 m/s. Simulations and other data indicate that the detection of molecules below this velocity is greatly diminished by transverse divergence from the beam. The observed slowing, from ∼140 m/s, corresponds to scattering ≳10(4) photons. We also observe longitudinal velocity compression under different conditions. Combined with molecular laser cooling techniques, this lays the groundwork to create slow and cold molecular beams suitable for trap loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Barry
- Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208120, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Hutzler NR, Parsons MF, Gurevich YV, Hess PW, Petrik E, Spaun B, Vutha AC, DeMille D, Gabrielse G, Doyle JM. A cryogenic beam of refractory, chemically reactive molecules with expansion cooling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18976-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu ZT, Corwin KL, Renn MJ, Anderson MH, Cornell EA, Wieman CE. Low-Velocity Intense Source of Atoms from a Magneto-optical Trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:3331-3334. [PMID: 10062193 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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7
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Bahns JT, Stwalley WC, Gould PL. Laser cooling of molecules: A sequential scheme for rotation, translation, and vibration. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Aardema TG, Knops RM, Nijsten SP, Driessen JP, Beijerinck HC. Transverse diffusion in isotropic light slowing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:748-751. [PMID: 10061540 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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9
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Yeh JR, Hoeling B, Knize RJ. Longitudinal and transverse cooling of a cesium atomic beam using the D1 transition with Stark-effect frequency compensation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1995; 52:1388-1393. [PMID: 9912377 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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10
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Anderson BP, Kasevich MA. Enhanced loading of a magneto-optic trap from an atomic beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 50:R3581-R3584. [PMID: 9911438 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.r3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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11
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Batelaan H, Padua S, Yang DH, Xie C, Gupta R, Metcalf H. Slowing of 85Rb atoms with isotropic light. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:2780-2784. [PMID: 9910559 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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12
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Ottinger C, Slenczka A, Wulfmeyer V. Development and theoretical modeling of a broadband, tunable, pulsed dye laser. APPLIED OPTICS 1994; 33:935-943. [PMID: 20862093 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.000935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An excimer-laser pumped, tunable dye laser for broadband emission has been constructed for a novel molecular-beam experiment. By using Littrow prisms of different refractions as the dispersive elements, bandwidths from 0.7-1.5 nm with a tuning range of 40 nm were obtained. Pulse-to-pulse spectra were measured with a grating spectrometer-CCD camera combination, and the statistical analysis demonstrated the good stability. A ray-tracing model was used to calculate the passive bandwidth for different configurations. Augmented by dynamic considerations, the model can be used to approximate very well the dependence of the active bandwidth on the pump power, and to estimate the relative active bandwidths for different prism materials.
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Gaggl R, Windholz L, Umfer C, Neureiter C. Laser cooling of a sodium atomic beam using the Stark effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:1119-1121. [PMID: 9910342 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Ketterle W, Martin A, Joffe MA, Pritchard DE. Slowing and cooling atoms in isotropic laser light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:2483-2486. [PMID: 10046506 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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15
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Lindquist K, Stephens M, Wieman C. Experimental and theoretical study of the vapor-cell Zeeman optical trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:4082-4090. [PMID: 9908606 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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16
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Jessen P, Kristensen M. Generation of a frequency comb with a double acousto-optic modulator ring. APPLIED OPTICS 1992; 31:4911-4913. [PMID: 20733644 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.004911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We use an acousto-optic modulator ring setup to impose an asymmetric frequency comb on a dye laser. Applications include laser cooling of stored heavy ions.
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Gottesman D, Mervis J, Prentiss M, Bigelow NP. Calculation of enhanced slowing and cooling due to the addition of a traveling wave to an intense optical standing wave. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:356-363. [PMID: 9907871 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Parkins AS, Zoller P. sigma +- sigma - laser-cooling configuration with broadband laser fields: Instability at zero velocity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:R6161-R6164. [PMID: 9907832 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.r6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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20
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Parkins AS, Zoller P. Laser cooling of atoms with broadband real Gaussian laser fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:6522-6538. [PMID: 9907775 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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21
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Bradley CC, Story JG, Tollett JJ, Chen J, Ritchie NW, Hulet RG. Laser cooling of lithium using relay chirp cooling. OPTICS LETTERS 1992; 17:349-351. [PMID: 19784324 DOI: 10.1364/ol.17.000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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