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Magnussen OM, Drnec J, Qiu C, Martens I, Huang JJ, Chattot R, Singer A. In Situ and Operando X-ray Scattering Methods in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:629-721. [PMID: 38253355 PMCID: PMC10870989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes are of key importance for the transition to a sustainable energy supply as well as for a wide variety of other technologically relevant fields. Further development of these processes requires in-depth understanding of the atomic, nano, and micro scale structure of the materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices under reaction conditions. We here provide a comprehensive review of in situ and operando studies by X-ray scattering methods, which are powerful and highly versatile tools to provide such understanding. We discuss the application of X-ray scattering to a wide variety of electrochemical systems, ranging from metal and oxide single crystals to nanoparticles and even full devices. We show how structural data on bulk phases, electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and nanoscale morphology can be obtained and describe recent developments that provide highly local information and insight into the composition and electronic structure. These X-ray scattering studies yield insights into the structure in the double layer potential range as well as into the structural evolution during electrocatalytic processes and phase formation reactions, such as nucleation and growth during electrodeposition and dissolution, the formation of passive films, corrosion processes, and the electrochemical intercalation into battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht-Haensel
Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF,
Experiments Division, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jason J. Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM,
Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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2
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Rapetti D, Delle Piane M, Cioni M, Polino D, Ferrando R, Pavan GM. Machine learning of atomic dynamics and statistical surface identities in gold nanoparticles. Commun Chem 2023; 6:143. [PMID: 37407706 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that metal nanoparticles (NPs) may be dynamic and atoms may move within them even at fairly low temperatures. Characterizing such complex dynamics is key for understanding NPs' properties in realistic regimes, but detailed information on, e.g., the stability, survival, and interconversion rates of the atomic environments (AEs) populating them are non-trivial to attain. In this study, we decode the intricate atomic dynamics of metal NPs by using a machine learning approach analyzing high-dimensional data obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. Using different-shape gold NPs as a representative example, an AEs' dictionary allows us to label step-by-step the individual atoms in the NPs, identifying the native and non-native AEs and populating them along the MD simulations at various temperatures. By tracking the emergence, annihilation, lifetime, and dynamic interconversion of the AEs, our approach permits estimating a "statistical equivalent identity" for metal NPs, providing a comprehensive picture of the intrinsic atomic dynamics that shape their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rapetti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Delle Piane
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cioni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Polino
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano, Campus Est, Via la Santa 1, 6962, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Ferrando
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano, Campus Est, Via la Santa 1, 6962, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland.
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Hao Y, Li A, Feng G, Zhong X. Modulation rate on adsorption and catalysis of 2D Pt: the effects of adsorbate-induced surface stress. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently it is reported for ultrathin 2D metals, positive surface stress of clean surface (τ1) can induce considerable compressive lattice strain towards optimized adsorption energy and catalytic properties (Science 363,...
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Halle J, Néel N, Kröger J. Tailoring Intercalant Assemblies at the Graphene-Metal Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2554-2560. [PMID: 30665296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of graphene on the assembly of intercalated material is studied using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Intercalation of Pt under monolayer graphene on Pt(111) induces a substrate reconstruction that is qualitatively different from the lattice rearrangement induced by metal deposition on Pt(111) and, specifically, the homoepitaxy of Pt. Alkali metals Cs and Li are used as intercalants for monolayer and bilayer graphene on Ru(0001). Atomically resolved topographic data reveal that at elevated alkali metal coverage (2 × 2)Cs and (1 × 1)Li intercalant structures form with respect to the graphene lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Halle
- Institut für Physik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Nicolas Néel
- Institut für Physik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik , Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau , Germany
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Sugiyama K, Sumiya Y, Takagi M, Saita K, Maeda S. Understanding CO oxidation on the Pt(111) surface based on a reaction route network. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14366-14375. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic analysis by the rate constant matrix contraction on the reaction route network of CO oxidation on the Pt(111) surface obtained by the artificial force induced reaction reveals the impact of entropic contributions arising from a variety of local minima and transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Yosuke Sumiya
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Makito Takagi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Kenichiro Saita
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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Weatherup RS, Shahani AJ, Wang ZJ, Mingard K, Pollard AJ, Willinger MG, Schloegl R, Voorhees PW, Hofmann S. In Situ Graphene Growth Dynamics on Polycrystalline Catalyst Foils. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6196-6206. [PMID: 27576749 PMCID: PMC5064306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of graphene growth on polycrystalline Pt foils during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are investigated using in situ scanning electron microscopy and complementary structural characterization of the catalyst with electron backscatter diffraction. A general growth model is outlined that considers precursor dissociation, mass transport, and attachment to the edge of a growing domain. We thereby analyze graphene growth dynamics at different length scales and reveal that the rate-limiting step varies throughout the process and across different regions of the catalyst surface, including different facets of an individual graphene domain. The facets that define the domain shapes lie normal to slow growth directions, which are determined by the interfacial mobility when attachment to domain edges is rate-limiting, as well as anisotropy in surface diffusion as diffusion becomes rate-limiting. Our observations and analysis thus reveal that the structure of CVD graphene films is intimately linked to that of the underlying polycrystalline catalyst, with both interfacial mobility and diffusional anisotropy depending on the presence of step edges and grain boundaries. The growth model developed serves as a general framework for understanding and optimizing the growth of 2D materials on polycrystalline catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Weatherup
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Ashwin J. Shahani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhu-Jun Wang
- Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ken Mingard
- National Physical
Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- National Physical
Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Schloegl
- Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter W. Voorhees
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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8
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Hoshi N, Nakamura M, Sakata O, Nakahara A, Naito K, Ogata H. Surface X-ray scattering of stepped surfaces of platinum in an electrochemical environment: Pt(331) = 3(111)-(111) and Pt(511) = 3(100)-(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4236-4242. [PMID: 21381779 DOI: 10.1021/la200199b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Real surface structures of the high-index planes of Pt with three atomic rows of terraces (Pt(331) = 3(111)-(111) and Pt(511) = 3(100)-(111)) have been determined in 0.1 M HClO(4) at 0.1 and 0.5 V(RHE) with the use of surface X-ray scattering (SXS). The surfaces with two atomic rows of terraces, Pt(110) = 2(111)-(111) and Pt(311) = 2(100)-(111) = 2(111)-(100), are reconstructed to a (1 × 2) structure according to previous studies. However, the surfaces with three atomic rows of terraces have pseudo-(1 × 1) structures. The interlayer spacing between the first and the second layers, d(12), is expanded 13% on Pt(331) compared to that of the bulk, whereas it is contracted 37% on Pt(511). The surface structures do not depend on the applied potential on either surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagahiro Hoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 Japan.
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Cushing GW, Navin JK, Valadez L, Johánek V, Harrison I. An effusive molecular beam technique for studies of polyatomic gas-surface reactivity and energy transfer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:044102. [PMID: 21529024 DOI: 10.1063/1.3577076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An effusive molecular beam technique is described to measure alkane dissociative sticking coefficients, S(T(g), T(s); ϑ), on metal surfaces for which the impinging gas temperature, T(g), and surface temperature, T(s), can be independently varied, along with the angle of incidence, ϑ, of the impinging gas. Effusive beam experiments with T(g) = T(s) = T allow for determination of angle-resolved dissociative sticking coefficients, S(T; ϑ), which when averaged over the cos (ϑ)/π angular distribution appropriate to the impinging flux from a thermal ambient gas yield the thermal dissociative sticking coefficient, S(T). Nonequilibrium S(T(g), T(s); ϑ) measurements for which T(g) ≠ T(s) provide additional opportunities to characterize the transition state and gas-surface energy transfer at reactive energies. A resistively heated effusive molecular beam doser controls the T(g) of the impinging gas striking the surface. The flux of molecules striking the surface from the effusive beam is determined from knowledge of the dosing geometry, chamber pressure, and pumping speed. Separate experiments with a calibrated leak serve to fix the chamber pumping speed. Postdosing Auger electron spectroscopy is used to measure the carbon of the alkyl radical reaction product that is deposited on the surface as a result of alkane dissociative sticking. As implemented in a typical ultrahigh vacuum chamber for surface analysis, the technique has provided access to a dynamic range of roughly 6 orders of magnitude in the initial dissociative sticking coefficient for small alkanes on Pt(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Cushing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
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10
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Barnard AS, Konishi H, Xu HF. Morphology mapping of platinum catalysts over the entire nanoscale. Catal Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cy00238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Otero G, González C, Pinardi AL, Merino P, Gardonio S, Lizzit S, Blanco-Rey M, Van de Ruit K, Flipse CFJ, Méndez J, de Andrés PL, Martín-Gago JA. Ordered vacancy network induced by the growth of epitaxial graphene on Pt(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:216102. [PMID: 21231325 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.216102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have studied large areas of (√3×√3)R30° graphene commensurate with a Pt(111) substrate. A combination of experimental techniques with ab initio density functional theory indicates that this structure is related to a reconstruction at the Pt surface, consisting of an ordered vacancy network formed in the outermost Pt layer and a graphene layer covalently bound to the Pt substrate. The formation of this reconstruction is enhanced if low temperatures and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are used as molecular precursors for epitaxial growth of the graphene layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Otero
- Instituto Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), C. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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12
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Zólyomi V, Vitos L, Kwon SK, Kollár J. Surface relaxation and stress for 5d transition metals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:095007. [PMID: 21817380 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/9/095007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the density functional theory, we present a systematic theoretical study of the layer relaxation and surface stress of 5d transition metals. Our calculations predict layer contractions for all surfaces, except for the (111) surface of face centered cubic Pt and Au, where slight expansions are obtained similarly to the case of the 4d series. We also find that the relaxations of the close packed surfaces decrease with increasing occupation number through the 5d series. The surface stress for the relaxed, most closely packed surfaces shows similar atomic number dependence as the surface energy. Using Cammarata's model and our calculated surface stress and surface energy values, we examine the possibility of surface reconstructions, which is in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zólyomi
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
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13
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Feng X, Chandrasekhar N, Su H, Müllen K. Ballistic electron microscopy of nanographene layers. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:4259-4264. [PMID: 19367800 DOI: 10.1021/nl801949g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use scanning tunneling microscopy and ballistic electron emission spectroscopy and microscopy to study charge transport across Pt-nanographene-Pd interfaces. Four triangle-shaped nanographene molecules with different bulky substituents are studied. Modifications of highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels resulting from hybridization with the metal substrate are observed for all molecules and compared with theoretical calculations. The substituents can influence the charge transport through the molecules by varying the distance between the metal substrate and the nanographene plane or providing additional electronic channels through iodo substituents. This effect can be quantified as a larger effective mass for carriers with increasing molecule-substrate distance, using tight binding. Our results address the critical coupling issue for metal contacts to devices using molecules as active layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Feng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research Link, 117602 Singapore
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14
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Chandrasekhar N. Ballistic emission microscopy studies on metal-molecule interfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2008; 20:374113. [PMID: 21694420 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/20/37/374113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) experiments on metal-molecule interfaces are briefly reviewed. Results of BEEM experiments with two different orientations of molecules are presented and discussed. Significant differences in uniformity of transport through the molecular layer are found. Implications for device applications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chandrasekhar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research Link, 117602, Singapore
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15
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Nakahara A, Nakamura M, Sumitani K, Sakata O, Hoshi N. In situ surface X-ray scattering of stepped surface of platinum: Pt(311). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:10879-82. [PMID: 17902717 DOI: 10.1021/la701566w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface structure of a stepped surface of Pt, Pt(311) (=2(100)-(111)), has been determined under potential control in 0.1 M HClO4 with the use of in situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS). The crystal truncation rods (CTRs) are reproduced well with the (1x2) missing-row model. Relaxation of surface layers, which is observed on the low-index planes of Pt, is not found on Pt(311) in the "adsorbed hydrogen region". CTRs at 0.10 (RHE) have the same feature as those at 0.50 V, showing that the surface layers of Pt(311) have no potential dependence. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) also supports the (1x2) structure of Pt(311) in 0.1 M HClO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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16
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Sedona F, Agnoli S, Granozzi G. Ultrathin Wagon-Wheel-like TiOx Phases on Pt(111): A Combined Low-Energy Electron Diffraction and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:15359-67. [PMID: 16884256 DOI: 10.1021/jp062180q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultrathin ordered titanium oxide films on a Pt(111) surface have been prepared by reactive deposition and characterized by low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). According to the postdeposition annealing condition, three different phases have been prepared which show a wagon-wheel-like (hereafter ww) morphological pattern. Two of them can be prepared as single phases (w- and w'-TiO(x)) and one (w(int)-TiO(x)) as a mixed phase which always coexists with at least one of the other two phases. All of them are formed by a Ti-O bilayer, where the Ti atoms are located at the interface with the substrate, but they show a rather distinct STM ww pattern. The experimental STM contrast has been discussed on the basis of a Moiré-like model, i.e., as deriving from a modulation of the Ti occupancy of the different substrate sites (i.e., hollow, bridge and on-top sites). The major part of the STM data can be easily interpreted on the basis of this simplified model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sedona
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and Unità di Ricerca INFM-CNR and INSTM, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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19
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Low energy electron microscopy studies of steps on single crystal thin films of refractory metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1116/1.1521958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Lu DL, Tanaka KI. Au, Cu, Ag, Ni, and Pd Particles Grown in Solution at Different Electrode Potentials. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9628747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da-ling Lu
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-22-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Tanaka
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-22-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan
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21
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Gölzhäuser A, Ehrlich G. Atom Movement and Binding on Surface Clusters: Pt on Pt(111) Clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1334-1337. [PMID: 10063050 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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22
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Grossmann A, Erley W, Hannon JB, Ibach H. Giant Surface Stress in Heteroepitaxial Films: Invalidation of a Classical Rule in Epitaxy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:127-130. [PMID: 10061788 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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23
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Titmuss S, Wander A, King DA. Reconstruction of Clean and Adsorbate-Covered Metal Surfaces. Chem Rev 1996; 96:1291-1306. [PMID: 11848790 DOI: 10.1021/cr950214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Titmuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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24
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Watson GM, Gibbs D, Song S, Sandy AR, Mochrie SG, Zehner DM. Faceting and reconstruction of stepped Au(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:12329-12344. [PMID: 9980374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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25
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Feibelman PJ. Anisotropy of the stress on fcc(110) surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:17867-17875. [PMID: 9978821 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.17867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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26
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Seehofer L, Falkenberg G, Daboul D, Johnson RL. Structural study of the close-packed two-dimensional phases of Pb on Ge(111) and Si(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:13503-13515. [PMID: 9978154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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27
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Stevens JL, Hwang RQ. Strain stabilized alloying of immiscible metals in thin films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:2078-2081. [PMID: 10057836 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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28
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Michely T, Teichert C. Adatom yields, sputtering yields, and damage patterns of single-ion impacts on Pt(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:11156-11166. [PMID: 9975228 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.11156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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29
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Blandin P, Massobrio C, Ballone P. Nucleation and growth of metallic submonolayers on compact metal surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:16637-16648. [PMID: 10010823 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.16637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Statiris P, Lu HC, Gustafsson T. Temperature dependent sign reversal of the surface contraction of Ag(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:3574-3577. [PMID: 10056234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hahn E, Schief H, Marsico V, Fricke A, Kern K. Orientational instability of vicinal Pt surfaces close to (111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:3378-3381. [PMID: 10056183 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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You H, Zurawski DJ, Nagy Z, Yonco RM. In‐situ x‐ray reflectivity study of incipient oxidation of Pt(111) surface in electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.466254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Teichert C, Hohage M, Michely T, Comsa G. Nuclei of the Pt(111) network reconstruction created by single ion impacts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:1682-1685. [PMID: 10055674 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Brune H, Röder H, Boragno C, Kern K. Strain relief at hexagonal-close-packed interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:2997-3000. [PMID: 10011151 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Grübel G, Huang KG, Gibbs D, Zehner DM, Sandy AR, Mochrie SG. Reconstruction of the Pt(111) surface: X-ray-scattering measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:18119-18139. [PMID: 10008452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Ravelo R, El-Batanouny M. Molecular-dynamics studies of temperature-dependent structural transitions on fcc(111) metallic surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:12771-12784. [PMID: 10005474 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Robinson IK, Eng PJ, Romainczyk C, Kern K. X-ray determination of the 1 x 3 reconstruction of Pt(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:10700-10705. [PMID: 10005187 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.10700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bott M, Hohage M, Michely T, Comsa G. Pt(111) reconstruction induced by enhanced Pt gas-phase chemical potential. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:1489-1492. [PMID: 10053305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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