1
|
Simeone D, Garcia P, Luneville L. Radiation-Induced Patterning at the Nanometric Scale: A Phase Field Approach. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15092991. [PMID: 35591326 PMCID: PMC9105211 DOI: 10.3390/ma15092991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phase field approach was developed in the last 20 years to handle radiation damage in materials. This approach bridges the gap between atomistic simulations extensively used to model first step of radiation damage at short time and continuum approach at large time. The main advantage of such an approach lies in its ability to compute not only the microstructure at the nanometric scale but also to calculate generalized susceptibilities such as elastic constants under irradiation. After a brief description of the rate theory, used to model the microstructure induced by irradiation, we briefly discuss the foundation of the phase field method, highlighting not only its advantages, but also its limitations in comparison with the rate theory. We conclude this presentation by proposing future orientations for computing the microstructure in irradiated materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Simeone
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Service de Recherche en Metallurgie Appliquée, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Philippe Garcia
- CEA, DES, IRESNE, DEC, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France;
| | - Laurence Luneville
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Service d’Etude des Réacteurs et de Mathematiques Appliquées, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen XB, Niu LS, Shi HJ. Numerical simulation of the phase separation in binary lipid membrane under the effect of stationary shear flow. Biophys Chem 2008; 135:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
3
|
Bray AJ. Coarsening dynamics of phase-separating systems. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2003; 361:781-792. [PMID: 12871625 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When a system such as a binary liquid is cooled rapidly from a homogeneous phase into a two-phase region, domains of the two equilibrium phases form and grow ('coarsen') with time. In the absence of an external drive, such as gravity or an imposed shear flow, a dynamical-scaling regime emerges in which the domain morphology is statistically self-similar at different times, up to an overall length-scale (coarsening scale) that grows with time. In the first part of the paper, the scaling phenomenology will be reviewed and the time-dependence of the coarsening scale will be discussed in the context of a number of different physical systems and scaling regimes. In the second part, the influence of an external drive, in particular a shear flow, will be addressed and recent developments reviewed. Interesting open questions include the late-time behaviour under shear and whether the coarsening continues indefinitely or is ultimately arrested by the shear flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Bray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bray AJ, Cavagna A. Coarsening dynamics of a nonconserved field advected by a uniform shear flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/33/33/101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
5
|
Corberi F, Gonnella G, Lamura A. Structure and rheology of binary mixtures in shear flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:6621-6631. [PMID: 11088342 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Results are presented for the phase separation process of a binary mixture subject to a uniform shear flow quenched from a disordered to a homogeneous ordered phase. The kinetics of the process is described in the context of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation with an external velocity term. The large-n approximation is used to study the evolution of the model in the presence of a stationary flow and in the case of an oscillating shear. For stationary flow we show that the structure factor obeys a generalized dynamical scaling. The domains grow with different typical length scales Rx and R( perpendicular), respectively, in the flow direction and perpendicularly to it. In the scaling regime R( perpendicular) approximately t(alpha( perpendicular)) and Rx approximately gammat(alpha(x)) (with logarithmic corrections), gamma being the shear rate, with alpha(x)=5/4 and alpha( perpendicular)=1/4. The excess viscosity Deltaeta after reaching a maximum relaxes to zero as gamma(-2)t(-3/2). Deltaeta and other observables exhibit logarithmic-time periodic oscillations which can be interpreted as due to a growth mechanism where stretching and breakup of domains occur cyclically. In the case of an oscillating shear a crossover phenomenon is observed: Initially the evolution is characterized by the same growth exponents as for a stationary flow. For longer times the phase-separating structure cannot align with the oscillating drift and a different regime is entered with an isotropic growth and the same exponents as in the case without shear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Corberi
- Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, Unita di Salerno and Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (Salerno), Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rapapa NP. Effect of shear on phase-ordering dynamics with order-parameter-dependent mobility: the large-n limit. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:247-252. [PMID: 11046262 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of shear on the ordering kinetics of a conserved order-parameter system with O(n) symmetry and order-parameter-dependent mobility Gamma(straight phi-->) approximately (1-straight phi-->(2)/n)(alpha) is studied analytically within the large-n limit. In the late stage, the structure factor becomes anisotropic and exhibits multiscaling behavior with characteristic length scales (t(2alpha+5)/ln t)(1/2(alpha+2)) in the flow direction and (t/ln t)(1/2(alpha+2)) in directions perpendicular to the flow. As in the alpha=0 case, the structure factor in the shear-flow plane has two parallel ridges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NP Rapapa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rapapa NP, Bray AJ. Corrections to scaling in the phase-ordering dynamics of a vector order parameter. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:1181-8. [PMID: 11969878 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/1999] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Corrections to scaling, associated with deviations of the order parameter from the scaling morphology in the initial state, are studied for systems with O(n) symmetry at zero temperature in phase-ordering kinetics. Including corrections to scaling, the equal time pair correlation function has the form C(r,t)=f0(r/L)+L(-omega)f1(r/L)+., where L is the coarsening length scale. The correction-to-scaling exponent omega and the correction-to-scaling function f1(x) are calculated for both nonconserved and conserved order parameter systems using the approximate Gaussian closure theory of Mazenko. In general omega is a nontrivial exponent which depends on both the dimensionality d of the system and the number of components n of the order parameter. Corrections to scaling are also calculated for the nonconserved one-dimensional XY model, where an exact solution is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N P Rapapa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rojas F, Rutenberg AD. Dynamical scaling: the two-dimensional XY model following a quench. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:212-21. [PMID: 11969753 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1998] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
To sensitively test scaling in the two-dimensional XY model quenched from high temperatures into the ordered phase, we study the difference between measured correlations and the (scaling) results of a Gaussian-closure approximation. We also directly compare various length scales. All of our results are consistent with dynamical scaling and an asymptotic growth law L approximately (t/ln[t/t(0)])(1/2), though with a time scale t(0) that depends on the length scale in question. We then reconstruct correlations from the minimal-energy configuration consistent with the vortex positions, and find them significantly different from the "natural" correlations - though both scale with L. This indicates that both topological (vortex) and nontopological "spin-wave" contributions to correlations are relevant arbitrarily late after the quench. We also present a consistent definition of dynamical scaling applicable more generally, and emphasize how to generalize our approach to other quenched systems where dynamical scaling is in question. Our approach directly applies to planar liquid-crystal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Rojas
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang HY, Wang Y, Tsakalakos T, Semenovskaya S, Khachaturyan AG. Indirect nucleation in phase transformations with symmetry reduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619608240732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
Castellano C, Zannetti M. Approach to Scaling in Phase-Ordering Kinetics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:2742-2745. [PMID: 10062034 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
11
|
Rojas F, Bray AJ. Structure factor tail for the ordering kinetics of nonconserved systems without topological defects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:4686-4695. [PMID: 9964796 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
12
|
Teixeira PI, Mulder BM. Cell dynamics model of droplet formation in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:1805-1815. [PMID: 9964442 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
13
|
Castellano C, Zannetti M. Multiscaling to standard-scaling crossover in the Bray-Humayun model for phase-ordering kinetics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:1430-1440. [PMID: 9964403 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Rutenberg AD, Bray AJ. Energy-scaling approach to phase-ordering growth laws. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:5499-5514. [PMID: 9963283 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
15
|
Zhang Z. Generalized Kawasaki dynamics of the Heisenberg model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:4155-4158. [PMID: 9963125 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.4155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
16
|
Wang Y, Khachaturyan A. Shape instability during precipitate growth in coherent solids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(94)00406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
Non-equilibrium ordering dynamics and pattern formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1421-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
18
|
Rojas F, Bray AJ. Phase-ordering dynamics of systems with a conserved vector order parameter. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:188-197. [PMID: 9962631 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
19
|
Zannetti M. Nature of the Gaussian approximations in phase-ordering kinetics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:2621-2629. [PMID: 9962300 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
20
|
Coniglio A, Ruggiero P, Zannetti M. Scaling and crossover in the large-N model for growth kinetics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:1046-1061. [PMID: 9962063 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
21
|
Majumdar SN, Huse DA, Lubachevsky BD. Growth of long-range correlations after a quench in conserved-order-parameter systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:182-185. [PMID: 10056750 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
22
|
Alexander FJ, Huse DA, Janowsky SA. Dynamical scaling and decay of correlations for spinodal decomposition at Tc. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:663-667. [PMID: 9975727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
23
|
Mazenko GF. Post-Gaussian approximations in phase ordering kinetics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:3717-3726. [PMID: 9961657 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
24
|
Rao M, Chakrabarti A. Dynamical scaling functions in conserved vector order-parameter systems without topological defects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:3727-3730. [PMID: 9961658 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
25
|
Yeung C, Oono Y, Shinozaki A. Possibilities and limitations of Gaussian-closure approximations for phase-ordering dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:2693-2699. [PMID: 9961534 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
26
|
Bray AJ, Rutenberg AD. Growth laws for phase ordering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:R27-R30. [PMID: 9961301 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.r27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
27
|
Zhang Z, Mouritsen OG, Zuckermann MJ. Ordering dynamics of microscopic models with nonconserved order parameter of continuous symmetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:2842-2849. [PMID: 9960918 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
28
|
Bray AJ, Humayun K. Towards a systematic calculation of the scaling functions for the ordering kinetics of nonconserved fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:R1609-R1612. [PMID: 9960859 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.r1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
29
|
Alexander FJ, Chen S, Grunau DW. Hydrodynamic spinodal decomposition: Growth kinetics and scaling functions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:634-637. [PMID: 10006828 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
30
|
Bray AJ, Puri S, Blundell RE, Somoza AM. Structure factor for phase ordering in nematic liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:R2261-R2264. [PMID: 9960348 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.r2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
31
|
Siegert M, Rao M. Ordering dynamics of a conserved vector order parameter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:1956-1959. [PMID: 10053429 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
32
|
Hayakawa H, Rácz Z, Tsuzuki T. Ordering kinetics in systems with long-range interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:1499-1505. [PMID: 9960168 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
33
|
Bray AJ. Topological defects, correlation functions, and power-law tails in phase-ordering kinetics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:228-235. [PMID: 9959996 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
34
|
Bray AJ, Humayun K. Universal amplitudes of power-law tails in the asymptotic structure factor of systems with topological defects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:R9-R12. [PMID: 9960066 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.r9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
35
|
Blundell RE, Bray AJ. Phase-ordering dynamics of nematic liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:R6154-R6157. [PMID: 9908001 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.r6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|